Bahan Alam

malA nahaB aimiK 1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

1.1 gnakaleB rataL

siport milkireb utnet nad awitsilutahk rulaj iulalid gnay aragen nakapurem aisenodnI

naD .kaynab pukuc gnay anuaf nad arolf sinej magar iaynupmem aggnihes tapad kadit

apmilem gnay mala ayad rebmus aisenodnI aragen awhab irikgnupid h gnay natarad ,

gnay natuh gnatnebret narubusek nad siport milkI .rabel rapmahret gnay tual atres ,saul

enodnI id tapadret aynah gnay ,sahk arolf adapek isakilpmireb aisenodnI hanat halaS .ais

kimedne gnay nial namanat atres gnicuk simuk ,iatep ,lokgnej halada aynhotnoc utas

.aisenodnI

gnay aisenodnI kimedne namanat kusamret lokgneJ nahab idajnem haloid kaynab

agnagnem gnay kaynab naD .tagneynem gnay aynuab nagned lanekret gnay nagnap p

,lokgnej malad fitka taz nagnudnak iuhatagnem kadit anrak lokgnej nagnudnak hadner

.lokgnej adap fitka taz nagnudnak gnatnet naitilenep aynminim atres

2.1 halasaM nasumuR

udnak iuhategnem aynulrep akam gnakaleb ratal adap naiaru nakrasadreB nagn

ka awaynes .itiletid kutnu ulrep ini lah akam ,fit

3.1 sisetopiH

gnay uab iaynupmem anerak fitka taz nagnudnak gnudnagnem kaynab lokgneJ

isgnufreb sahk uab iaynupmem gnay namanat nagned aynlah amas gnay tagneynem

.asgnam kiranep uata nad irid nagnudnilrep iagabes

4.1 naitileneP naujuT

nahaB aimiK mukitkarp hailuk atam sagut ihunemem kutnu ini naitilenep naujuT

malA idorp nagnukgnil id inid kajes naitilenep nakayadubmem nad hitalem kutnu atres ,

.aimik

5.1 naitileneP taafnaM

itilenep taafnaM a , aynmumu takaraysam adapek isamrofni nakirebmem kutnu ini n

irad isulos uata tikaynep utaus tabo iagabes taafnamreb gnay nagnudnak iracnem atres

.ada gnay halasam utaus

malA nahaB aimiK 2

II BAB

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

1.2 lokgneJ

araggneT aisA sahk namanat nakapurem lokgneJ haloid aynijib aynmumu gnay

irad aisenodnI kimedne namanat kusamret lokgnej namanaT .nanakam idajnem

pukuc gnay aynuab halada lokgnej gnay sahk iriC .ada gnay kimedne namanat iagabreb

ead paites aisenodnI iD .nairud haub nagned aynlah amas gnudih tagneynem har

adebreb gnay aman iagabreb nagned lokgnej lanegnem - namagarek anerak ini lah ,adeb

.aisenodnI ayadub atres ,ukus

1.1.2 lokgnej imonoskat nad nial amaN

aman nagned lanekid aisenodnI id haread aparebeb id lokgneJ lokgnej awaj(

,)iwateb nad lokgnej ,gnaacik ( ,)adnus nagnidnalb gnirij ,gnirej ,)ilab(

.)isewalus( ibul nad )gnupmal( gniraj ,iwaaj ,)rajnab( gniraj ,)uyalem(

nakmanid ini namanat )haimli aman( nital asahab malad nakgnadeS

.murolficuap nordnedihcrA abes nakiaruid imonoskat araces nupadA iag

tukireb :

K naajare eatnalP :

isiviD atyhpoilongaM :

saleK adispoilongaM :

odrO selabaF :

ilimaF eaecabaF :

suneG nordnedihcrA :

seisepS murolficuap nordnedihcrA :

2.1.2 imotanA narabesrep nad

01 iapacnem tapad ayniggnit gnay nohop apureb lokgnej namanaT - 62

.retem gnolop namanat kusamret lokgneJ - nagnolop nad gnolop apureb aynhaub ,

sipit ira tilukreb haub ijiB .aut gnuyabmel anrawreb ,tilebreb gnepeg aynkutneb

gnubmec idajnem ayhnaub kutneb aut haleteS .talikgnem talkoc anraw nagned

ijib gnudnagnem gnay tapmetid nad gnolop paites adaP .rasebmem aynnaruku

5 isireb tapad - .lokgnej ijib 7

,aisenodnI inkay araggneT aisA hayaliw ssahk nahubmut halada lokgneJ

anerak awitsilutahk haread id kococ ini nahubmuT .dnaliahT atres ,aisyalaM

aramek misum nagned haread id kiab lokgnej .sarek iapmas gnades gnay u

3.1.2 taafnam nad naanugeK

nagnap nahab iagabes nakanugid kutnu iramegid kaynab aynmumu lokgneJ

sesorp iulalem nupuam hatneM .dnaliahT nad aisyalaM ,aisenodnI id

malA nahaB aimiK 3

tapad lokgnej nahalognep aggnih ,lokgnej rumes ,napalal idajnem nakamid

kutnu kiab nad setebaid hagecnem taisahk ikilimem lokgneJ .kipirk nakidajid

malad itka awaynes )7891( ortimeoS naitilenep nakrasadreB .gnutnaj natahesek

gnay harad alug radak nanurunep kefe nakkujnunem gnurednec haub sulah tiluk

p kutnu kiab aggnihes raseb .setebaid atiredne

4.1.2 taz nagnudnaK nad fitka izig

tapad kadit gnay namanat nkapaurem lokgnej aynizig nagnudnak iraD

nad rofsof ,)nalabekek( numi metsis iagabes tapad nimatiV .hadner paggnaid

tapad iseb taz nagnudnak atres ,gnalut nahubmutrep malad anugreb muislak

nagnudnak nupadA .aimina tikaynep hagecnem malad tapadret gnay aynnial

ninopas nad ninat ,adisokilg ,diorets ,irista kaynim ,diolokla itrepes lokgnej

.talokgnej masa atres raseb pukuc kadit gnay halmuj malad

lokgnej ijib marg 001 malad lokgnej ijib izig nagnudnaK

marg 001 rep iziG isisopmoK

ijiB lokgneJ

iziG taZ radaK

)lakk( igrenE 331

)rg( nietorP 3,32

)rg( tardihobraK 7,02

)IS( A nimatiV 042

)gm( B nimatiV 7,0

)gm( C nimatiV 08

)gm( rofsoF 7,661

)gm( muislaK 041

)gm( iseB 7,4

)gm( riA 5,94 1 lebaT

2.2 isalitsiD

)nagniluynep( isalitsiD uata nariac apureb gnay nenopmok nahasimep sesorp halada

nad aynpau kitit naadebrep nakrasadreb gnay ,hibel uata macam aud irad natadap

gnisam irad pau nanaket - sinej agit tapadreT .)7891 ,rehtnauG( tubesret taz gnisam

nial aratna anahredes ria nagniluynep ( ria nagniluynep noitallitsid retaw nagniluynep ,)

( ria nad pau nagned noitallitsid maets dna retaw pau nagned nagniluynep nad )

( gnusgnal )noitallitsid maets kutnu mala nahab malad nakangid kaynab isalitsid sesorP .

