Bát Nhã Tâm Kinh - Trần Đình Hoành (Việt ngữ)

8/14/2019 Bt Nh Tm Kinh - Trn nh Honh (Vit ng)

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Tiu lun v Bt Nh Tm KinhNguyn tc Anh ng: Trn nh Honh

Vit dch: Diu Tm & Trn nh Honh

Bt Nh Tm Kinh l tinh hoa ca t tng Pht gio i tha(Mahayana).1 Pht gio c pht trin t Pht gio Nguyn thy(Theravada) hay Tiu tha n i tha. Pht gio Thi Lan, Min in,Sri Lanka, Campuchia v Lo ch yu theo Tiu tha. Pht gio ti Vit

Nam, Trung Quc, Nht, Hn Quc, Hng Kng, Singapore, i Loan, TyTng v Mng C ch yu theo i tha. Tuy nhin, Tiu tha cng tng xut hin Vit Nam sm nh i tha.

Trong qu trnh pht trin di ca Pht gio, quan nim chnh yu v

Khng (emptiness, void, Snya trong ting Phn) theo pht trin.Cuc i l v thng (non-permanent) bi v mi th n v i, ty thucvo nhn duyn (the law of causation). Cuc i v th l o nh, khngthc. Ni cch khc, i l Khng.

Khng thng d b hiu nhm theo hng tiu cc l tri t tiu. Phtgio i tha a ta thot khi quan nim Khng cc oan ny tr vvi trung o (the middle way). Con ng trung o vn mang tngrng i l Khng, tuy nhin Khng y chng khc vi c(existence), khng m l c, c m l khng (emptiness is existence,existence is emptiness). Con ng trung o ny hon ton khng c mtt t tng trit tiu tiu cc no c. Trung o l ci nhn thc t v tchcc v cuc i.

Bt Nh Tm Kinh th hin con ng trung o, trong khi trnh bynhanh chng tt c nhng gio l Pht gio truyn thng, t Tiu tha ni tha. Hc Bt Nh Tm Kinh chnh thc l hc ton b Pht php.

Bt Nh Tm Kinh l ct li ca Pht gio i tha n ni n c cc

tng ni tng hng ngy (kinh nht tng). Vit Nam, Bt Nh Tm Kinhc tng bng ting Hn Vit. Bn Hn Vit c ci hay l mang m hngv nhp iu p nh th v rt ngn gn, v th n d thuc, d nh. Vn ch n vn l ngoi ng i vi a s ngi Vit. Tuy nhin, v phnln thut ng Pht gio l Hn Vit nn lm quen vi mt s thut ng HnVit s hu ch cho nhng ngi hc Pht. V nhng l do trn, trong bilun ny, chng ta s dng bn Hn Vit nh l bn chnh, cng vi bndch ting Vit gip ta hiu d hn.

1 gip cc bn hc thm mt s thut ng Pht php ting Anh, thnh thong chng ti gi li mt tting Anh.

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Bt Nh Tm Kinh

Prajpramit Hdaya Stra

Heart Sutra, Heart of Perfect Wisdom Sutra, Essence of Wisdom SutraHn Vit

http://www.quangduc.com/kinhdien/kinhbatnha.html

Qun-t-ti B-tt, hnh thm Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a thi chiu kinng-un giai khng, nht thit kh ch.

X-Li-T! Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khng

tc th sc; th, tng, hnh, thc, dic phc nh th.X-Li-T! Th ch Php khng tng, bt sanh bt dit, bt cu bt

tnh, bt tng bt gim. Th c khng trung, v sc, v th, tng, hnh,thc; v nhn, nh, t, thit, thn, ; v sc, thinh, hng, v, xc, php; vnhn gii, ni ch v -thc-gii, v v-minh, dic v v-minh tn, ni chv lo t, dic v lo t tn; v kh, tp, dit, o; v tr dic v c.

D v s c c, B- tt-a y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c tm v qui-ngi; v qui-ngi c v hu khng-b; vin ly in-o mng tng; cu

cnh Nit-bn. Tam-th ch Pht, y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c c A-nu-a-la tam-miu tam-b-.

C tri Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a, th i-thn ch, th i minh ch, th v-thng ch, th v ng ng ch, nng tr nht thit kh, chn thit bth.

C thuyt Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a ch, tc thuyt ch vit: Yt- Yt-,Ba-la yt-, Ba-la-tng yt-, B-. Tt b ha.

Dch Ngha Ting Vit (bn dch ca Trn nh Honh, tham kho tnhiu bn dch trc y)

Khi B tt Qun T Ti thc hnh Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a su xa, soi thynm un u khng, lin vt qua mi kh ch.

X Li T! Sc chng khc khng, khng chng khc sc; sc tc lkhng, khng tc l sc; th, tng, hnh, thc cng li nh vy.

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X Li T! Mi s u l khng, chng sanh chng dit, chng dchng sch, chng thm chng bt. Cho nn, trong khng chng c sc,chng c th, tng, hnh, thc; chng c mt, tai, mi, li, thn, ; chngc mu sc, m thanh, hng thm, v nm, xc cm, v cc php; chng

c ni nhn, cho n chng c c ni thc; chng c v minh, cngchng c chm dt v minh; cho n chng c gi cht, cng chng cchm dt gi cht; chng c kh, nguyn nhn kh, s dit kh, v conng dit kh; chng c tr tu, cng chng c t.

Bi chng c g t, B tt nng ta Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, nn tmkhng vng mc; v khng vng mc nn khng s hi, xa la mngtng in o, rt ro nit bn. Ch Pht ba i nng ta Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a nn t c v thng chnh ng chnh gic.

Nn bit Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a l thn ch ln, l minh ch ln, l chti cao, l ch khng g snh bng, tr ht mi kh ch, chc tht, khngdi.

Nn ni ch Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, tc l ni ch rng: Yt , Yt ,Ba la Yt , Ba la tng Yt , B , Tt b ha. (Qua ri, qua ri, qua bri, qua b ht ri, gic ng ri, vy !).

GING GII

I. Ta Bt Nh Tm Kinh

Tn y ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh l Bt-Nh Ba-La-Mt-a Tm-Kinh.

Bt Nh c phin m t ch prajna trong ting Phn. N c nghal tr tu. Trong Hn Vit n c gi l Tu hay Hu. Tuy nhin, tr tu y khng ch l tr tu thng thng m chng ta ni n hng ngy. Trtu m ta ni n hng ngy thng l tr tu hay phn bit (i ngu, nh

nguyn, hai mt, duality) nh ng-sai, en-trng, tt-xu, c-khng, yu-ght, hin hu-trng rng v.v Khi phn tch su, ta s thy tr phn bitny l ngun gc ca tt c mi vn , bi v ci ng ca ti l ci saica anh, v v th mu thun ny sinh gia chng ta. Tr phn bit khintm ta chia r gia y v (tm phn bit), lm tm ta b vng ng, vdn ta n nhng mu thun v, v th, khin ta si m, v minh. Tm li, trtu thng thng cha phi l tr tu chn thc.

Tr tu chn thc vt ln trn nhng phn bit nh nguyn, trn c ng

v sai, trn c hin hu v h v, v.v l tr tu ca mt ngi m chai a con ang nh nhau, mi a u cho rng mnh ng v a kia

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sai. M thy c hai con u khng ng khng sai, m ch thy rng chngang si m trong cuc chin ca mnh.

ch tr tu ti hu ny, ngi Pht t gi nguyn t prajna hay Bt

Nh, thay v dch thnh tr tu hay tr hu.Ba-La-Mt-a c phin m t ch Phn paramita v c ngha l

qua b bn kia. Trong ting Hn Vit, n l nh trong ph chng sinh. Qua b bn kia cng c ngha l gii thot (liberate) haygic ng (enlightened).

Nhng, chng ta ang ni n b no v sng no? Pht gio quan nimchng ta ang ng trn b kh no (suffering). Bng cch vt qua dngsng v minh (ignorance), chng ta n c b bn kia, l bn b ca

gic ng (enlightenment).

V vy, Bt Nh l tr tu ti hu a () chng ta vt qua dng sngv minh n bn b gic ng.

Tm c ngha l tri tim, l trung tm, l tinh hoa, ct li, chnh yu.

Kinh c ngha l kinh in, li dy thing ling.

V vy Bt Nh Tm Kinh l li dy ct li thing ling v tr tu tihu a chng ta vt sng v minh n b gic ng.

