Bangladesh Context Discussion: Climate Change and Development

7/30/2019 Bangladesh Context Discussion: Climate Change and Development

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Bangladesh Policy Context forClimate Change- Disaster Risk

Reduction and Food Security

Presented By

A.K.M. Mamunur Rashid


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Policy Niche

There are several standalone policy/ strategy/plan/ programme.

Food Policy-Food Security Road Map-CIP

DM Policy-DM Act-NPDM-SOD

BCCSAP

Supportive Sectoral Policies: Fishery Policy-

Agriculture Policy-Water Policy

Long Term and Medium Term Plans (PerspectivePlan, Five Year Plan)

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Bangladesh: Resilience Context

Largest Delta in the world, located in GBM basin with 1000people living in per sq/km with a total 150 million people.

30 Agro-ecological Zones

Diverse ecological systems: coastal eco-system, hill eco-

system, floodplain ecosystem and Barind Eco-system Agriculture dominated economy

High exposure to flood, cyclone, salinity, drought, landslide

High susceptibility to Earthquake and Sea Level Rise Highly vulnerable country to climate change impacts- 3.7% of

GDP loss due to flood and Cyclone Sidr in 2007, while 0.31 % loss due to Aila in2009

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Bangladesh: Resilience Context

Targeted average growth is 7% in Sixth FYP Average 6% GDP growth in last 5 years

31.5% people (45 million heads) below poverty line;

Increasing inequality (gini co-efficiency is about .4) Very good progress in health and education sector

Significant progress in food production, accessibility remaina challenge food utilization remain undermined in policy

directives.

30 million people are some how unemployed

Targeted average growth is 7% in Sixth FYP

82% GDP from private sector; 18% from public sector 4


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Rationale/Obligation

Link with Sustainable Development GoalRio in 1992Johannesburg 2009Rio 20+ (2012)

Constitutional Obligation

18/ka (A) of Bangladesh Constitution 2011 states thatThe state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to

preserve and safeguard the natural resources, bio-diversity, wetlands, forests

and wildlife for the present and future citizens

Regulatory Framework ECA 1995 and revised 2010 ECR 1997 and revised 2010 Wetland Conservation Act 2000; and other related acts.

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Relevance in Planning and Budget Process

Delta Plan 2100

Now at inception stage

Major focus on environment, climate change,disaster and thus overall sustainable developmentgoals

7th Five Year Plan (2016 -2020)

Preparatory work will start in Mid June 2013This 7th FYP needs to reflect the global and

national lessons learned and obligations

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The Scale of Budget

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Development BudgetSummary of Programmes

Identified 2009/10 to 2011/12

Ministry / Division 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12Local Government Division, Local Government

Ministry 102 96 87Water Resources 48 59 60Agriculture 42 51 76Roads and Railway Division, Communication 39 47 57Environment and Forest 29 39 26Fisheries and Livestock 24 27 31Energy and Mineral Resources Division, Power,

Energy and Mineral Resources

13 15 17Education Ministry 13 26 21Health and Family Welfare Ministry 12 11 3Other Ministries and Divisions (26) 77 84 84Total Number of Programmes 399 455 462

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Examples of hidden GDP losses experiencing in the

process of growth and development in Bangladesh.

DAMAGE TO NATIONAL ECONOMY DUE TO MAJOR DISASTERS

Damage Flood Cyclone

1998 2004 2007 Sidr 2007 Aila 2009

Total damage (Crore TK) 11,419 13,450 7,253 11,557 1,885% of GDP 5.7% 4.04% 1.53% 2.45% .31%

Infrastructure loss (% of total loss) 50.6% 74.4% 61.6% 63.3% 84.3%

Non-structural/livelihood/agricultureloss (% of total loss)

49.4% 25.6% 38.4% 36.7% 23.7%

Source: SFYP Part 3: Statistical Annex and Technical Framework; pp. 26-27. The damage amounttaken from different damage and loss assessment reports.


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Mainstreaming: Emerging Agendapoverty, environment, climate change and disaster

Poverty remains the main development agenda in last 4decades. The food security is considered as key factor inpoverty discourse.