.irista kaynim nagnudnak naktapadnem

malA nahaB aimiK 4

3.2 rtskE iska

utaus malad naknigniid gnay nenopmok utaus nahasimep sesorp halada iskartskE

sinakem arac nagned tapad aguj ipatet turalep nakanugid aynasaib ,narupmac

irad adebreb gnay naturalek naupmamek rasad sata idajret nahasimeP .)nasaremep(

nenopmok - nenopmook ,inocsanreB( narupmac malad id tapadret gnay la.te , .)7891

irad rednukes tilobatem awaynes iskartske mumu araces ,)6002( ynneL turuneM

tapad raka nad ,gnatab tiluk ,nuad ,haub ,agnub itrepes ,nahubmut naigab hurules

aparebeB .lonatem isaresam nakanuggnem nahab kinagro awaynes iskartske edotem

: tukireb iagabes halada naitilenep adap nakanugid mumu gnay mala

1.3.2 isaresaM

mulebes ,lanekret pukuc gnay iskartske sesorp nakapurem isaresaM

ehtneuG turuneM .litalov tafisreb gnay turalep nakanuggnem sesorp aynlanekid r

gnay kinagro turalep nagned lepmas namadnerep sesorp halada isaresam ,)7891(

nahab awaynes isaresam sesorp nupadA .gnaur rutarepmet adap nnakanugid

abmag adap tahilid tapad mala

2.3.2 isatelkoS

pmok nakiranep edotem nakapurem isatelkos ,)6891( idajduS turuneM neno

malad naktapmetid lepmas kubres arac nagned nakukalid gnay aimik

naksanapid turalep nariac ,apur naikimedes gniras satrek apureb gnosgnoles

rosnednok helo nakisasnednokid nad paugnem aggnihes talub sala ubal malad

lukelom idajnem - raynep nariac lukelom gnosgnoles malad ek hutaj gnay i

naakumrep iapacnem halet turalep akij nad lepmas malad id fitka taz iraynem

apip iulalem talub ubal ek ilabmek nurutt naka nariac hurules akam ,nofis

renem suret gnusgnalreb naka ini sesorP .isalukris idajret aggnih relipak su

alib iadnatid anrupmes iskartskE .anrupmes iskartske iapmas sitamoto araces

uata ,TLK id akij adon kapmat kadit ,anrawreb kadit gnosgnoles satrek id nariac

02 iapacnem halet isalukris - .ilak 52

3.3.2 isalokreP

ap kinagro turlep naktawelem nakapurem isalokreP aggnihes lepmas ad

amasreb kinagro awaynes awabmem naka turalep - adaP .turalep amas

naigab gnay rednilis anajeb utaus malad naktapmetid lepmas kubres ,aynpisnirp

ek sata irad nakrilaid turalep nariac naidumeK .iropreb takes irebid aynhawab

res iulalem hawab ,iratseL( fitka taz nakturalem naka aggnihes tubesret kub

)8002

malA nahaB aimiK 5

4.2 iristA kayniM

kinagro awaynes narupmac ipatet naka ,inrum awaynes halnakub irista kayniM

nakidileynep.nanialreb gnay nenopmok uata awaynes 52 irad iridret alakgnadak gnay

raseb naigabes awhab nakkujnunem aimik awaynes halada irista kaynim nenopmok

gnudnagnem aynah gnay gnay negisko nad, negordih ,nobrak uata,negordih nad nobrak

)6891,damhca (dionepret tubesid mumu araces ini awaynes. kitamora tafisreb kadit

iridret,irista kaynim iskarfret nagniluynep lisah, paugnem hadum gnilap gnay iskarF

awaynes irad - ionepret awaynes iagabes lanekid,nobrak mota01 gnudnagnem gnay d

awaynes kopmolek nagned lanekid gnay nobrak mota 51 nad nepretonom kopmolek

halada aynaratnaid irista kaynim malad nepretonom awaynes nagnudnaK .nepretiukses

heres kaynim malad )2(lalenortsis nad )1(loinareg ( sudran nogopordnA malad )3(loren,)

( iloren kaynim ps ailoreN )acillag asoR( rawam kaynim malad )4(lolanil nadd,)

( kurej kaynim malad )5( nenomil C ailofitnarua surti sada kaynim malad )6( novrak,)

(F earagluv mulucnu ( natnij kaynim nad ) C munimyc munimu nad ) malad )7(lotnem

( hitup uyak kaynim nordnedacuel acualaleM )

uata nariac apureb gnay nenopmok nahasimep sesorp halada )nagniluynep( isalitsiD

eb. hibel uata macam aud irad natadap nanaket nad aynpau kitit naadebrep nakrasadr

gnisam irad pau - besret taz gnisam nagniluynep sinej agit tapadreT .)7891,rehtneuG(tu

ria nagniluynep nial aratna anahredes gnay ria ( noitallitsid retaw nagned nagniluynep,)

d pau a ria n ( noitallitsid maets dna retaw (gnusgnal pau nagned nagniluynep nad ) maets

noitallitsid ) .