(Tuy nhin, xin lu , khi ni vt b kh n b gic ng, chng tavn ang trong phn bit hai b i din m nh ni khng

phi l tr tu chn thc. Bt Nh khng chp nhn phn bit. Nh chng tas thy khi i vo cc phn tch sau ny, trong Bt Nh, khi ta t n b

bn kia, ta s thy bn cht thc ca mi th l Khng, v trong Khng th, ang v s khng cn c dng sng no vt qua. Tt c s vt quach l o nh ph du ca tm tr).

II. Ct li ca tr tu Bt Nh (hai cu u)

Hai cu u l ct li ca Bt Nh. Tt c nhng cu sau l trin khairng hn t phn ct li ny. y l hai cu u:

Hn vit

Qun-t-ti B-tt, hnh thm Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a thi chiu kinng-un giai khng, nht thit kh ch.

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X-Li-T! Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khngtc th sc; th, tng, hnh, thc, dic phc nh th.

Ting Vit

Khi B tt Qun t ti thc hnh Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a su xa, soi thynm un u khng, lin vt qua mi kh ch.

X Li T! Sc chng khc khng, khng chng khc sc; sc tc lkhng, khng tc l sc; th, tng, hnh, thc cng li nh vy.

English

When Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva was practicing the profound prajna

paramita, he illuminated the five skandhas and saw that they are all empty,and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.

Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness; emptiness does notdiffer from form. Form itself is emptiness; emptiness itself is form. So, too,are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.

B tt l vit tt ca b t t a, c phin m t ch PhnBodhisattva. l mt t trong Pht gio i tha. B (bodhi) cngha l gic ng (enlightened). Bodhisattva c ngha l ngi gic ng(enlightened being). Trong truyn thng i tha, b tt l mt ngi t gic ng nhng t nguyn gc li thnh tu qu v Pht trn vn cuicng gip cc chng sinh khc t gic ng. C th ni, B tt l mt

bc thp hn qu v Pht ton gic.

Tu b-tt tha (training in the bodhisattva way) l con ng i thadn n gic ng. Con ng ny c gi l lc ba-la-mt (six paths tocross to the other shore). l: b th (giving), tr gii (keeping rules and

precepts), nhn nhc (patient and humble), tinh tn (advancing in the

practice), thin nh (meditation) and tr hu (wisdom). Khi u conng tu B tt o ny, iu trc tin ngi hnh gi phi lm l phttm b (start bodhicitta, start bodhisattvas heart) mt tm nguyn tn gic ng nhm cu gip cc chng sinh khc cng t gic ng, thc lmt li th nguyn y lng v tha.

(Xem thm v B tt o:http://www.buddhismtoday.com/viet/phatphap/lucdobalamat.htm )

Trong i tha (Mahayana), B tt (Boddhisattva) l mt ngi gicng.

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Trong Pht gio nguyn thy (Theravada), c hai dng ngi gic ng:(1) Bch Chi Pht (pratyekabuddha) l ngi t gic ng bng tu tpTh p Nh Nhn Duyn (the twelve links of cause and effect). Cch tu tpny c gi l Duyn Gic (gic ng qua qun chiu lut nhn qu). (2)

A-la-hn (arhat) l ngi t gic ng bng tu tp T Diu v BtChnh o (The Four Noble Truths and The Noble Eightfold Path). Cchtu tp ny c gi l Thanh Vn (m thanh v vn t ca Pht). Chng tas tm hiu nhng cch thc tu tp ny sau.

Bc gic ng hon ton l Pht. C nhiu v Pht ton gic trong kinhsch, nhng ch c mt c Pht ton gic trong lch s th gii lc Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni (hin nhn ca dng h Thch Ca), ngi sng lp nn Pht gio.

V vy, chng ta c bn dng ngi gic ng, xp t cao xung thp:Pht, b tt, bch chi pht, a-la-hn (buddha, bodhisattva, pratyekabuddha,arhat).

Qun T Ti l tn ca mt v B tt. Trong hu ht cc kinh Pht, tnca mt v B tt va l mt danh t ring (tn ca chnh v y) v va lmt danh t chung (t ch chung, mang mt ngha no ). Qun T Tic ngha l qun st chnh bn thn thc ti, quan st thc ti nh n l,c dch t tn Avalokiteshvara ca ting Phn. Trong nhng b kinh

khc, Avalokiteshvara c dch l Qun Th mqun st/ lng nghe mthanh ca th gii. Mt tn Phn vi hai cch dch ngha hi khc nhau: khichng ta ni n trit l, l Qun T Ti; khi chng ta ni n lng t bi, l Qun Th m, lng nghe ting ku cu kh ca chng sinh trong thgii.

B tt Qun T Ti, bn cnh l mt tn ring, cng c dng chbt c ai trong chng ta t gic ng c th qun st thc ti (bnthn chng ta v th gii xung quanh ta) nh chnh n l, khng mo m,

m h v v minh.Ng un l nm skandhas (Phn), hay nm tp hp (five aggregates).

Ng un gm sc (form), th (feeling), tng (perception), hnh (mentalformation) v thc (consciousness). Nm tp hp ny cng vi nhau tonn chng sinh. Sc (mu sc, hnh dng, color, form) l phn vt cht cac th chng ta. Th, tng, hnh, thc (cm gic, n tng, to , nhn

bit--feeling, perception, mental formation, consciousness) to nn phntinh thn. V th, ch ng un ch con ngi, s hin hu ca con ngi.

Hai cu u caBt Nh Tm Kinh, v th, c ngha l: Khi ngigic ng--ngi qun st thc ti nh chnh n l--tu tp tr tu Bt Nh

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thm su, ngi nhn ra rng chnh mnh l Khng, v th m vt quami kh au.

y l bc khi u quan trng vo Pht php. Nhng ngi khng

phi l Pht t thng ngh rng chng ta hin hu, rng hin hu cachng ta l vng chc, thc s, v vnh vin. Thi ny c gi lchp c (bm vo/c nm gi thc ti).

Pht gio ni rng s hin hu ca chng ta l khng thc n ph du,v thng; hin hu ca chng ta l o nh, l Khng, l trng rng.

tng l ngha ca Khng trong tin trnh pht trin di ca ttng Pht gio. Vo lc , ngha ca Khng vn cn gii hn trong isng con ngi. Nhiu trng phi Pht gio ca thi k trc Bt Nh

ch trng rng bn th ca chng ta l Khng nhng th gii quanh ta lc.

Mt c tnh ca Khng vo thi by gi l Khng c hiu nh ingc ca c (hin hu, sc), v th, Khng c th d b hiu theo ngha cc oan l trit tiu. Thi trit tiu cc oan ny c gi lchp khng (bm/c chp vo ci khng).

Nh chng ta s thy nhng on sau, Bt Nh (1) trin khai quan

nim v Khng t con ngi rng ra n ton th v tr, v (2) ng thia Khng t cc oan trit tiu tr v con ng trung o - khng mc, c m khng lm cho Khng tr thnh thc t hn v tch cc hn vii sng.

X Li T l ngi con trai ca gia nh Sari. y l tn gi ca v t thng minh nht ca c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni. Xin lu , trong Bt

Nh Tm Kinh, X Li T c nhc n hai ln. Mi ln biu hin chomt pht trin quan trng v ngha ca Khng trong lch s Pht gio.

Ln th nht ny, Khng c a t cc oan trit tiu, i nghch vic, tr li con ng trung o, nh nhng mnh di y cho thy:

Sc bt d khng, khng bt d sc. Sc chng khc Khng, Khngchng khc sc.

Sc (mu sc, hnh dng) l mt trong ng un (five skandhas, fiveaggregates) to nn chng ta. Sc ch phn c th xc tht ca con ngi.

Sc cng l mt trong lc trn (su bi), gm sc thanh hng v xcphp, to nn v tr (su bi: hnh nh, m thanh, mi hng, v, i tng

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xc chm, php; six dusts: color, sound, fragrance, taste, objects of touch,dharma).

V th ch sc trong nhng mnh trn mang hai ngha chnh. Th

nht, sc c dng nh mt t tri ngha vi Khng. Th hai, t scl mt mc xch kho lo bo tin mt cch t nh v s pht trin sp tica Khng t con ngi n ton th v tr.

