BAHASA INGGRIS

By : I Nengah Putu Mardika, S.Pd

VERB, ADJECTIVE,

SUBJECT MATERIAL1. Greeting, Verb and Simple Present2. Adjective, Adverb, and Pronounce3. Simple Present , present countinuous and simple future4. Pronoun, simple past, convestarion, dialogue5. Review simple past, practice, passive6. Review tenses and presentation7. QUIZ8. MID TEST9. Passive and Modal10. Vocabularies, tenses, noun and verb11. Passive + model12. Review Tenses13. Review Passive voice dan mode14. Conjunction15. Comperative and superlative adjective16. UAS

INTRODUCTION TO VERBS

Classes of VerbsThe auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries)

To be,To haveTo doCan, could, may, might, must

Ordinary Verbs:To workTo singTo pray

be, have, do, need and dare have infinitives and participles like ordinary verbs, but

can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will and would have neither infinitives nor participles and therefore have only a restricted number of forms

Ordinary Verbs:Principal parts of the active verb

Affirmative Negative Present infinitive To work Not to workPresent Continuous infinitive

To be working Not to be working

Perfect infinitive To have worked Not to have workPerfect continuous infinitive

To have been working

Not to have been working

Present participle and gerund

Working Not working

Perfect participle and gerund

Having worked Not having worked

Past participle Worked

In regular verbs the simple past and the past participle are both formed by adding d or ed to the infinitive. Sometimes the final consonant of the infinitive has to be doubled, e.g. slip, slipped

For irregular verbs, The present participle and gerund are always regular and are formed by adding ing to the infinitive.

The rule concerning the doubling of the final consonant of the infinitive before adding ing applies here also.

Ordinary Verbs : Active sentenceHe worksHe is workingHe has workedHe workedHe was workingHe had workedHe will workHe will be working

Affirmative Contractions The auxiliaries be, have, will, would are contracted as follows:

Am 'm have 've will 'II is 's has 's would 'd are 're had 'd Note that : 's can be is or has and 'd can be had or would:

He's going = He is going. He's gone = He has gone. He'd paid = He had paid. He'd like a drink = He would like a drink.

These contractions are used after pronouns, here, there, some question words , and short nouns: Here's your pen. The twins've arrived. The car'd broken down.

Affirmative contractions are not used at the end of sentences: You aren't in a hurry but I am. (I'm would not be possible here.)

Negative of TensesThe simple present tense: third person singular does

not/doesn't + infinitive; other persons do not/don't + infinitive.

The simple past tense negative for all persons is did not/didn't + infinitive. Contractions are usual in speech: He does not/doesn't answer letters. They do not/don't live here. I did not/didn't phone her. She did not/didn't wait/or me.

The negative of all other tenses is formed by putting not after the auxiliary. Contractions are usual in speech: He has not/hasn't finished. He would not/wouldn't come.

Negative contractionsThe auxiliaries be, have, will, would, shall, should, do are

contracted as follows:am not 'm not is not isn’t or 's not are not aren't or 're not I'm not going and Tom isn't going/Tom's not going. We aren't going/We're not going.

have not and has not contract to haven't and hasn't, but in perfect tenses 've not and 's not are also possible: We haven't seen him/We've not seen him. He hasn't/He 's not come yet.

Will not contracts to won't, though 'll not is also possible, shall not contracts to shan't: I won't go/I'll not go till I hear and I shan't hear till tomorrow.

Other verb forms are contracted in the usual way by adding n't. Negative contractions can come at the end of a sentence: I saw it but he didn't.

Study the sentences below!What it’s mean?

He didn't eat anythingHe doesn't ever complain We haven't seen anyone They didn't speak much

• He didn't eat anything <=> He ate nothing.

• He doesn't ever complain <=> He never complains.

• We haven't seen anyone <=> We have seen no one.

• They didn't speak much <=> They hardly spoke at all/They hardly ever spoke.

INTERROGATIVE FOR QUESTIONS AND REQUESTSDoes Peter enjoy parties? Did he enjoy Ann's party?

Have you finished? Are you coming?

Simple present tense interrogative: does he/she/it + infinitive; do I/you/we/they + infinitive.

Simple past tense interrogative: did + subject •+• infinitive.

In all other tenses the interrogative is formed by putting the subject after the auxiliary

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVEDid you not see her? Is he not coming?

Didn't you see her? Isn't he coming?

Using Negative InterrogativeThe negative interrogative is used when the

speaker expects or hopes for an affirmative answer: Haven't you finished yet? Don't you like my new dress? CHILD : Can't I stay up till the end of the programme? I could wait ten minutes. ~ Couldn't you wait a little

longer? The negative interrogative is also used in question

tags after an affirmative sentence: You paid him, didn't you? She would like to come, wouldn't she?

AdjectivesKinds of adjectives Participles used as adjectivesAgreement

Kinds of adjectives :a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those b) Distributive: each, every; either, neither c) Quantitative: some, any, no ; little/few;

many, much; one, twenty d) Interrogative: which, what, whose e) Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our,

your, their f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good,

heavy, square

Participles used as adjectives Both present participles (ing) and past participles

(ed) can be used as adjectives. Care must be taken not to confuse them.

Present participle adjectives, amusing, boring, tiring etc., are active and mean ‘having this effect’.