CH2OH

COH CH2OH

OH

O

OH

1 23 4 5

6 7G 2 rabma )irista kaynim rutkurts(

malA nahaB aimiK 6

5.2 malA nahaB awayneS ijU

.1.5.2 aimikotiF ijU

atak irad lasareb aimikotiF lacimehcotyhp . otyhP nad nahubmut halada

lacimehc imala aimik taz nakapurem aimikotif naikimed nagneD .aimik taz halada

gnay anraw uata amora ,asar nakirebmem tapad nad nahubmut malad id tapadret

.uti nahubmut adap anerak izig taz malad ek kusamret kadit aimikotif awayneS

ini taas aggniheS .ria nupuam larenim ,nimativ ,kamel ,nietorp ,tardihoobrak nakub

nej 000.03 ratikes hadus gnudnakret 000.01 ratikes nad nakumetid gnay aimikotif si

,diolokla irad iridret aimikotif ,raseb sirag araceS .)4002,ailenrA( nanakam malad

.ninat nad ,noniuk ,ninopas ,diorets ,dionepret ,dionovalf

.2.5.2 iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU

saib skednI 1.2.5.2

gnatad sunis nagnidnabrep nakkujnunem gnay nagnalib halada saib skednI

ayahac akiJ .)6002,otnamreH( aidem utaus itawelme gnay saib tudus sunis nagned

nakkolebmem naka ranis akam tadap hibel aidem ek tadap gnaruk aidem itawelem

amron sirag irad saibmem uata tudus halada i nad lutnap ranis tudus halada e akiJ .l

nasaibmep mukuh turunem akam gnatad ranis

i niS = N

e niS n

aidem saib skedni halada N nad tadap gnaruk aidem saib skedni halada n anamiD

)7891,rehtneuG(tadap hibel

sinej assaM 2.2.5.2

696,0 aratna rasikreb irista kaynim sinej assam ialiN - uhus adap 881,1

adap irista kaynim sinej assam ialiN.C51 51 uhus o 51/C o iagabes nakisinifedid C

51 uhus adap kaynim tareb aratna nagnidnabrep o emulov adap ria tareb nagned C

m emulov nagned amas gnay ria 51 uhus adap kayni o )7891,rehtneuG(C

lonate mlad naturaleK 3.2.5.2

tulosba lonate malad lepmas naturaleK gnay nakrecneid gnay lonate uata

tural uata naigabes tural iagabes nakataynid nad nahurekek naklubminem

lepmas awhab nakkujnunem ini laH. aynhurules gnay natural kutnebmem tubesret

.harec nad gnineb

malA nahaB aimiK 7

.3.5.2 ijU oitnA nadisk

nad tabmalrepmem ,adnunem tapad gnay awaynes halada nadiskoitnA

nadiskoitna nakataynem )2991( onraniW .isadisko iskaer aynidajret hagecnem

ep iskaer nakitnehgnem tapad gnay awaynes halada .sabeb lakidar nakutnebm

: utiay nadiskoitna ajrek emsinakeM

.a tapad ini awaynes )remirp nadiskoitna( negordih mota irebmeP

adipil lakidar ek tapec araces negordih mota nakirebmem R( * *OOR , )

bugnem uata sabeb lakidar gnidnabid libats hibel kutneb ek aynha

.b meM raulid emsinakam iagabreb nagned isadiskootua ujal tabmalrep

lakidar nahabugnep nagned isadiskootua iatnar nasutumep emsinakem

libats hibel kutneb ek adipil .

utaus nakapurem C nimatiV .C nimativ halada aynnial nadiskoitna hotnoC

L masa awaynes - iagabes nialeS .magareb gnay isgnuf ikilimem nad tabroksa

takignep ,nadiskoitnaorp iagabes isgnuf ikilimem aguj C nimativ ,nadiskoitna

sko pakgnanep nad ,iskuderep ,magol isgnuf ikilimem gnay aynnial nimatiV .negi

kamel malad tural gnay nimativ nakapurem E nimatiV .E nimativ halada nadiskoitna

kutnu isgnufreb E nimatiV .tauk pukuc gnay nadiskoitna tafis ikilimem nad

les isketorpmem - tnabmem ,isadisko sesorp irad enarbmem les tabmalrepmem u

nakbabeynem tapad gnay les nakasurek irad hubut ignudnilem nad ,naaunep

.)0002 hanimuT( reknak tikaynep

utiay ,amas gnay itni rutkurts gnudnagnem aynmumu adap nadiskoitnA

uata iskordih nasugug iatresid hunej kadit anezneb nicnic gnudnagnem nasugug

agit sata igabid aynisgnuf sugug nakrasadreb nadiskoitnA .)8002 nerateK( onima

,nima ,lonef nagnolog utiay nagnolog onima nad - nagnologgnep nupadA .lonef

:tukireb iagabes )8002( nerateK turunem tubesret nadiskoitna

lonef nagnolog nadiskoitnA )a

iaynupmem aynasaib ini nagnolog malad kusamret gnay nadiskoitnA

gnadak uata hadner gnay anraw satisnetni - nadiskoitnA .anrawreb kadit gnadak

nad mala helo naklisahid gnay nadiskoitna raseb naigabes itupilem lonef nagnolog

sitetnis nadiskoitna licek halmujes kusamret gnay nadiskoitna hotnoc aparebeB .

.lonegue nad ,lonisroser ,loketak ,lopisog ,noniukordih nial aratna ini nagnolog

nima nagnolog nadiskoitnA )b

adap takiret gnay onimaid uata onima sugug gnudnagnem gnay nadiskoitnA

pmem aynasaib anezneb nicnic numan ,nadiskoitna iagabes iggnit isnetop iaynu

uata isadiskoid akij fisnetni gnay anraw naklisahgnem aynmumu nad nucareb

atres sanap padahret libats aguj ini nagnolog awayneS .magol noi nagned iskaereb

malA nahaB aimiK 8

nadiskoitna hotnoc aparebeB .kitsuak nagned iskartske N,N halada ini nagnolog

p linefid - .nima linefid nad ,nidinauglinefid ,nizardihlinefid ,nimaidenelinef

onima nagnolog nadiskoitnA )c - lonef

onima nad talonef sugug gnudnagnem aynasaib ini nagnolog nadiskoitnA

itka babeynep lanoisgnuf sugug nakapurem gnay ini nagnoloG .nadiskoitna sativ

mug aynkutnebret hagecnem kutnu muelortep yrtsudni malad nakanugid kaynab

utiay ini nagnolog nadiskoitna hotnoC .nilosag malad N- litub -p- onima - N nad lonef -

liskeholkis -p- onima - lonef .