Trong khi Khng ang lng l m rng lnh th t con ngi nton th v tr, th Khng cng ko ngha ca n t cc oan trit tiu trv trung o. Hy nh li, trong cu u, bn th ca con ngi l Khng(ng un giai khng). Tuy nhin, cu th hai ny cho thy chc chn rngKhng chng c ngha l khng c g hay khng hin hu. Trong cuth hai ny, Khng chng khc vi sc, chng khc vi mu sc v hnh

dng m chng ta c th nhn thy bng i mt. V ngc li, sc chngkhc Khng.

Ni cch khc, Khng v sc, hai khi nim tng chng nh tringc, thc s ch l mt v tng t nh nhau. S lp li, sc bt dkhng, khng bt d sc, l mt cng thc l lun nhm khng nh, quacch ni ph nh, rng, sc v Khng ch l mt.

on tip theo, sc tc th khng, khng tc th sc (sc tc l Khng,

Khng tc l sc), l mt cng thc l lun khc nhm khng nh li lnna, ln ny qua cch ni khng nh, rng sc v Khng ch l mt.

C hai cch ni khng nh v ph nh, l p i l p li, nhm nhn mnhmt s tht ct li: Sc v Khng l mt, hin hu v trng rng l mt, cv khng l mt.

Chng nhng sc, biu tng cho th xc ca chng ta, l nh vy, mnhng yu t tinh thn ca chng ta cng vn hnh theo cch tng t --th tng hnh thc v Khng l mt; th tng hnh thc l Khng v

Khng l th tng hnh thc. l ngha on tip theo ca B t NhTm Kinh: th, tng, hnh, thc, dic phc nh th. (Cm gic, ntng, to , v s nhn bit cng tng t nh vy, cng chng khcKhng--feeling, perception, mental formation, and consciousness are alsolike that).

Tm li, ti im ny trong qu trnh pht trin t tng Pht gio,chng ta c: Hin hu ca con ngi l Khng, nhng Khng chng cngha l trit tiu, Khng cng ging nh Sc hay bt c nhng th g to

nn con ngi chng ta.

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c to nn t nhiu nhn t trong v tr - nc, khong cht, ha cht,in t, in t, v.v Khi ci ti tan bin, ti khng cn, nhng nhngnhn t to nn ti vn cn trong v tr, chng ch i loanh quanh v,ty theo nhn duyn, s li to nn nhng th khc. Tm li, sau khi cht,

bn ng ca ti khng cn na, nhng nhng nhn t to nn ti vn cn trong v tr. V th, chng ta ni mt cch trit hc l, T v tr tin, v tr v vi v tr ti ra i.

Nhng v tr l g? V tr l mt khong khng rng ln v hn, vtn, v bin mt ci Khng ln. V th, nu chng ta thay th t v tr

bng t Khng, cu ni trit hc ca chng ta gi y s thnh: TKhng ti n, v tr v Khng ti ra i.

V nh vy l chng ta c th ni theo ngn ng Bt Nh: Ti l

Khng, Khng l ti. Ti l mt biu hin ph du ca ci Khng ln l vtr. y l ngha ca v ng trong tinh thn Bt Nh. V y cng lct li ca sc tc th khng, khng tc th sc. (Form is emptiness,emptiness is form).

(Ghi ch: V tr l mt v d sinh ng gii thch Khng, nhng vtr cha hn thc l Khng. Chng ta s cp su hn trong phn ktip).

Ti im ny chng ta tr li cho cu hi ti sao sc v Khng lmt? Tuy nhin, hy cng i thm mt bc xa hn kt thc du n thba ca php; l nit bn (nirvana).

3. Nit Bn (Nirvana)

Nu ta khng hiu v thng v v ng v ta c chp vo tng vmt cuc sng vnh vin v mt bn ng thng hng, chng ta s au khkhi nhng bin i xy n, cng nh mt ngi au kh khi ngi yukhng cn yu anh ta na hay khi c y mt i.

ngh nm gi ci g , hay nm gi t tng no , c gi lchp (dnh mc, vng mc, attachment). Chp vo bt c th g hayiu g cng s mang n kh au. V d nh, chp vo tng cuc sngl khn kh s khin chng ta tuyt vng bi ngh tiu cc. Chp vo tng cuc sng ton mu hng, ton nhng iu tt p, s khin chngta au kh bi s di kh ca mnh. Chp vo tng rng c y l cuci ti s khin ta au kh khi c y ra i.

gii thot chnh mnh khi kh au, chng ta thc tp v chp (non-attachment). Khi chng ta khng cn chp luyn, dnh mc vo bt c th

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g, th khng iu g c th khin tm tr ta vng ng hay cng thng.Khng cn kh au na. Tm tr bnh yn v ngui lng nh ci l ttla. Chng ta t n nit bn. Nit bn c ngha l la tt.

Tm li, v chp l con ng dn n gic ng, n nit bn.Tuy nhin, ti sao khi B tt Qun T Ti nhn thy rng ng un l

khng, ngi lin vt qua mi kh ch?

Bi v khi ngi nhn ra rng bn ng (ci ti) ca mnh l Khng, ngikhng cn c bt k chp luyn no na. Trong cuc i, ta c th chpvo hng triu th xung quanh mnh ca ci, sc p, tnh yu, quyn lc,h t tng. Nhng khi phn tch n tn cng, ta s thy rng l do ta cnm gi mi th l bi v chnh bn ng ca mnh. Bi v ta c chp vo

bn ng ca mnh, cho nn ta mun mi th cho mnh. Nu ta khng chpvo bn ng ca ta bi v ta nhn ra rng bn ng l ph du, l Khng tas t ng bung b tt c nhng chp luyn vi mi th, th l ta vt quami kh au, ta t ti nit bn.

V th, hiu c Khng s dn n v chp, t dn n nit bn.

Nhng, liu trit l sc-khng c lin quan g n cuc sng cachng ta khng?

C, trit l sc-khng hm cha nhiu ng quan trng gip ta sngtrong i.

(1) Khng nh cuc sng: Ngn ng lin tc ph nh ca Bt Nhvi trng, rng v khng khin nhiu ngi hiu lm rng Bt Nh phnhn mi th. Nhng nu c k Bt Nh, ta s thy rng Bt Nh khng

ph nhn bt c iu g. Thc ra, Bt Nh xc nh mi th trong cucsng. Sc chng khc Khng, Khng chng khc sc. Sc tc l Khng,Khng tc l sc. Lm sao cu ni ny li c th mang ngha ph nhn

bt c iu g? N l li khng nh mnh m v r rng v c sc vKhng, hai cc oan hin nhin ca i sng. V th, Bt Nh xc nhn,mt cch mnh m, cuc i v tt c mi sc thi ca cuc i.

(2) Mt thi sng thoi mi v t do: Bt Nh gip ta trnh khi chpluyn, vng mc. Ta khng chp vo sc m ph nhn Khng, bi vKhng l sc. Ta khng chp vo Khng m ph nhn sc, bi v sc lKhng. Bi v Bt Nh c ngha l chng chp sc cng chng chpKhng, ta gi Bt Nh l trung o (middle way).

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Nhng trung o ca Bt Nh khng c ngha l ta chp vo v tr chnhgia ca con ng. Tt c mi c chp, gm c c chp vo chnh gia,cng u gy kh au. V chp c ngha l khng chp vo bt c iu g,

bt c t tng, bt c v tr no. V th, trong Bt Nh, ta xc nhn mi

th trong khi khng chp luyn vo bt c iu g. l ngha catrung o.

V th, chng ta c th vn bun bn m khng chp vo tin bc, cm khng chp vo sch, n m khng chp vo thc phm, li m khngchp vo xe, lm chnh tr m khng chp vo quyn lc.

Trong Kinh Kim Cang (The Diamond Sutra), t c tm thanhtnh, B tt phi ng v s tr (khng c ch tr; fixed on no place),(Kinh Kim Cang, on 10). B tt c th ng bt c ni u ngi munm khng dnh mc vo ni . Con chim phi ng trn mt ci g trong mt lc, tuy nhin, bi v chim khng dnh mc vo bt c ni no cnh, cho nn n c t doc bu tri l lnh a ca n. Con chim ngc nh mt ni l con chim cht.

Mi ngy trong i sng thc t, chng ta phi la chn thng xuyn,phi a ra nhng quyt nh, phi thng xuyn ng trn mt quan imno . Tuy nhin, chng ta khng nn chp vo bt c chn la no mnh lm, khi phi tr thnh t nhn ca chnh nhng la chn ca mnh.

Chng ta nn sn sng ri b bt c s la chn no khi cn thit. ng vs tr (not fixed on any place). V th tri tim ta s thanh tnh v t do; tac gii thot, ta t ti.