Past participle adjectives, amused, horrified, tired etc., are passive and mean 'affected in this way'. The play was boring. (The audience was bored.) The work was tiring. (The workers were soon tired.) The scene was horrifying. (The spectators were horrified.) an infuriating woman (She made us furious.) an infuriated woman (Something had made her furious.)

Agreement:Adjectives in English have the same form

for singular and plural, masculine and feminine nouns: a good boy, good boys a good girl, good girls

The only exceptions are the demonstrative adjectives this and that, which change to these and those before plural nouns: this cat, these cats that man, those men

Many adjectives/participles can be followed by prepositions: good at, tired of.

Position of adjectives: attributive and predicative useAdjectives in groups (a) - (e) above come before their

nouns: this book which boy my dog Adjectives in this position are called attributive adjectives.

Adjectives of quality, however, can come either before their nouns: a rich man a happy girl or after a verb such as :(a) be, become, seem:

Tom became rich. Ann seems happy. (b) appear, feel, get/grow (= become), keep, look (=

appear), make, smelt, sound, taste, turn:Tom felt cold. He got/grew impatient. He made her happy. The idea sounds interesting.

Adjectives in this position are called predicative adjectives. Verbs used in this way are called link verbs or copulas.

Adverbs

Kinds of adverbs Manner: bravely, fast, happily, hard,

quickly, well Place: by, down, here, near, there, upTime: now, soon. still, then, today, yetFrequency: always, never, occasionally,

often, twiceSentence: certainly, definitely, luckily,

surelyDegree: fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too,

very Interrogative: when? where? why? Relative: when, where, why

Form and useMany adverbs of manner and some adverbs of

degree are formed by adding ly to the corresponding adjectives: grave, gravely immediate, immediately slow, slowly

Spelling notes a) A final y changes to i: happy, happily. b) A final e is retained: extreme, extremely. Exceptions: true, due, whole become truly, duly, wholly. c) Adjectives ending in able/ible drop the final e and add

y: capable, capably sensible, sensibly d) Adjectives ending in a vowel + l follow the usual rule:

beautiful, beautifully final, finally

Exercise - 011. They have eggs for breakfast. 2. He needs a new coat. 3. He used to sell fruit. 4. They have to work hard. 5. She does the housework. 6. He needs more money. 7. He had a row with his boss. 8. She had a heart attack. 9. Her hair needed cutting. 10. He does his homework after

supper.

11. She has a singing lesson every week.

12. She had to make a speech. 13. He does his best. 14. He has to get up at six every day. 15. The children have dinner at school. 16. She dared him to climb it. 17. You did it on purpose. 18. He dares to say that! 19. They had a good time.20. The drink did him good.

Make the sentences (a) negative and (b) interrogative

Exercise - 02

1. He isn't working hard. 2. She doesn't like cats. 3. I can't say anything. 4. We must read it carefully. 5. He won't help us. 6. He can lift it easily. 7. It isn't far from London. 8. Isn't it too heavy to carry? 9. He needn't pay at once. 10. He hopes that Tom will be

there. (He hoped . . .)

11. How much does this cost?12. He says that Ann may be there. (He

said . . :) 13. How old is he? 14. Do you see any difference? 15. I do what I can. 16. How far can you swim? 17. I must change my shoes. 18. Tom dares not complain. 19. I don't dare (to) touch it. 20. Have you time to do it?

Put the following verbs into the past tense. (Auxiliaries are used both by themselves and as part of certain forms and tenses of ordinary verbs.) Use had to as the past tense of must and didn't need as a past tense of needn't.

Exercise - 03

1. I have read it. (John) 2. He is a writer, (she) 3. Tom can speak Welsh, (his wife) 4. She ought to get up. (you) 5. I should be wearing a seat belt. (you) 6. John will be there. (Tom) 7. The first bus was full. (the second) 8. I bought a ticket, (my brother) 9. You must come. (your son) 10. This bus goes to Piccadilly. (that)

Additions to remarks, using auxiliary verbsAdd to the following remarks) using (and )so+ the noun/pronoun in brackets + the auxiliary. If there is an auxiliary in the first remark repeat this; if not use do/does/did.

Exercise - 041. Schoolboy to friend: I left my book at home. . . . I share yours? 2. I'm taking swimming lessons. I hope to . . . to swim by the end of

the month. 3. You . . . better take off your wet shoes. 4. I'm sorry I'm late. I . . . to wait ages for a bus. 5. Teacher: You . . . (obligation)read the play, but you . . . (no

obligation) read the preface. 6. I knew he was wrong but I . . . (hadn 't the courage)to tell him so. 7. You're getting fat. You . . . to cut down on your beer drinking. 8. He . . . to smoke very heavily. Now he hardly smokes at all. 9. The new motorway . . . opened this afternoon, (plan) 10. I've come without any money. . . . you possibly lend me Ј5?

Fill each of the following gaps with a suitable auxiliary or auxiliary form.

Exercise - 051. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds. 2. You can't see Tom now: he (have) a bath. 3. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea. 4. What she (do) in the evenings? ~

She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV. 5. I won't go out now as it (rain) and I -(not have) an umbrella. 6. The last train (leave) the station at 11.30. 7. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him. 8. Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her

own clothes. 9. Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays. 10. I'm afraid I've broken one of your coffee cups. —

Don't worry. I (not like) that set anyway.

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense.