INDONESIAN FOREST FIRES AND CHALLENGING TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION AS ONE OF THE MAIN FACTOR TO MINIMIZE NEGATIVE

IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

BAMBANG HERO SAHARJO

FACULTY OF FORESTRYBOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

INDONESIA

Fire is a significant source of gases and particulate to the atmosphere

environmentally important gases produce by fire includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen.

Fire also produces large amounts of small, solid particles or “particulate matter”, which absorb and scatter incoming solar radiation, and hence the impact of our planet as well as provoking a variety of human health problems

No. Year Remarks (ha)

1 15,510 BC-1650 AD Firstly recognized in East Kalimantan

2 1877 Recorded for the first time

3 1915 80,0004 1982/1983 3,600,0005 1987 66,006 1991 500,0007 1994 5,110,0008 1997/1998 10-11,000,0009 2006 8,000,000

INDONESIAN FOREST FIRE

HOTSPOT SITUATION

Total hotspot detected in the year 2007 was 16,045

>> Community : 70 %

Total hotspot detected during the year 2008 was 30,704

Total hotspot detected during the year 2009 was 37,659 hotspots (until 16 November 2009):

<< the forest area about 22.6 % (8,493 hotspot) << non forest area 77.4 % (29,081 hotspot)

SOURCES OF FIRES

(Illegal) Shifting Cultivators

Land preparation using fire* Forestry atctivities* Oil palm

Logging (Illegal )

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO FIRE

Atmospheric

Atmospheric CO2 content is presently rising at 0.4-0.48 % annually, faster than at any time in the past 500 million years A doubling of CO2 levels in the atmosphere is expected to induce a rise in average global temperature of between 3-4°C.

Biodiversity

> Forest fires destroy large forest area that serve as habitat for biodiversity.

They directly eliminate plants and animals and also result in forest degradation that leads to a decrease in the survival rate of the species.

Health impacts

Province Populationat risk

Asthma Bronchiti s ARI Death

Riau 1,701,000 41,028 7,995 199,107 75

West Sumatera 2,411,000 58,164 11,332 282,087 106

Jambi 1,478,000 35,650 6,947 172,926 65

South Sumatera 2,355,000 56,803 11,069 275,535 104

West Kalimantan

1,478,000 44,574 8,686 216,216 74

Central Kalimantan

716,000 17,574 3,366 83,772 29

South Kalimantan

1,733,000 41,800 8,145 202,716 69

East Kalimantan

118,000 2,846 555 13,806 5

Total 12,360,000 298,125 58,095 1,446,120 527

GREENHOUSE GAS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Greenhouse Gas in Southeast AsiaIn 2000, Southeast Asia contributed 12% of global GHG emissions, amounting to 5,187.2 MtCO2-eq, including emissions from LUCF (ADB 2009).

About 59% of Southeast Asia’s GHG emissions in 2000 came from Indonesia, mainly due to LUCF emissions (ADB 2009).

Covering almost 42% of the region’s land area and 40% of its population, Indonesia is the biggest contributor of GHG emissions and is therefore a key player in the struggle against the adverse impacts of climate change.

Much of the tropical forest is affected by deforestation due to land conversion and increasing resource use

Deforestation and biomass burning activities lead to major carbon (C) emissions to the atmosphere

Tropical biomass burned in the late 1970s has been estimated at 5.4 Pg/year (Pg =1015 g), including 1.8 Pg/year from deforestation and shifting cultivation

This burning has been estimated to contribute 2.4 Pg C / year to the atmosphere, or 30 % of the total from all sources

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING

Disasters

The green group recorded 840 ecological disasters from 2006 to 2007, leaving 7,300 people dead and 750,000 houses destroyed. The country report presented by the Department of Public Works of Indonesia during the COP Conference of 13 Parties in Bali in November 2007, shows that all of disasters that hit Indonesia between 2003-2006, 75 to 80% were induced by climatic change

Seasonal Changing

> Farmers in East Nusa Tenggara have lost 25-40% of their income due to irregular rainfall, while fishermen in the Maluku islands have complained of poor catches in recent years as they lose their ability to predict sea climate and fish movement

Until 2007, disappearing species:

-140 species of birds,

-63 species of mammalians,

-21 species of reptilians disappeared

Until 2007, left Sumatran Rhinos about 300 while Java Rhinos about 60.

In the next 15 years if the efforts fail to protect those elephants hence 35 % of it will disappeared and if in the next 30 years again if the efforts fail hence those elephants disappeared.

The rate of disappearing Orang utan predicted about 1-1.5 % per annum in Sumatra while in Kalimantan about 1.5-2.0 %.

BIODIVERSITY

> Daily temperature

> IPCC (2007) put Indonesia as the country which daily average daily temperature increase between 0.2° C – 1°C during 1970-2004 period

The increasing of sea water level

1.0 mm – 9.37 cm/year certain place (1984-2006)

> 24 small islands disappeared (2005-2007)

Greenland, September 2006

24

ALASKA (Patricia, 2009)

(CHALLENGE) TO THE EMISSION REDUCTION>>> INDONESIA (BAPPENAS,2009)emissions from oxidation of 220 Mt CO2/yr

fire emissions estimate of 470 Mt CO2/yr

loss of AGB of 210 Mt CO2/yrHow (?)Fire prevention

Agroforestry and Land Use Change

Grassland management

Peatland Management and Restoration of Organic Soill

Restoration of Degraded Lands

CONCLUSION

Forest and land fires in Indonesia direct or indirectly well recognized as one of the main contributor to deforestation and land conversion which responsible for mostly of greenhouse gas produced which finally related with the global climate change. The negative impact of global climate change directly or indirectly believed occurred in Indonesia as it can be seen through many significant sign. To solve the problem, reduction of forest and land fire occurs and land conversion hopefully is one of the reasonable action and prevention efforts is the best solution through community involvement.

PLEASE HELP US !!!!!!!