(3) Trung o ca Bt Nh khc vi th hay lnh m. Nhng ngidng dng v lnh m khng quan tm n bt c iu g v lnh nht vimi th, khng bao gi ng v pha no.

Ngi sng vi tinh thn Bt Nh quan tm n cuc i. H thngu tranh cho ci thin v l phi; tuy nhin, h khng chp vo l phi camnh n mc phi loi tr tt c nhng ai khc quan im vi mnh.

(4) Tinh thn Bt Nh hng chng ta sng mt cuc sng tch cc vv tha: Trong Kinh Kim Cang (the Diamond Sutra), Bt Nh l cha kha sng mt cuc i ch ng v v tha. Trong , c Pht ni i rng,Ta gii thot cho v lng v s chng sinh gip h t n nit bn,nhng thc s khng c chng sinh no c gii thot. Ti sao? Bi v,nu B tt cn nhn thy ta v ngi, cn phn bit mnh vi cc chngsinh khc, cn ngh chng sinh v k tu tr, th cha phi l B tt.

(Kinh Kim Cang, on 3, Trn nh Honh lc gii).

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n gic ng, v bi v tm h khng dnh mc (v chp) vo tng rngbc tng Pht l khng c ng ti hay tr li cu hi bng mt ci ttl iu cm k. Nhng hnh ng ny c l khng c chp nhn trongKhng gio.

Trung dung ca Khng gio l mt quy tc x th tt; trung o caPht gio l tm tr t do ca mt ngi ngh s bc thy.

(Xin xem thm sch v Trung Dung ca Khng T ti yhttp://www.personal.usyd.edu.au/~cdao/booksv/cpdd1.htm).

III. Phn trin khai v Bt Nh

Nh chng ta cp trn y, hai cu u ca Bt Nh Tm Kinhtm tt ton b tinh thn Bt Nh. Nhng cu sau trin khai thm v BtNh.

X-Li-T! Th ch Php khng tng, bt sanh bt dit, bt cubt tnh, bt tng bt gim.

(X Li T, mi s u l khng, chng sanh chng dit, chng dchng sch, chng tng chng gim.)

(Shariputra, all dharmas are emptiness. They are not borrn, notdestroyed, not defiled, not pure, and they neither increase nor diminish).

y l ln th hai v ln cui cng X-Li-T c nhc n trc tipbng chnh tn ngi trong Bt Nh Tm Kinh. Ln ny ch s chuynbin quan trng ca Khng t con ngi n tt c mi hin hu. Hy nhli cu u, chng ta c ng un giai khng (five skandhas are emptiness)v ng un biu th cho bn ng con ngi. Trong cu ny, chng ta c ch

php khng tng (all dharmas are emptiness). Ch php c ngha l tt c

cc php, tt c mi th trong v tr--c v tr ca tm ta cng nh v trbn ngoi. Nh vy, gi y Bt Nh m rng lnh a ca Khng,nhm xc quyt rng chng nhng ch con ngi m tt c mi th khctrong v tr cng u l Khng.

Xin nh li, trc y trong v d v ta bc vo th gii v cht, chngta ni rng T v tr ti n, v tr v vi v tr, ti ra i, v t tachuyn thnh T Khng ti n, v tr v Khng, ti ra i. Chng tacng c th ni tng t nh vy vi tt c nhng vt khc trong v tr. T

Khng nhng ngi sao n, v tr v Khng, nhng ngi sao ra i. Nhng

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ngi sao c sinh ra t Khng v n mt lc no , nhng ngi sao sbng v v bin mt vo Khng.

Nhng chnh v tr, mc d c xem nh mt v d sinh ng v

Khng, li vn cha hn l Khng, bi v chng ta vn cn nhn thy v trbng mt v bng tm tr mnh bn thn v tr l php (dharma), chngphi Khng. Chng ta cn y c lun l ca mnh xa hn, n tn cnggii hn ca lun l, n ci tuyt i mi v tr, c v tr bn ngoi vv tr bn trong tm tr, n t Khng v ra i tr v Khng. Khng l bnth chn tht ca vn vt, v vn vt ch l mt biu hin thong quaca Khng, cng nh sng ch l mt biu hin nht thi ca nc.

y chng ta c th thy mi quan h gia bn th v hintng. Nc l bn th, sng l hin tng. Bn th v hin tng khng

phi l hai th khc nhau; bn th v hin tng ch l hai cch khc nhau ni v cng mt th. Sng khng khc vi nc, nc khng khc visng; nc l sng, v sng l nc.

Tng t nh nc, Khng l bn th ca mi vt. V, tng t nhsng, mi vt l hin tng ca Khng. Mi vt chng khc vi Khng,Khng chng khc vi bt k vt g; mi vt l Khng, Khng l tt c mivt.

(Nh Pht thng dng ch tnh ch bn th, v ch tng ch hin tng. Khng l tnh ca vn vt. Vn vt l tng ca Khng).

ng trn b nhn ra bin, nu chng ta nhn vo sng (tc l hintng), chng ta s thy rng c nhng con sng mi sinh ra, c nhng consng c tan bin i, c nhng con sng vn c bn, c nhng con sngsch trong, c nhng con sng dng cao, c nhng con sng li tn. Tuynhin, nc (tc l bn th) vn ch l nc, lun lun , khng sinh ra,khng mt i, khng d, khng sch, khng tng, khng gim. V th, khichng ta nhn tt c mi th trong v tr, chng ta thy nhng ci n rii, cng tt c mi chuyn ng v bin i. Nhng nu chng ta nhn vo

bn th ca mi vt, tc l nhn vo Khng, th Khng ch l Khng, lunlun , khng sinh ra, khng mt i, khng d, khng sch, khng tng,khng gim. l ngha ca cu Th ch php khng tng, bt sanh,

bt dit, bt cu, bt tnh, bt tng, bt gim. (Mi s u l khng,chng sanh chng dit, chng d chng sch, chng tng chng gim.)

Vy l gi y chng ta c nh ngha v tnh cht ca Khng:

1. Khng l bn th ca mi th trong v tr (v mi th trongv tr l biu hin ca Khng).

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2. Khng l tuyt i lun lun , khng sinh, khng dit,khng d, khng sch, khng tng, khng gim.

Quan nim v Khng ny c g tng ng nh quan nim v

Thng trong cc tn gio hu thn, vi mt khc bit quan trng:Thng c mt nhn cch tch cc v ch ng can thip vo i sngcon ngi v cuc sng ca v tr, trong khi , Khng th trung tnh tuyti.

Th c khng trung, v sc, v th, tng, hnh, thc; v nhn, nh,t, thit, thn, ; v sc, thinh, hng, v, xc, php; v nhn gii, nich v -thc-gii.

(Cho nn, trong khng chng c sc, chng c th, tng, hnh, thc;

chng c mt, tai, mi, li, thn, ; chng c mu sc, m thanh, hngthm, v nm, xc cm, cc php; chng c ni nhn, cho n chng cni thc.)

(Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation,or consciousness; no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind; no sights,sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or dharmas; no field of the eyes, upto and including no field of mind-consciousness).

T cu ny tr i, Bt Nh gii thiu mt bn lit k tt c nhng giol c bn m chnh c Pht thuyt ging. Nhng li ging ny l nntng ca Pht gio, to nn Pht gio. Tuy nhin, Bt Nh Tm Kinh btu ph nhn mi li ging, tng li mt.

Ti im ny, chng ta cn lu nhng im sau:

Th nht, trong ngn ng Bt Nh, ph nh v khng nh l mt. Scbt d khng, khng bt d sc; sc tc th khng, khng tc th sc.

Th hai, Khng l bn th ca mi th, k c mi gio l, mi php tu.Nh mi th khc, gio l v php tu ch l hin tngl biu hin nhtthi ca Khng.

Th ba, nu chng ta quan st bin v tp trung t tng ca mnh vonc, chng ta c th ni rng c nc nhng khng thc s c sng sng ch l nhng chuyn ng ca nc m thi. Tng t nh vy, khichng ta tp trung t tng vo bn th ca mi th trong v tr - Khng chng ta c th ni rng trong Khng chng c g thc s hin hu; mi

th ch l biu hin nht thi ca Khng. l ti sao trong cu m chng

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ta ang kho st ny, Bt Nh Tm Kinh ni rng, Trong Khng, chngc

V n y Bt Nh li lit k mt danh sch y nhng gio l Pht

php. Cu hi l Ti sao Bt Nh Tm Kinh li mt cng lit k mtdanh sch ton b cc gio l, ri sau li ph nhn tng ci mt?S ph nh cn thn ny nhm mc ch g?