turuneM .magareb tagnas nadiskoitna sineJ nakrasadreb ,)0991( nodroG

( remirp nadiskoitna idajnem nakgnologid nadiskoitna ,aynajrek emsinakem niahc

tnadixoitna gnikaerb ( rednukes nadiskoitna nad ) tnadixoitna evitneverp .)

ajnem aynhabugnem nad dipil lakidar nagned iskaereb tapad remirp nadiskoitnA id

remirp nadiskoitna iagabes tubesid tapad awaynes haubeS .libats hibel gnay kutneb

ek tapec nagned aynnegordih mota nakronodnem tapad tubesret awaynes alibapa

dipil lakidar irad libats hibel naklisahid gnay nadiskoitna lakidar nad dipil lakidar

apad uata nadiskoitna nupadA .libats hibel gnay nial kudorp idajnem habuid t

natapecek naknurunem isgnufreb gnay hagecnep nadiskoitna halada rednukes

noi natakignep iulalem itrepes ,emsinakem iagabreb nagned isaisini - ,magol noi

ih naiarugnep nad ,negisko napakgnanep kudorp idajnem adiskorepord - non kudorp

aynidajret hagecnem halada rednukes nadiskoitna naujut ,aynrasad adaP .lakidar

.liskordih lakidar utiay ayahabreb gnilap gnay lakidar

nakitnehgnem uata isadisko tabmahgnem malad nadiskoitna emsinakeM

iatnareb iskaer nakbabesid tapad ,isadiskoret gnay kamel irad sabeb lakidar adap

:utiay )8002 nerateK( iskaer emsinakem macam tapme helo

.nadiskoitna irad negordih nasapeleP )a

.nadiskoitna irad nortkele nasapeleP )b

itna adap citamora nicnic malad ek kamel isidA )c .nadisko

irad kitamora nicnic nad kamel aratna skelpmok awaynes nakutnebmeP )d

.nadiskoitna

mota sapelep uata irebmep iagabes isgnuf iaynupmem gnay nadiskoitnA

)HA( nadiskoitna nahabmaneP .remirp nadiskoitna iagabes tubesid gnires negordih

nagned remirp hagecnem uata tabmahgnem tapad adipil adap hadner isartnesnok

iskaer ignalahgnem tapad tubesret nahabmaneP .kaynim nad kamel isadiskootua

lakisaR .isagaporp nad isaisini pahat adap isadisko - gnay )*A( nadiskoitna lakidar

ler tubesret iskaer adap kutnebret igrene pukuc iaynupmem kadit nad libats fita

.urab dipil lakidar kutnebmem nial adipil lukelom nagned iskaereb tapad kutnu

lakidaR - lakidar non kudorp kutnebmem iskaereb gnilas tapad nadiskoitna lakidar

malA nahaB aimiK 9

lakidar natabmahgnep iskaeR .)0991 nodroG( nadiskoitna nadiskoitna helo sabeb

: ini hawabid tahilid tapad isagaporp nad isasisini pahat adap

isaisinI *R : habmatid HA

HR →

isagaporP *OOR : habmatid HA

HOOR →

*R adipil lakidaR :

*OOR adiskorep lakidar :

HA nadiskoitna :

*A lakidar : kutnebret gnay nadiskoitna

HOOR adiskorepih :

relliM turuneM .HPPD edotem nagned rukuid ttapad nadiskoitna sativitkA

la te asilanagnem kutnu edotem utas halas nakapurem HPPD edotem )0002(.

nakanuggnem nagned anahredes gnay nadiskoitna satifitka 1,1 - lynehpid -2-

lizardihlycrip katnujnamiS .isketednep awaynes iagabes )HPPD( la te )0002(

tapad gnay sabeb gnay lakidar awaynes halada HPPD awhab nakakumegnem

kutnebmem nadiskoitna utaus irad lasareb gnay negordih mota nagned iskaereb

.iskuderet HPPD

HPPD edotem adaP ,ytivitca gnigrevacs lacidar eerf nakanugid HPPD

nad aisunam hubut malad ek kusam ini awaynes akiJ .sabeb lakidar ledom iagabes

lonatem ,ini iju malaD .les isgnuf nakasurek nakbabeynem tapad iladnekret kat

taz malad nadiskoitna ,turalep iagabes nakanugid nagned iskareb naka kartskeid ini

idajnem aynhabugnem nad HPPD 1,1 - lynehpid -2- .enizardyhlyrcrip nahabureP

naruku idajnem ini iskaer helo nadiskoitna helo naklisahid gnay napares

onataH( tubesret nahab irad nadiskoitna naupmamek .la te )8891 .