Gender, Disability, Human Rights has become integral part

of poverty when mainstreaming is concerned. Environment has become a mainstreaming agenda since

1992

Disaster has become a policy agenda since 1991 Climate change has become a priority policy agenda since

2004

Poverty-Gender-Environment-Climate-Disaster nexus hasbecome an agenda since 20108/30/2013 10


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Mainstreaming DRR-CCA-EMEnvironment- Climate Change-Disaster

Mainstreaming

Spheres

Entry Points Maturity in Terms of

Provisions

Maturity in Terms of

Commitment to Action

PoliticalWill/Act/Policy

Election Manifesto of ALand BNP in 2008 election

High Low

ECA 1995, 2010DM Act 2012Wetland Conservation Act

HighHighHigh

MediumLowLow

Environment PolicyCoastal Zone PolicyNational Forest Policy

National Water PolicyRenewable Energy PolicyTourism PolicyIndustry PolicyAgriculture PolicyFisheries Policy

Food PolicySOD 2010

HighHighHigh

MediumHighMediumLowMediumMedium

LowHigh

MediumLowMedium

LowLowLowLowMediumLow

NILLow

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Mainstreaming EnvironmentEnvironment- Climate Change-Disaster

Mainstreaming

Spheres


Provisions



Plan/ Strategies Delta Plan 2100Perspective Plan 2010-21Sixth FYP 2010-2016

Valued; Yet to emergeHighHigh

N/AMediumMedium

BCCSAP 2009NPDM 2010NAPA 2009Country Investment PlanNSDS

HighHighHighMediumHigh

MediumLowLowMediumLow

Guideline/Framework

Annual Development PlanMTBF

HighLow

MediumLow

Development ProjectProforma

High Medium

Tools EIA

SEACRA

High

LowMedium

Medium

LowMedium 12


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Mainstreaming EnvironmentEnvironment- Climate Change-Disaster

Mainstreaming

Spheres


Provisions



Institutions Implementing MinistriesPlanning CommissionIMED

Finance MinistryEnvironment Ministry

Medium-LowHighMedium

MediumHigh

LowLowNIL

NILMedium

School CurriculumUniversity Curriculum

HighMedium

MediumMedium

Media Journalist Organization

Media House

Low

Low

Medium

HighPrivate Sector Business Forum

Corporate HousesEntrepreneur

LowLowLow

LowLowLow

Citizen Mass Media

Citizen-Citizen

Low

Low

Low

Low 13


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Sixth Five Year Plan: Core Targets In

The Context Of Vision 2021

Income and Poverty Attaining average real GDP growth rate of 7.3% per year over the Plan

period.

Reduction in the head-count poverty ratio by about 10 percentage points.

Creating good jobs for the large pool of under-employed and new laborforce entrants by increasing the share of employment in the industrialsector from 17 percent to 25 percent.

Increasing the contribution of factor productivity in economic growth to10 percent.

Overseas employment of skilled labour to be increased from 35% to 50%


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Human Resource Development (Education, Health andPopulation) Achieving 100 percent net enrollment rate for primary education. Increasing enrollment rate in 12th class to 60%. Percentage of cohort reaching grade 5 to be increased to 100 from current

55 percent. Under 5 mortality rate to be reduced to 50 per 1000 live birth. Infant Mortality Rate to be reduced to 31 per 1000 live birth. Maternal Mortality Ratio to be reduced to 143 per 100,000 live births. Immunization, measles (percent of children under 12 months) to be

increased to 100 percent. Births attended by skilled health staff to be increased to 50 percent. Reduction of Total Fertility Rate to 2.2 Increasing Contraceptive Prevalence Rate to 72 percent.


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Water and Sanitation Safe drinking water to be made available for all urban population.

Proportion of rural population with access to safe drinking water tobe increased to 96.5 percent.

Proportion of urban population with access to sanitary latrines tobe increased to 100 percent.

Proportion of rural population with access to sanitary latrines to beraised to 90 percent.


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Energy and Infrastructure Generation of electricity to be increased to 15,457 MW by FY15 such that

the target of 20,000 MW electricity generated by FY21 is attained. Electricity coverage to be increased to 68 percent. To increase energy efficiency by 10%

Improve railways and waterways as energy efficient multi-modal transportsystem to reduce carbon emission.

Production of natural gas to reach about 4500 mmcfd by December 2015 Optimizing domestic production of primary energy resources including

renewable energies. Expanding access of the poor to primary and secondary energy sources

through affordable pricing and targeted distribution. Construction of 6.15km. long Padma Multipurpose Bridge at Mawa-

Janjira; Construction of about 26 km. long Dhaka Elevated Expressway.


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Gender Equality and Empowerment Female to male ratio in tertiary education to be raised from current 32

percent to 60 percent. The ratio of literate female to male for age group 20-24 to be raised to

100 percent from the current 85 percent.