Chng ta s tr li cu hi ny, nhng trc , chng ta phi bitnhng gio l c lit k v ph nhn l g. Hy th cng xem xt bndanh sch.

Ng un (sc th tng hnh thcfive skandhas: form, feeling,perception, mental formation, consciousness) l nhng g to nn bn th

mt con ngi. Bt Nh gi y ph nhn ng un.

Lc cn (nhn nh t thit thn su gc: mt tai mi li, thn --six roots, six sensing organs: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, mind): y lnhng ca ng, nhng giao din gia th gii bn ngoi v th gii bntrong tm tr ca chng ta. Nu khng c lc cn th khng c chng ta, cth xc ln tinh thn. Nhng Bt Nh gi y ph nhn lc cn.

Lc trn (sc thanh hng v xc php; su bi: hnh nh, m thanh,

mi hng, v, i tng xc chm, php; six dusts or six gunas or sixsense objects: sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, and dharmas).Lc trn tng ng vi lc cn trong on trn. Lc trn to nn ton b vtr. Nm bi u tin to nn v tr vt cht; bi cui cngphp, l ttc mi th m tm tr c th nhn thy c--to nn v tr tinh thn.

Lc trn (six dusts) t bn ngoi i vo c th v tm tr chng ta thngqua lc cn (six roots) v em li cho ta cm gic, v cm gic lm chochng ta khao kht chim hu (dc vng), v t dc vng m mi vn

phin no sinh ra. l ti sao su th ny c gi l su bi (lc trn).Hnh ng ca lc trn i vo c th chng ta qua lc cn c gi l lcnhp (six entrances).

Lc trn l mt gio l c bn khc ca Pht gio. Lc trn to nn vtr. Nhng Bt Nh gi y ph nhn lc trn.

V nhn gii, ni ch v thc gii. Chng c ni nhn, cho nchng c ni thc. (No field of the eyes, up to and including no fieldof mind-consciousness).

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Ti y chng ta ni v thp bt gii (mi tm gii, mi tm lnhvc)--su gii ca su cn (six realms of six sense organs): nhn gii(realm of the eyes), nh gii (realm of the ears), t gii (realm of the nose),thit gii (realm of the tongue), thn gii (realm of the body), gii (realm

of the mind); su gii ca su trn (cn gi l lc cnh; six realms of sixobjects of senses): sc gii (realm of color), thanh gii (realm of sound),hng gii (realm of smell), v gii (realm of taste), xc gii (realm oftouch), php gii (realm of thought); vsu gii ca su thc (six realmsof consciousness): nhn thc gii (realm of eye-consciousness), nh thcgii (realm of ear-consciousness), t thc gii (realm of nose-consciousness), thit thc gii (realm of tongue consciousness), thn thcgii (realm of body-consciousness), thc gii (realm of mind-consciousness).

Bt nh dng cch ni vn tt, ch nhc n gii u l nhn gii, v giicui l thc gii, ch c mi tm gii. Mi tm gii ny lm nnton v tr bn ngoi cng nh v tr trong tm ta. Nhng Bt Nh li phnhn c mi tm gii, ph nhn ton th v tr.

V v minh, dic v v minh tn; ni ch v lo t, dic v lo ttn.

(Chng c v minh, cng chng c chm dt v minh; cho n chng c

gi cht, cng chng c chm dt gi cht.)

(No ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old ageand death or ending of old age and death.)

y, mt gio l Pht gio quan trng khc b ph nhn Thp NhNhn Duyn (mi hai nhn duyn, the twelve links of cause and effect, orLaw of Causation). Nh chng ta cp trc y, mi th n v i donhn duyn. Th p nh nhn duyn lit k mi hai nhn duyn gii thchlm sao m v minh gy ra tui gi, bnh tt v ci cht, nhng ct li cakh au. Th p Nh Nhn Duyn cng cn c gi l duyn khi hayduyn sinh (birth from law of causation, hay l dependent origination).

Mi hai nhn duyn bt u t v minh v kt thc vi tui gi v cicht, vi mi mc xch khc gia. Bt Nh Tm Kinh khng lit k ttc mi hai, m ch nhc n mc xch u tin (v minh) v mc xch cuicng (tui gi v ci cht) ch ton b chui mi hai nhn duyn.

Mi hai nhn duyn l:

1) V minh: Ignorance.

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2) Hnh: Mental moving, mental formation

3) Thc: Consciousness.

4) Danh sc: Name and Form.

5) Lc Nhp: Su ng vo qua su c quan mt,tai mi, li, thn, (six entrances)

6) Xc: Contact

7) Th: Feeling, sensation.

8) i: Desire, craving

9) Th: Grasping, attachment

10) Hu: Owning, possessing, existing.

11) Sanh: Birth.

12) Lo T: Old Age, (Illness) and Death.

V minh l nhn duyn u tin.

V minh khin tm tr ta mt i bn cht thanh tnh chn thc ca n; vminh khin tm tr ta vng ng; s vng ng tm tr (hnh) l nhnduyn th hai.

Tm vng ng to nn thc (thc), nhn duyn th ba.

Thc nhn th gii hnh dng v t tn cho cc hnh dng, l nhnduyn th t (danh sctn v hnh).

Th gii danh sc xm nhp vo c th v tm tr chng ta qua su livo (lc nh p), l nhn duyn th nm.

Lc nh p sinh ra tip xc vi c th v tm tr chng ta; tip xc (xc)l nhn duyn th su.

Tip xc mang n cm gic, cm th (th), nhn duyn th by.

Cm gic (th) khin chng ta sinh ham mun (i), nhn duyn th tm.

Ham mun (i) lm ta mun nm gi (th), nhn duyn th chn.

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Nu khng c bn ng thng hng (v ng, non-self, no permanentself), vy th ci g s ti sinh nhiu ln, sng qua nhiu kip sau khicht?

Lun hi (samsara) v ti sinh (reincarnation) c ging dy trong ngio (Hinduism) trc khi Pht gio xut hin. Trong n gio, mi conngi c mt linh hn bt t hay Tiu ng (t ng, Atman). Linh hn nyvn tn ti sau ci cht v li ti sinh vo kip sng mi, ty theo nghipca ngi (karma). Nghip l kt qu nhng hnh ng ca mi ngiv l ngun lc quyt nh ti sinh. Vng tun hon sinh-cht-ti sinh llun hi (samsara). Khi mt ngi t c tm linh tinh khit, ngi c c s cu ri v s khng b ti sinh na. Khi , Tiu ng (linh hn,Atman) ca ngi ha nhp cng vi i ng (Brahman, Ci Ton Th,Mt, Thng , the One, God) vnh vin.

Pht gio cng ni v nghip, lun hi v ti sinh; tuy nhin, ti sinhtrong Pht gio khc vi ti sinh trong n gio mt im rt c bn:Trong Pht gio, v ng c ngha l khng c bn ng thng hng. Khngc linh hn thng hng cn li sau khi cht. Bn ng (cai ti) ca mtngi tan bin sau khi cht. Tt c nhng nhn t to nn ngi cngmt i; tuy nhin, c mt nhn t vn cn li l a li da thc (the alayavijnana).

Thc (vijnana) l thc, kh nng nhn bit ca tm tr. C tm thc,trong nm thc u tin lin quan n nm c quan cm gic, ba thccn li lin kt vi tm tr.

1. Nhan thc (eye consciousness, cakshu vijnana)

2. Nhi thc (ear consciousness, shrotra vijnana)

3. Ti thc (nose consciousness, ghrana vijnana)

4. Thit thc (tongue consciousness, jihva vijnana)

5. Thn thc (body consciousness, kaya vijnana)

6. thc (mental consciousness, mano vijnana nh gi v xl thng tin t nm thc u tin)

7. Mt-na thc (afflicted consciousness, klesha vijnana ngh vbn thn, ngh rng c mt bn ng thng hng)

8. A-li-da thc (store consciousness, alaya vijnanadn u tt

c nhng thc, lu gi k c ca tt c nhng suy ngh vhnh ng)

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Thc th tm, a-li-da thc (alaya vijnana), l nhn t duy nht ca bnng con ngi cn li sau khi cht. N c gi l thc lu tr (storeconsciousness) bi v n lu gi nghip ca bn ng trong kip ny, cngnh nghi p ca cc bn ng khc trong tt c cc kip trc y. N quyt

nh kip ti sinh sau nh th no. N mang nhng ht ging nghip tbn ng ny (trong kip ny) n bn ng sau (ca kip sau), v n tch lytt c cc nghip khi n i qua cc kip sng. Nhng kho lu tr ny ltrung tnh; n khng lm cng vic suy tng, v tt c mi suy tngc lm bi by thc u tin. Ni cch khc, a-li-da-thc khng phi lti hay linh hn ca ti hay bn ng ca ti. N ch l mt nhn tca ci ti (trong cuc i ti) v n mang nhng ht ging nghip ca vs nhng i trc t khi thy v tn, n cuc i ti, v v s i sauny.