.4.5.2 ijU iretkabitnA

nad iretkab nahaubmutrep tabmahgnem gnay taz halada iretkabitnA

itnauS turuneM .)7002 ,inaiG( iskefni itabognem kutnu susuhk araces nakanugid

utiay ,arac amil iulalem idajret tapad iretkabitna ajrek emsinakem ,)7002(

idnid sisetnis natabmahgnep lukelom nahaburep ,satilibaemrep nahaburep ,les gn

taelkun masa sisetnis natabmahgnep nad ,mizne ajrek natabmahgnep ,taelkun masa

apareb rukugnem kutnu kinket halada iretkabitna sativitka naijugneP .nietorp nad

awaynes utaus isartnesnok uata isnetop raseb igab kefe nakirebmem tapad

.)6991 ,traD( emsinagroorkim

tabmahgnem tafisreb gnay taz ada ,fitkeles satisiskot tafis nakrasadreB

tafisreb gnay nad kitatsoiretkab iagabes lanekid gnay iretkab nahubmutrep

naG( adisiretkab iagabes lanekid gnay iretkab hunubmem )5991 ,anrawsi

malA nahaB aimiK 01

:utiay ,edotem aparebeb nagned nakukalid tapad iretkabitna naijugneP

.a isuliD edoteM

nagned nakrupmacid ijuid naka gnay iretkabitna taz ,ini edotem adaP

aynnatamagnep rasaD .iju iretkab nagned isalukoniid naidumek gnay muidem

em nagned halada .iretkab nahaubmutrep aynkadit uata ada tahil

.b ragA isufiD edoteM

isufid adap gnutnagreb gnay rudesorp utaus halada raga isufid adoteM

gnay haread itamagnem nagned aynajreK .raga malad ek iretkabitna awaynes

rep natabmah aynada nakisakidnignem gnay ,gnineb helo emsinagroorkim nahubmut

ztewaJ( raga aidem naakumrep adap iretkabitna ,ini edotem adaP .)5002 ,.la te

adap isufidreb naupmamek sata nakrasadreb nakutnetid iretkabitna sativitka

aynnatamagnep rasaD .iretkab nagned isalukoniid halet gnay raga nagnepmel halada

nahubmutrep adap kutnebret gnay tabmah anoz aynkadit ada tahilem nagned

:)8002 ,iwitarP( arac aparebeb sata igabid ini isufid adoteM .iju iretkab

1. talp rednilis araC

adaP .tawak rednilis apureb gnadacep tala iakamem nagned ini araC

p nakkatelid ulal atarem araces aborkim nakkaibid nahinebmep aidem naakumre

raneb surah rednilis gnadacnep - isabukniid naidumek ,aidem adap takelem raneb

,isabukni haleteS .utnetret utkaw nad uhus adap nad takgnaid rednilis gnadacnep

trep tabmah haread rukuid .iretkab nahubmu

markac araC .2

halet gnay raga aidem adap nakkatelid kitoibitna isireb gnay satrek markaC

.tubesret raga aidem adap isufidreb naka gnay emsinagroorkim imanatid

3. puc araC talp

nagned amas aguj ini araC arac ,markac aidem adap rumus taubid anamid

irebid tubesret rumus adap nad emsinagroorkim nagned imanatid halet gnay raga

.iju id naka gnay kitoibitna

.c ifargotuaoiB

iretkabitna narupmac isaulavegnem kutnu edotem nakapurem ifargotuaoiB

ork adap kacreb apurbe gnay ifargotuaoib iju edotem aud adA .CLT lisah margotam

:utiay

.1 arac nagned nakukalid gnusgnal ifargotuaoiB :gnusgnaL ifargotuaoiB

talp hutneynem nagned uata iretkab isnepsus nagned CLT talp naktorpmeynem

.raga aidem naakumrep adap CLT

.2 iB :yalrevO ifargotuaoiB nnakgnaunem arac nagned nakukalid gnay ifargotuao

.CLT talp naakumrep sata id iretkab raga aidem

malA nahaB aimiK 11

.B igoloiborkiM suerua succocolyhpatS

isiviD atyhpotorP :

noisividbuS aetecymozihcS :

sessalC setecymozihcS :

odrO selairetcabuE :

ailimaF : eaeccocorciM

suneG succocolyhpatS :

seisepS : suerua succocolyhpatS .)1691 ,ellaS(

suerua succocolyhpatS nahinebmep nakaynabek adap hubmut hadum

adap tapec gnilap hubmut ,kiboreaorkim uata kiborea naadaek malad ,kigoloiretkab

73 ramak uhus o ab gnilap ,C 02( ramak uhus adap nemgip kutnebmem ki o adap nad )C

2,7 Hp nagned aidem - sulah ,talub kutnebreb tadap nahinebmep adap inoloK .4,7

ualikreb nad lojnonem - ztewaJ( nemgip kutnebmem ualik la te .)1991 ,. suerua .S

nanusus malad lobmoreggnem alib ,sirefs kutnebreb .naketret anerak atar kaga ayn

8,0 aratna namuk retemaiD - aynasaib rutaret kadit nalobmoreg nanusuS .norkim 0,1

irad nakgnades ,tadap nahinebmep irad taubid gnay naaaides adap nakumetid

ar iagabes nususret uata iridnesret nakumetid aynasaib udlak nahinebmep iatn

helo iskefniid tapad hubut tala uata nagniraj paiteS .)4991,.kkd ,hanisraK( kednep

iretkab suerua .S adnat nagned tikaynep aynlubmit nakbabeynem nad - ,sahk adnat

.)4991,.kkd ,hanisraK( sesba nakutnebmep nad nagnadarep utiay suerua .S tapad

nakbabeynem ztewaJ( tiluk iskefni nad sitidrakodne ,sitigninem ,ainomuenp la te ,.

.)1002

.5.5.2 satisiskoT ijU

isnetop adapek nakitraid tapad mumu araces awaynes utaus irad satisiskoT

awaynes akitek nakasurek nakbabeynem tapad kutnu aimik awaynes utaus irad

tubesret aimik awaynes utauS .aisunam hubut maladek kusam uata ianegnem

nucar kefe naklubminem tapad tubesret awaynes akij tuka nucar tafisreb nakatakid

tapad tubesret awaynes akij sinork tafisreb nad ,takgnis gnay utkaw akgnaj malad

j malad nucar kefe naklubminem gnay katnok anerak( gnajnap gnay utkaw akgna

gnalureb - .)tikides gnay halmuj malad nupualaw gnalu

nagned naklupmisid aimik nahab utaus satisiskot ianegnem nauhategneP

kefe irajalepmem - ,naabocrep naweh padahret aimik nahab narapamep irad kefe

nahab narapamep rutluk nad iretkab itrepes hadner takgnit msinagro padahret aimik

les - .aisunam padahret aimik nahab narapamep nad muirotarobal id ailamam irad les

malA nahaB aimiK 21

nakukal id tapad namanat kartske irad fitka igoloisif isanoiskarf nad gninirks kutnU

satisiskot radnats iju araces nakanugid gnay edotem utauS .)kednep akgnaj( tuka

halada halada tubesret duskam kutnu mala nahab naitilenep malad saul enirB

tseT ytilahteL pmirhS nad tapec gnay arac utas halas nakapurem TLSB .)TLSB(

rtske irad igolokamraf satifitka iju kutnu harum nakanuggnem nagned namanat ka

satilatrom itamagnem ini ijU .hcaeL anilas aimetrA gnadu avral utiay tual naweh

naka fitka gnay awayneS .iju awaynes helo nakbabes id gnay gnadu avral

.iggnit gnay satilatrom naklisahgnem

ini TLSB edotem nagned satisiskot ijU satifitka murtceps ikilimem

ayaib nakhutubmem kadit nad tapec ,anahredes aynrudesorp ,saul gnay igolokamraf

gnires ini edotem uti gnipmasiD .ayacrep id tapad aynlisah atres ,raseb gnay

na sala nagneD .reknakitna awaynes nasaipanep edotem nagned naktiakid - nasala

.mala nahab naitilenep malad nakanugid tapet tagnas ini iju akam ,tubesret

gnay sabeb lakidar kefe maderem malad gnitnep tagnas nadiskoitna nanareP

tikaynep aynidajret nagned tare natiakreb fitareneged ,iggnit harad nanaket itrepes