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Environmental Sustainability Increase productive forest coverage by 2 percentage points. Improve air quality in Dhaka and other large cities and enacted Clean Air Act Treat all urban waste water by FY15 to clean river waters Promote Zero discharge of industrial effluents.

Urban wetlands are restored and protected in line with Wetland Conservation Act At least 10% of the wetland in peak dry season is protected as aquatic sanctuary Jolmahal leasing system phased out in favour of pro-poor community based

management Risk Atlas for at least 7 cities/towns developed by 2015. 500 meter wide permanent green belt established and protected along the coast Eco-tourism promoted at least in 15 protected areas and ECAs

Comprehensive Marine Resources Management Plan developed Land zoning for sustainable land/water use completed. Environmental, Climate Change and disaster risk reduction considerations are

integrated into project design, budgetary allocations and implementation process. Canals and natural water flows of Dhaka and other major cities restored.


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Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Increase public spending on Research and Development to 1 percent of

GDP by FY15 and 1.4 percent by FY 21. Establish compulsory ICT education at secondary level by FY13 and

extend it to the primary level by FY21.

Establish tele-centre /community e-centre with internet facilities at allunion level.

Establish computer laboratory at the primary government school with 5computers per school.

Introduce of E-governance at all executive levels of government and at alldistrict level.

Introduce electronic GD and FIR at all Police Stations in Dhaka. Raise telephone density to 70 percent. Expand Broad Band to 30 percent. Introduce Wireless Broad Band (Wi Max) across the country. Introduce digitalization of land records


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Agenda Cloud Climate Change has over shadowed the agenda of Environment in

Bangladesh. DRR is seen as one of the immediate vehicle forbuilding resilience.

Whole agenda of DRR-CCA-EM-PR-FS is narrowly addressed underseveral sectoral policies, programmes and plans, and there is lack of

synergies amongst these plans and programmes. The allocation ofbusiness and narrow definition of the terms made a cloudy

atmosphere for integration.

Green Development is an emerging concept in the country under the

climate agenda (commonly conceptualized as mitigation) Policy agenda is not enough matured but external demand and

funding opportunity drives some interests

There is progressive discussions at all levels to integrate DRR-CCA-

EM-PR-FS under one niche. Resilience is the most discussedconce tual niche for such inte ration.8/30/2013 21
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BCCSAPThemesTheme 1:

Food Security, Social

Protection andHealth:

The first relates to ensuring food and livelihood security, especially for the

poorest and most vulnerable in society, including women and children. It

focuses on the needs of this group for food security, safe housing, employmentand access to basic services, including health.

Theme 2

Comprehensive

Disaster

Management:

This is to further strengthen the countrys already proven disaster management systems

to deal with increasingly frequent and severe natural calamities.

Theme 3Infrastructure: This Action Plan is to ensure that existing assets (e.g. coastal and river embankments)are well-maintained and fit-for-purpose and that urgently needed infrastructure (e.g.cyclone shelters and urban drainage) is put in place to deal with the likely impacts of

climate change.

Theme 4

Research and

Knowledge

Management:

This is to predict the likely scale and timing of climate change impacts on different

sectors of the economy and socioeconomic groups; to underpin future investment

strategies; and to ensure that Bangladesh is networked into the latest global thinking on

science, and best practices of climate change management.Theme 5:

Mitigation and Low

Carbon Development:This is to evolve low carbon development options and implement these as the countrys

economy grows over the coming decades and the demand for energy increases.

Theme 6:

Capacity Building

and InstitutionalStrengthening:

This is to enhance the capacity of government ministries and agencies, civil society and

the private sector to meet the challenge of climate change and mainstream them as part

of development actions.
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Mitigation

- energyMitigation

- forests

Adaptation

narrowly

defined

Adaptationbroadly defined

Increasing prominence of development objectives as the

primary purpose for the expenditure

Increasingdifficultyinattributingclim

ate

changeimp

act

Simplified Overview of Climate Funds Flow (Bangladesh)


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GoB Non

Development

Budget

GoB Funded

Development

Budget

Bangladesh

Climate ChangeTrust Fund

Bangladesh

Climate Change

Resilience Fund

Strategic

Programme For

Climate Resilience

Bilateral and

Multilateral ADP

Funds

Domestic

Resources

(c75%)

Foreign

Resources

(c25%)

OVERALL CLIMATEBUDGET

GoB Annual

Development

Plan

Non GoB Delivery

Mechanisms

Alternative

Flows

Alternative

Flows

Simplified Overview of Climate Funds Flow (Bangladesh)


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Thanks

Documents

Bangladesh Context Discussion: Climate Change and Development