Bng ngn ng n gin ca thi i tin hc, chng ta c th ni rng,a-li-da-thc ch l mt con chip b nh (memory chip). Sau khi ta cht,a-li-da-thc mang nhng k c ca ti (v nhng k c ca v s kipsng trc ti) n kip sau trong mt bn ng mi. Bn ng mi nykhng phi l ti na, mc d n c nhng k c ca ti trong .

Khi gic ng, a-li-da-thc s thanh tnh v tr nn mt cng vi ChnNh (the Truth, Tathagatagarba, Pht, Buddha), v cng l Khng. Bnthn a-li-da-thc nh mt thc th ring bit khng cn tn ti. Khng

cn ti sinh.

Ch v ti sinh v lun hi rt d gy nhm ln, bi v:

1. a s cc Pht t chu tin vo s ti sinh ca mt linh hnbt t. iu ny thc ra l mt gio l ca n gio v nngc vi gio l Pht php v v ng (khng c bn ngthng hng, khng c linh hn vnh cu). Tuy nhin, tngv mt linh hn bt t n gin v d hiu, d cm nhn. N

cng c chnh mt s kinh sch Pht gio ng h, nh KinhVu Lan (Ullambana Sutra), trong Mc Kin Lin (Mu-lien)tm thy linh hn m ca mnh ang b chu hnh pht tronga ngc. (Xin xem Kinh Vu Lan ti lin kthttp://www.budsas.org/uni/u-kinh-bt-ngan/vulan.htm). nhhng mnh m ca kinh ny th hin trong thc t l ngy lVu Lan (Ullambana day) l mt ngy l ln c t chc longtrng hng nm trong Pht gio chu . Tt nhin, m caMc Kin Lin c th l biu tng cho ci ti ca chnhchng ta, bn ng ca chnh chng ta, cng l m catm tr vng ng ca chng ta, cng vi nhng dnh mc vo

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1. Kh (Suffering): i cht cha kh au. Mt cch tng qut,chng ta c th phn chia kh thnh kh v th xc v kh vtinh thn. (a) Kh v th xc bao gm sinh ra, gi, bnh, vcht (sinh lo bnh t). (b) Kh v tinh thn bao gm mt i

nhng g ta thng yu, gp phi nhng g ta ght, v munnhng g khng c c. (c) Tuy nhin, cng c ci kh gmtt c cc ni kh khc gp li l ci kh n t chpvo bn ng nh mt bn th thng hng vnh cu. Tt cchng ta c th tng tng c mt ngi sng nh khng

bao gi cht th s au kh nh th no.

Nhng vy nhng thi gian vui v m ta c trong i th sao? C phil tiu cc qu khng khi nh ngha cuc i ch l mt b kh?

ng, i c nhng lc bun v nhng lc vui (c cho l l nhnglc vui thc s v khng phi nhng ni kh ngy trang nh chng tathng tri nghim). C th ni, kin thc v thc hnh Pht gio s xa inhng mun phin, bng cch tu tp tm tr chng ta tr nn thanh tnhtuyt i. Mt tm tr thanh tnh s lun im tnh. N khng b kch ng.

N vt trn c nhng kch ng ca kh au v vui sng. N lun lunmang theo vi n mt nim an lc lng l v bin, khc vi s sung sngn o ca mt cuc ung bia.

au kh, suy cho cng, l mt hin tng tinh thn. Thm ch nu tcnhn gy au kh n t bn ngoi, v d nh mt ci tt mnh ln mt, thvn cng ch l tm tr c kh hay khng nu m bn ch y ln vci tt nhng tm tr bn cm thy vui v iu , vy th kh u? Vth, Pht gio dy cch dit kh bng cch dy chng ta kim sot tm tr,tc l, gi tm tr thanh tnh mi lc mi ni. Tm l u tin v cui cng

tm l v minh v Pht.

Kinh Php C (Dhammpada) l b kinh quan trng nht trong Pht gio

nguyn thy (Theravada Buddhism) v l mt trong nhng b kinh c bnnht ca ton b truyn thng Pht gio. Cu u tin ca Kinh Php Cni rng, dn u cc php, lm ch to (The mind leads all the

phenomena of existence; the mind is the leader, the mind makes them). Vcu 35 ni rng, Kh nm gi, khinh ng, theo cc dc quay cung. Lnhthay iu phc tm, tm iu an lc n. (The mind is unstable and flighty.It wanders wherever it desires. Therefore it is good to control the mind. Adisciplined mind brings happiness). (bn ting Vit ca Thch Minh Chu http://buddhismtoday.com/viet/kinh/pali/phapcu1.htm, bn ting Anh caHarischandra Kaviratna ti

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http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/dhamma/dham-hp.htm;).

V th, suy cho cng, tm l ngun gc ca mi kh au v gii thot.Pht gio dit kh bng cch tu luyn tm tr, khng phi bng cch trc

tip thay i th gii bn ngoi m chng ta ang sng. Nhng tt nhin,khi tm tr chng ta chuyn bin t bn trong, ta s t nhin thay i thgii bn ngoi.

2. Tp (Nguyn nhn ca kh, Causes of Suffering)

Ham mun (craving) gy nn au kh. l tham i (greed and desire)hay i dc (desire and want). Cu 335 trong Kinh Php C (Dhammapada)ni rng, Ai sng trong i ny, b i dc buc rng, su kh s tngtrng, nh c Bi g p ma (Whosoever is overcome by this shameful

craving which creates entanglements in this world, his sorrows increaselike the luxuriant birana grass in the rainy season).

Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (Dharma-Wheel Sutra) cp n ba dngham mun: a) ham mun nhng th thuc v xc tht (nhc dc); b) hammun v cho l i l trng cu chy theo vt cht vi ngh rng cucsng khng bao gi kt thc, c) ham mun v cho rng cht l ht hngth vt cht vi ngh rng s chng cn g na sau khi cht.

3. Dit (on tuyt kh, Extinction of Suffering)Bi v ham mun l ngun gc ca kh au, nn on tuyt kh au,

chng ta cn chm dt, t b, ct t mi ham mun. Chm dt hammun c ngha l on tuyt kh au, v v th, c ngha l nit bn.

Xin lu , trong Th p Nh Nhn Duyn, chng ta ni rng v minh lngun gc ca mi kh au, v ham mun l mc xch th tm trong chuinhn duyn. Trong Th p Nh Nhn Duyn, mun chm dt kh au thchng ta phi chm dt v minh (mc xch u tin). Nhng y trong

T Diu , chng ta ni rng chm dt kh au, chng ta chm dtham mun, c ngha l ct t chui nhn duyn ngay gia, mc xch thtm.

Ci iu xem ra c v k thut ny thc ra c mt ng dng su sctrong thc t: Nu chng ta thng minh t tr tu, tr tu ca chngta s chinh phc mi th, k c v minh, ham mun v kh au. Nhngnu chng ta khng c ph cho c thng minh t c tr tu tihu, chng ta vn c th chm dt au kh bng cch tun theo nhng quy

tc n gin chm dt ham mun. Pht t thng ni C n tmmi bn ngn php mn, mi ngi trn th gii chn mt php

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mn tu hc thch hp vi h. Phng php s dng nhng php mn khcnhau cho nhng dng ngi khc nhau c gi l phng tin (means,method). N cho php Pht gio pht trin mi ni, trong mi nn vnha, mi dn tc, mi thi i.

4. o (Con ng dn n chm dt kh, the Path toExtinction of Suffering)

Con ng ny c tm nhnh v c gi l Bt Chnh o (TheNoble Eightfold Path).