,renorok gnutnaj malad iwaimikoib sesorp helo irasadid gnay reknak nad setebaid

sesorp amales surenem suret araces naklisahid gnay sabeb lakidaR .hubut

les isgnuf nakasurek aynidajret babeynep iagabes paggnaid ,lamron emsilobatem - les

bmit ucimep idajnem aynrihka gnay hubut tikaynep aynlu fitareneged iskaeR .

imala kiab utnetret nadiskoitna helo tabmahid tapad mumu araces sabeb lakidar

aratna ,namanat irad lasareb imala nadiskoitna raseb naigahabeS .sitetnis nupuam

ef ,tabroksa masa ,dionetarak ,lorefokot naawaynes apureb nial .dionovalf nad ,lon

uti anerak helo ,iggnit sisod adap kiskot ulales ripmah fitkaoib awayneS

hunub ayad oviv ni kutnu nakanugid tapad naweh emsinagro padahret awaynes irad

iskarf rotinomem aguj nad sativitkaoib iaynupmem gnay nahubmut kartske sipanem

kaoib kutnu iauses gnay emsinagro utas halaS .nainrumep nad isaniskarf amales fit

halada iju naweh pmirhs enirb .)tual gnadu(

nakanugid ini naitilenep malad nuad kartske satisiskot iuhategnem kutnU

( TLSB edotem tseT ytilahteL pmirhS enirB iuhategnem kutnu nad ) kartske sativitka

( HPPD edotem nakanugid nadiskoitna iagabes nuad - 1,1 - linefid -2- lizardihlirkip .)

nakapurem ’HPPD sabeb lakidar namaderep kefE‘ araces nadiskoitna narukugneP

nakhutubmem kadit nad tapec ,anahredes gnay nadiskoitna narukugnep edotem

kaynab nitnax( nial iju aynlah itrepes negaer - ,tanaisoiT edotem ,esadisko nitnax

lepmas nadiskoitna naupmamek nakkujnunem narukugnep lisaH .)latot nadiskoitna

HPPD ,ini edotem adaP .tabmahid gnay lakidar sinej rasadreb kadit mumu araces

lakidar iagabes narepreb ,iju nahab irad nadiskoitna helo maderid gnay sabeb

kutnebmem tubesret nadiskoitna nagned iskaereb naka HPPD anamid ,1,1 - linefid -2-

malA nahaB aimiK 31

nizardih lirkip tapad gnay anraw nahaburep aynidajret nakbabeynem ini iskaeR .

ap kapmat ranis retemotofortkeps nagned rukuid sativitka aggnihes ,mn 515λ ad

.nakutnetid tapad lepmas helo sabeb lakidar namaderep

edoteM .TLSB edoteM nagned satisiskoT ijU la te reyeM kutnu nakanugid .

gnadu rulet nakanuggnem nagned mumu araces lepmas satisiskot irajalepmem

( hcaeL anilas aimetrA P .) nasatenep kutnu anajeb nakpaisid ,gnadU avraL nasatene

kutnu upmal nakkatelid tubesret anajeb malad gnaur utas iD .gnadu rulet

ria irebid aynhalebes gnaur id nakgnades ,nasatenep malad uhus naktagnahgnem

nakkusamid tual ria maladeK .tual habmatid 05 - gm 001 kutnu gnadu rulet

nakalaynid upmal nad ,liof muinimula nagned pututid rulet naigab adaP .naksatetid

nagned ijuid naka gnay gnadu avral libmaiD .rulet naksatenem kutnu maj 84 amales

.tepip

ual ria Lμ 001 kaynabeS .TLSB edoteM nagned satisiskoT ijU rudesorP t

01 kaynabes gnadu avral gnudnagnem gnay - nakkusamid naidumek ,tepipid roke 21

gnisam ijuid naka gnay lepmas natural nakhabmat iD .iju hadaw malad ek - gnisam

paites kutnU .mpp 0001 nad 005 ,002 ,001 ,01 isartnesnok nagned ,Lμ 001 kaynabes

ukalid isartnesnok nak 2 ( nagnalugnep ilak olpud .negomoh iapmas kudaid naturaL .)

42 amales nakraibid naturaL .lepmas nahabmanep apnat nakukalid lortnok kutnU

.gnabul pait irad pudih hisam nad itam gnay avral halmuj gnutihid naidumek ,maj

halmujnem nagned gnutihid itam akgnA nay avral nak paites malad itam g

.isartnesnok malad pudih gnay avral nakhalmujnem nagned gnutihid pudih akgnA

isartnesnok paites . nagned nakukalid isartnesnok pait itam isalumuka nagnutihreP

am akgna = mpp 01 isartnesnok kutnu itam isalumuka :tukireb arac adap it

adap itam akgna = mpp 001 isartnesnok kutnu itam isalumuka ,tubesret isartnesnok

mpp 01 isartnesnok habmatid a 001 isartnesnok adap itam akgn itam isalumuka ,mpp

mpp 01 isartnesnok adap itam akgna = mpp 002 isartnesnok kutnu habmatid akgna

adap itam mpp 001 isartnesnok habmatid .mpp 002 isartnesnok adap itam akgna

nagnutihreP .mpp 0001 isartnesnok iapmas gnutihid itam akgna isalumukA

pudih isalumuka :tukireb arac nagned nakukalid isartnesnok pait pudih isalumuka

dih akgna = mpp 0001 isartnesnok kutnu isalumuka ,mpp 0001 isartnesnok adap pu

mpp 0001 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna = mpp 005 isartnesnok kutnu pudih

habmatid kutnu pudih isalumuka ,mpp 005 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna

mpp 0001 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna = mpp 002 isartnesnok habmatid akgna

mpp 005 isartnesnok adap pudih habmatid .mpp 002 isartnesnok adap pudih akgna

.mpp 01 isartnesnok iapmas gnutihid pudih akgna isalumukA

halmuj igabid itam isalumuka :arac nagned satilatrom gnutihid ayntujnaleS

.%001 ilakid )latot( itam nad pudih isalumuka isartnesnok gol nagned taubid kifarG

malA nahaB aimiK 41

CL ialiN .y ubmus iagabes satilatrom padahret x ubmus iagabes 05 nakapurem

nagned helorepid gnay %05 naitamek nakbabeynem taz anamid isartnesnok

a = y reinil iserger naamasrep iakamem habmatid tka nakatakid taz utauS .xb uata fi