1. Chnh kin (right view): S thu hiu v T Diu , vthng v v ng.

2. Chnh t duy (right thought): Nhng suy ngh v la b i dc,v khng nng gin v bo lc (v sn), v khng gy ranhng hnh ng c hi (v hi).

3. Chnh ng (right speech): Khng ni lo, khng ni hai li(ni m thc), khng ni li c c, khng ni li ph phim.

4. Chnh nghi p (right action): Khng st sinh, khng trm cp,khng t dm.

5. Chnh mng (right livelihood): Khng bun bn hay lmnhng ngh nghip gy hi trc tip hay gin tip n nhngchng sinh khc.

6. Chnh tinh tn (right effort): C gng ngn chn nhng nghv hnh ng sai xu chng khng khi ln; nu chng khi ln, c gng chm dt chng. C gng lm ny sinhnhng ngh v hnh ng thin lnh tt p; nu chng ny sinh, c gng duy tr chng.

7. Chnh nim (right mindfulness): Qun st c th, cm gic, ngh ca chng ta, v Php (tt c mi th, tt c mi gio l)nhm ct t mi ham mun v kh au.

8. Chnh nh (right concentration): Thc tp thin.

(Xem thm v T Diu v Bt Chnh o:

http://www.budsas.org/uni/1-bai/phap002.htm ca Bnh Anson,

http://zencomp.com/greatwisdom/uni/u-4de-pkk/4de-01.htm, ca PhmKim Khnh,

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thng ca nhng gio l c ngha l ng, c nhng gio l, hy hc tpv tu luyn chng. Nhng chng cng l v thng, l nht thi, v thng b chp vo chng. iu c ngha rng:

1. Mi gio l k trn u quan trng, xng ng c nhc nch danh v c bit trong Bt Nh Tm Kinh. V th, hy tuhc v thc tp mi gio l mt cch nghim tc.

2. Nhng mi gio l cng l v thng v nht thi. V th,ng ta b chp vo gio l. iu c ngha rng, hy linhng vi nhng gio l. ng tun theo chng mt cch cngnhc nh ci my. Gio l l hng dn; hy dng tr c vtri tim, v linh ng khi p dng nhng gio l vo cucsng.

3. Gio l l tm thi gip , nh chic b dng qua sng.Khi vt qua c b bn kia ri, ng mang theo chic btrn vai.

II. Trong Khng chng c gio l cng miu t trng thi gicng.

Tt c gio l l gip hnh gi tu tp t n gic ng, t n nitbn (nirvana).

Nhng nit bn l g?

Nit bn (nirvana) c ngha l la tttm hon ton thanh tnh,tm tuyt i khng cn dnh mc, tm nhn thy tt c mi th nhngkhng dnh mc vo bt c th g, tm ca Khng.

Tm hiu c rng Khng l bn th ca n cng nh l bn th cami th khc trong v tr. Tm tm thy bn cht t nhin chn thc ca

n Khng, ci tuyt i, ci chng bao gi sinh ra, chng bao gi mt i,chng bao gi d, chng bao gi sch, chng bao gi tng, chng bao gigim, ci thanh tnh tuyt i, ci Chn Nh, Pht tnh. Ci tm ny nhn ra bn cht t nhin chn tht ca n, v gi y l Pht. Minh tmkin tnh thnh Pht. Soi sng tm, nhn thy bn cht chn tht, tr thnhPht.

Nhng c phi l tm ny trong thc t chuyn t tm ca mt ngibnh thng thnh Pht?

ng v khng. Nu chng ta t duy theo cch chng ta thng nghvi mt dng thi gian c qu kh, hin ti v tng lai, th ng, tm

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ny chuyn t tm mt ngi bnh thng thnh mt v Pht. Nm phttrc y n tng l mt tm v minh, gi y n l Pht.

Tuy nhin, ng trn quan im gic ng, tm chng tr thnh g c.

Tm lun , lun l Khng. Tm khng bit rng n l Khng,nhng gi y n bit rng n l Khng. Chi vy thi. Tm chng trthnh ci g khc tt hn hay cao hn.

Khi v minh vn cn, v minh hnh ng nh bc mn che ngn cntm nhn ca tm; v th, tm khng th nhn thy chnh mnh r rng. Khitm khng cn dnh mc, bc mn v minh c tho ra, v tm c thnhn thy chnh n thc s l Khng. Tm by gi tr v bn cht chnthc ca n Khng, thanh tnh tuyt i, nit bn, Pht. Nit bn lunlun , Pht lun lun . Vn l ta c nhn thy hay khng.

V th, thc ra, khng c vic tr thnh Pht, cng khng c thnh tugic ng, khng c dng sng no vt qua, khng c vt qua. Pht lun lun c mt . l ti sao phn u ca tiu lun ny, chng tani rng Tt c s vt qua u ch l hin tng nht thi ca tm tr.

Lu v ci thy

Khi ta ni rng tm nhn thy chnh n l Khng, chng ta c th ngh

v thy nh mt chc nng ca tri thc, mt kh nng tri thc ca b c hiu bit. Nhng ci thy chn thc cn lin quan n nhiu iu khcna, ch khng phi ch l tri thc. V d nh: Ngi v hi ngi chng say xn, Anh c bit em kh chng no khng? Ngi chng tr li,Tt nhin Anh bit Anh xi ht tinvo chu nhu say saAnh v tr anh xn ti ngy Anh i ra sn Em b cng thng sutC g u m kh hiu? V anh ta c tip tc ung say ngy quangy. l ci hiu hay ci thy ca tri thc.

Cho n mt ngy, ngi chng cm nhn c trong tng si c cathn th v trong tng t bo no ca mnh rng anh ta v trch nhimnh th no. Anh ta gi y cm nhn c tng milligram ni kh cangi v, v ni kh ca c y t chy tng t bo trong c th v tm tranh ta nh mt l thiu. Anh ta tnh dy, nh th t mt gic m. V th lanh ta b ru mi mi. chnh l ci thy chn thc.

V th, khi chng ta ni v ci thy v hiu bit ca gic ng, chng tani v mt kinh nghim thc tnh ton b, lin quan n tt c mi

phng din ca i sng tinh thn tri thc (intellect), ch (will) , cm

tnh (emotion), t th (id), t ng (ego), siu ng (super-ego), thc(consciousness), tim thc (subconsciousness), v thc (unconscious) v

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bt k ci g khc na ca tinh thnmt s chuyn ha trn vn, mt sti sinh ton b, nng tm thc ta n mt tm cao hon ton mi ca cithy, ci bit, cm gic, t duy v hnh ng.

y l s tnh thc trn vn, v th, khng th t c bng tri thcthng thng tc l khng th t c ch bng c tng kinh sch, tritl Pht php. Con ng Pht gio t n s tnh thc hon ton ny

bao gm ba yu t chnh: Gii (cc quy tc hnh x, rules of conduct),nh (thin nh, tp trung tm tr, meditation, concentrating the mind),hu (tr tu, wisdom). Mt v d kinh in l Bt Chnh o (The NobleEightfold Path). Tm nhnh ca Bt Chnh o c gp thnh ba nhmnh sau:

Hu (wisdom): 1. Chnh kin (right view), 2. Chnh t duy (rightthought).

Gii (rules of conduct): 3. Chnh Ng (right speech), 4. Chnh Nghi p(right action), 5. Chnh mng (right livelihood).

nh (meditation): 6. Chnh tinh tn (right effort), 7. Chnh nim (rightmindfulness), 8. Chnh nh (right concentration)

Gii nh hu c gi l tam hc (three studies) v i cng vi nhau.

Hnh x tt, thi im tnh v kin thc thng tu i cng vi nhau;chng ta khng th b qua mt ci no m hy vng t c s thu hiuchnh xc v Pht gio, cha k n gic ng. c kinh sch Pht giotrong khi tham tin ca nh nc hay say xn ti ngy s khng em ncho chng ta s thu hiu chnh xc v Pht gio. Pht gio khng ch lmt trit l tri thc, m n l mt ngh thut sng bao hm ton din. Vsng th lun lun cn thc hnh.

IV. Nng lc ca Bt Nh em n Gic ng

Trong cu m u, chng ta c B tt Qun T Tai vt qua mi khch nh thc hnh Bt Nh. By gi trong phn kt thc, chng ta tr livi nng lc ca Bt Nh em n gic ng.

D v s c c, B- tt-a y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c tm vqui-ngi; v qui-ngi c v hu khng-b; vin ly in-o mngtng; cu cnh Nit-bn.