CL ialin alib kiskot 05 .awaynes utaus kutnu mpp 03 < nad kartke kutnu mpp 0001 <

.6.5.2 malA nahaB isakifitnedI CLT nagned

yhpargotamorhC reyaL nihT )TLK( sipit sipal ifargotamork uata )CLT(

naadebrep nakrasadreb awaynes narupmac nahasimep sesorp halada utiay ,esaf aud

idajret isalosi sesorP .)turalep( kareg esaf nad )ainumula uata leg akilis( maid esaf

nenopmok irad naturalek atres isitrap ayad nad pares ayad naadebrep nakrasadreb -

d anerak helO .neule naralopek itukignem karegreb naka gnay aimik nenopmok aya

nagned karegreb nenopmok akam ,amas kadit aimik nenopmok padahret nebrosda

,klraC( nahasimep nakbabeynem gnay halini lah aggnihes adebreb gnay natapecek

gnay awaynes naturalek tafis nagned nakiausesid neule kutnu turaleP .)7002

d leg akiliS .sisilanaid .taflus masa itrepes fitkaer gnay iskaerep nagned iskaereb tapa

adap kutnebret halet gnay anraw naadebrep halmuj irad helorepid fR ialiN

awaynes isakifitnedi nakhadumem kutnu anugreb ini laH .nagnepmel uata talp -

rasadid ini narukugneP .lucnum gnay awaynes helo hupmetid gnay karaj adap nak

kacreb helo hupmet gnay karaj nad turalep helo hupmetid gnay karaj nad turalep

gnisam anraw - : tukireb rabmag adap tahilid tapad CLT hotnoc nupadA .gnisam

)CLT( 2 rabmaG

,tapec sisilana halada CLT nakanuggnem nagnutnueK tikides tagnas nahab

awaynes nakhasimem kutnu nakanugid tapad ,aynnakilpuc nupuam pareynep kiab -

adipil itrepes kibofordih ayntafis gnay awaynes - rakus gnay nobrakordih nad adipil

iracnem kutnu anugreb tapad aguj CLT .satrek ifargotamork nagned nakajrekid

e nad ,ifargotamork araces awaynes isakifitnedi ,molok ifargotamork adap neul

.licek alaks inrum awaynes isalosi

malA nahaB aimiK 51

III BAB

NAITILENEP EDOTEM

1.3 naitileneP utkaW nad tapmeT

b ini naitileneP udapreT muirotarobaL tasuP ,aimik muirotarobal id tapmetre

rayS NIU )TLP( 60 laggnat irad adap nakukaliD .atrakaJ hallutayadiH fi - 72

.2102 rebmetpeS

2.3 nahaB nad talA

1.2.3 talA

s halada ini mukitkarp adap nakanugid gnay talA isalitsed tala tes uta ,

p kirtsil sagnane t , kitilana nagnabmi t , retemomre l , reyemnelrE uba R , rotkarfe

ebbA p , retemonki g , sale u 01 ruk lm , telkoS rotkartskE k , satre s gnira , yratoR

rotaropavE t , gnuba r iskae p , setet tepi p nad , tepi .emulov

2.2.3 nahaB

a halada ini mukitkarp adap nakulrepid gnay nahaB tsedauq s , lepma

namanat e , %69 lonat , ONgA 3 1,0 N , N 2000,0 lCaN , ONH 3 %52 m , lonate ,

lCH 2% , lCeF 3 %1 , 2 HOaN N s , gM kubre r , nemrebeiL negae - drahcuB r , negae

reyaM r , ffrodnegarD negae , HPPD p , CLT lisah tal .

3.3 ajreK araC

.1.3.3 isalitsiD

kaynabes gnabmitid naidumek ,sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS

.alaip saleg malad marg 05 ubal malad ek nakhadnipid lepmas uti haleteS

hurules iapmas tsedauqa nakhabmatid lepmas malad eK .lm 005 isalitsid

,uti haleteS .anrupmes nagned kudaid nad lm 052 arik arik ,madnret lepmas

l amales hididnem iapmas naksanapid ubaL .gnasap id isalitsid ubal gnaruk hibe

id ria alib nakitnehid isalitsid nad kudaid ilakeses ubal ,naksanapid taaS .maj 3

irista kaynim emulov acabiD .)gnirek iapmas nagnaj( tikides laggnit ubal malad

nagnalugnep nakukalid isalitsiD .)reyemnelre ubal( gnupmanep malad

ilak 3 kaynabes esatnesrep malad nakataynid irista kaynim radak nad

kaynim emulov halada V anamid %001 x M/V sumur nagned tobob/emulov

lepmas tobob halada M nad )lm(

.2.3.3 ijU tafiS iristA kayniM kisiF

.a saiB skednI ijU

lonate nagned nakhisrebid retemotkarfer amsirP .nakanugid mulebes

s naidumeK hisreb nad gnirek gnay amsirp adap naksetetid lepma . amsirP

malA nahaB aimiK 61

patet lepmas uhus iapmas uggnut nad naktaparid . nagneD edils rutagnem

nad paleg gnay gnadib aratna satab sirag helorepid naka gnaret naidumek

adap naksetetid lepmaS hisreb nad gnirek gnay amsirp . gnay ialin acabiD

52 asib skednI ( aynuhus tatacid nad hawab naigab rayal adap aretret o n = C

habmatid t( 4000,0 - )52 .

.b sineJ asaM ijU

rete nad lonate nagned nakhisrebid retemonkiP s retemonkip gnirek halete

nagned gnabmitid itilet naidumeK . ulal ,aret satab iapmas nakisiid sedaukA

02 uhus ria saggnanep adap nakpulecid retemonkip o pututid nad c ,

d itilet nagned gnabmiti . lonate nagned icucid ulal nakgnosokid retemonkiP

rete nad s b iapmas lepmas nakisiid retemonkip gnirek halete aret sata .

02 uhus adap ria saggnanep malad ek nakpulecid retemonkiP o pututid nad c ,

d 52 uhus adap sinej assam ( itilet nagned gnabmiti o d = c habmatid 8000,0

t( - ) )52 .