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(Bi chng c g t, B tt nng ta Bt nh ba la mt a, nn tmkhng vng mc; v khng vng mc nn khng s hi, xa la mngtng in o, rt ro nit bn).

(Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva, through reliance on prajnaparamita, is unimpeded in his mind. Because there is no impediment, he isnot afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind. Ultimately

Nirvana!)

B tt, vi tr tu Bt Nh, nhn thy rng Khng l bn th chn thtca mi s vt, mi th ch l mt biu hin nht thi ca Khng, v trongKhng chng c g c--chng c nit bn, chng c t n nit bn. Vth, B tt khng ngh v t n nit bn v, v th, khng cn dnh mctrong tm ngi. (Nu B tt vn gi mc tiu t n nit bn, th B tt s

khng bao gi t n nit bn, bi s dnh mc vo mc tiu cn trongtm ngi).

T khi tm khng cn dnh mc vo bt c th g, B tt khng cn shi bt c iu g. y, chng ta cn lu rng s khng s hi (v y)l mt c tnh rt quan trng ca con ng B tt (B tt o). Trong lc ba-la-mt (su c tnh gic ng ca B tt), b th (giving) i u.(Nm c tnh cn li l tr giikeeping rules and precepts, nhn nhc--

patient and humble, tinh tn--effort, thin nhmeditation, and tr hu

wisdom).

C ba dng b th: Ti th (b th tin bc), php th (b th Php, ginggii Pht php), v y th (mang li s khng s hi, trn an). B th y khng c ngha l ch em cho nhng g d tha m mnh khng cn;n c th l cng hin chnh i sng ca mnh v nhng ngi khc. Trong

ba dng b th trn, ti th l thp nht v v y th l cao nht.

V th, chng ta c th thy vai tr quan trng ca s khng s hi trongB tt o. Nhng khng s iu g? Khng s au v kh; khng s mti bt c th g, ngay c chnh mng sng ca mnh; khng s khng tc iu g, ngay c khng t c gic ng; khng s i theo v gingdy con ng nhn ch hng n gii thot, trong con ngi- chkhng phi ai khc, khng phi thn thnh chu trch nhim cho nhnghnh ng ca mnh.

Khng dnh mc, khng s hi, B tt bung b tt c mi in omng tng (crazy upside-down dream-thoughts), tt c nhng quan nimsai lch v cuc i, v tt c nhng dnh mc t nhng quan nim sai lch

. V th, B tt t ti nit bn.

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(Xin xem thm v B tt o: Lc ba-la-mt ca Thch ThngHu,

http://www.buddhismtoday.com/viet/phatphap/lucdobalamat.htm;

Khuyn Pht B Tm ca i S Tht Hin,http://www.dharmasite.net/khuyenphatbodetam_hanviet.htm).

Tam-th ch Pht, y Bt-nh-ba-la mt-a c c A-nu-a-la tam-miu tam-b-.

(Ch Pht ba i nng ta Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a nn t c vthng chnh ng chnh gic.)

(All Buddhas of the three periods of timeattain Anuttarasamyaksambodhi through reliance on prajna paramita.)

A-nu-a-la tam-miu tam-b- l phin m t ch ting PhnAnuttarasamyaksambodhi, l mc gic ng trn vn nht. Anuttara cngha l cao nht, khng c g cao hn (v thng). Sammyak c ngha lmc bao hm ton din chnh yu (chnh ng). Sambodhi c ngha lgic ng chnh yu (chnh gic). N c dch sang hn vit thnh vthng chnh ng chnh gic.

Nh chng ta cp trc y, c bn cp gic ngA la hn(Arhat), Bch Chi Pht (pratyekabuddha), B tt (Bodhisattva), v Pht(Buddha). Tt c mi v Pht t qu kh, hin ti v tng lai t cmc cao nht ca gic ngv thng chnh ng chnh gicnh voBt Nh.

C tri Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a, th i-thn ch, th i minh ch, thv-thng ch, th v ng ng ch, nng tr nht thit kh, chnthit bt h.

C thuyt Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a ch, tc thuyt ch vit: Yt-Yt-, Ba-la yt-, Ba-la-tng yt-, B-. Tt b ha

(Nn bit Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a l thn ch ln, l minh ch ln, l chti cao, l ch khng g snh bng, tr ht mi kh ch, chc tht, khngdi.

Nn ni ch Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, tc l ni ch rng: Yt , Yt ,Ba la Yt , Ba la tng Yt , B , Tt b ha. (Qua ri, qua ri, qua b

ri, qua b ht ri, gic ng ri, vy !))

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(Therefore, know that prajna paramita is a great spiritual mantra, a great bright mantra, a supreme mantra, an unequalled mantra. It can removeall suffering; it is genuine and not false. That is why the mantra of prajna

paramita was spoken. Recite it like this:

Gate gate paragate parasamgate bodhi svaha!)

Cu cui cng ny ni v nng lc ca Bt Nh nh l mt thn ch(mantra). Bn cnh l mt kin thc rt vi t c th hc c bng thc,Bt Nh cng vn hnh mc tim thc con ngi nh mt thn ch. Thnch (mantra) l mt li ni c cho l c nng lc siu nhin. V tm lhc, mt mnh , vi nhng kiu dao ng m thanh c bit ca nhngt khi c ln, ngha ca nhng t , v s lp li thng xuyn bingi c, tc ng nh mt cch t thi min m du. V d nh, nu mt

ngi no lin tc nhc i nhc li mi ngy Giu, giu, ti giu hngtrm ln mt ngy, th c l l anh ta s dn dn c ng lc lm vicsing nng tr nn giu c mt ngy no . Hn na, nhiu ngi cngtin rng thn ch c nng lc siu nhin bi n khi dy nhng nng lng

b n t v tr.

Cu thn ch Bt Nh l Gate gate paragate parasamgate bodhi svaha!,c ngha l Qua ri, qua ri, qua b ri, qua b ht ri, gic ng ri, vy! (Gone, gone, gone to the other shore; all gone to the other shore,

already enlightened, so be it!)

Thn ch c c tng bng ngn ng gc khi dy nng lc can. Vit Nam, thn ch Bt Nh c vit v c tng nh phin m t

bn gc bng ting Phn.

V. Kt lun

Bt Nh Tm Kinh kh tru tng, hm cha tm mc cao ca lun l,v s dng ngn ng lun l phc tp xa l vi nhiu ngi. V th, nkhin nhiu ngi ln ln. Nhng bi kinh khng ch l mt tr chi ngnt ca nhng nh trit hc tha thi gian. N l mt trit l thng nht vv tr v i sng con ngi, v mt h thng o c rt tt p hngdn chng ta hnh x c pht trin da trn nn tng trit hc . oc v trit hc Pht gio kt ni cng nhau trong mt cu trc rt cht ch.

y chng ta cn lu mt cht i vi ngi mi bt u hc BtNh: Bi v ngn ng Bt Nh cc k linh ng, ngi ta c th trch dnbt c cu no ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh ni bt c iu g in r, v d

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nh Bn ang ni vi ti nhng bn khng ang hin hu hay Lm nhth cng c, sai l ng v ng l sai. Bt Nh l mt cch sng baohm ton din mt trit l cht ch, mt h thng thc hnh v o c,v mt thi sng nghim tc nhng khng c chp. a gin vi tr

chi ngn t bng nhng mnh ri ca Bt Nh Tm Kinh ging nh trcon xy nh bng nhng tm thip, ngh rng ngi nh l chn nng thnthc s cho chng v gia nh chng. Vy l i lc. ng ri vo trchi nh th.

Nh mt trit l sng, Bt Nh tch cc, ch ng, dn thn, v tha, bnhan v gii thot. Bt Nh l mt trit l rt tt p xy dng nn tnggio dc v pht trin x hi cho bt k x hi no. Chng ta, ngi Vit

Nam, rt may mn c l ngi cm uc cho trit l ny. l vinhhnh v trch nhim ca chng ta, lm sao gn gi, nui dng, lm giuv chia s trit l ny rng ri vi tt c anh ch em, ngi Vit Nam cngnh ngi nc ngoi, trn ton th gii.

Trn nh Honh

Washington DC

Th su, ngy 17 thng mi nm 2008

Vit dch t Anh Ng:Diu Tm & Trn nh Honh

Th by, ngy 25 thng mi nm 2008

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Bát Nhã Tâm Kinh - Trần Đình Hoành (Việt ngữ)