.c lonatE malad naturaleK ijU

nad %69 lonate nakanuggnem lonate malad naturalek ijU natural

gnidnabmep . gnidnabmep naturaL tubesret ONgA Lm 5,0 nakapurem 3 N 1,0

ONH setet utas nad N 2000,0 lCaN malad ek 3 )%52( naidumeK . Lm 1

setet nakhabmatid nad Lm 01 ruku saleg malad ek naktapmetid kaynim

%69 lonate setetes imed d natural ,uti haleteS . i helorepid iapmas kocok

.gnineb natural nagned aynnahurekek nakgnidnabid gnineb kadit aliB

gnidnabmep natural nagned .

.3.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS iskartskE

.a isaresaM

051 kaynabes gnabmitid,sulah nad gnirek hadus gnay namanat lepmaS

nagned isaresamid uti haletes.marg amales nakmaidid nad lonatem turalep

gniras satrek nagned gnirasid naidumek lepmas isaresam lisaH.maj 42x3

idajnem nagniraynep nariac lisah iapmas turalep habmatid libmas

nagned naktakepid )kartske emulov 3/2( nagniraynep lisah nariaC.hinrej

aropave yrator rot 04=T(latnek gnay kartske helorepid aggnih - 56 o )C

.b isatlekoS

marg 02 kaynabes gnabmitid,sulah nad gnirek hadus gnay namanat lepmaS

turalep uti haleteS.gniras satrek apureb gnosgnoles adap naktapmetid nad

Lm005 maladek nakkusamid lonatem ksalf noitalitsid lepmas uti haleteS.

emulov 3/2( nagniraynep lisah nariaC.maj aparebeb amales iskartskeid

nagned naktakepid )kartske rotaropave yrator kartske helorepid aggnih

04=T(latnek gnay - 56 o )C

malA nahaB aimiK 71


.a diolaklA ijU

ek nakusamid lm 4 kaynabes namanat kartskE .iskaer gnubat malad

d naidumeK haleteS .tubesret gnubat malad ek % 2 lCH lm 5,0 nakhabmati

.gnubat aud malad ek igabid nad xetrovid ,uti t adaP amatrep gnuba

2 nakhabmatid - fitisop lisah( .ffrodnegarD negaeR setet 3 naklisahgnem

ek gnubat nad )aggnij napadne 2 nakhabmatid aud - setet 3 reyaM negaeR

fitisop lisah( naklisahgnem .)gninuk napadne

.b dionovalF ijU

.lm 2 kaynabes iskaer gnubat malad ek nakusamid namanat kartskE

d naidumeK 1 nad tubesret gnubat malad ek gM kubres tikides nakhabmati

kij fitisop( % 2 lCH lm gnineb anrawreb nad asub lubmit a - .)eynaro

.c dioretS nad dionepretirT ijU

.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakusamid lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE

naidumeK namrebiL negaeR setet aparebeb nakhabmatiD - ek drahcruB

tnebmem dionepretirt akij fitisop( tubesret gnubat malad nicnic ku

.)uajih anrawreb diorets nad teloiv uata natalkocek

.d noniuK ijU

.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE

naidumeK nad tubesret iskaer gnubat malad ek N2 HOaN nakhabmatiD

( kocokid lisah .)harem anrawreb fitisop

.e ninaT ijU

skE .iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid lm 2 kaynabes namanat kart

naidumeK 2 nakhabmatiD - nad tubesret gnubat malad ek % 1 3lCeF setet 3

( kocokid lisah .)atnit urib uata namatihek uajih anrawreb fitisop

.f ninopaS ijU

tid sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS marg 1 kaynabes gnabmi

.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad d naidumeK tsedauqa nakhabmati

malad naksanapid ,uti haleteS .tubesret gnubat malad ek lm 5 kaynabes

nakmaidid nad gnirasid helorepid gnay nariaC .tinem 5 amales ria sagnanep

.nignid kaga iapmas asub lubmit iapmas tauk nagned kocokid uti haleteS

( lisah .)tinem 01 amales libats asub akij fitisop

.5.3.3 nadiskoitnA ijU

.a HPPD“ sativitka ijU regnevacs lacidar eerf ”

Lm 02 malad nakturalid nad rg 1 gnabmitid natakemep lisah kartskE

)mpp 0002( lonatem . naturaL ,001 ,05( isartnesnok iagabreb taubid lepmas

)mpp 0061 nad ,008 ,004 ,002 . gnisaM - nad Lm 2 tepipid lepmas gnisam

malA nahaB aimiK 81

.iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid d naidumeK HPPD Lm 2 nakhabmati

olpud taubid isartnesnok paiT .)paleg gnaur malad nakukal( %200,0 .

as naturaL 73 uhus adap isabukniid nad negomoh iapmas kocokid lepm o C

tinem 03 amales VU irtemotofortkeps nagned rukuid ulal , - nagned siV

n naD .mn 715 = HPPD gnabmoleg gnajnap helo ilikawem gnay isibihni iali

CI 05 : sumur nagned gnutihid

𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑃 𝑛𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏

𝑥 001 %

.b ifargotuaoiB araces HPPD sativitka ijU

talitsid/kartske lepmas CLK asilana lisaH d % 200,0 nagned naktorpmesi

lonatem nagned nakturalid gnay HPPD . aynada nakkujnunem fitisop lisaH

aggnij idajnem ugnu anraw nahaburep .

.6.3.3 iretkabitnA ijU

ragA isufiD edotem nagned aborkimitna ijU

.marg 2 kaynabes gnabmitid naktakepid halet gnay lokgnej lepmas kartskE

57 ,%05 ,%52 idajnem lepmas isartnesnok taubid naidumeK %001 nad ,%

iretkab isnepsus nakpaisiD .sedauqa nagned sueruA succocotpetS

( sueruA succocolyhpatS 1,0 libmaid ,kcolbdim esaf rumureb halet gnay BN ,)

halte gnay ragA tneirtuN Lm 01 malad ek nakkusamid naidumek Lm

malad ek nakgnautid nad ,xetrovid ,nakriacid raga haleteS .irtep nawac

ihasabid halet gnay )mc 1 retemaid( markac satrek nakkusamid ,ukebmem

.)%001 nad ,%57 ,%05 ,%52( isartnesnok iagabreb nagned lokgnej kartske

uhus adap irah 3 amales kilabret arac nagned isabukniid ,nakkaibid iretkaB

73 o aleteS .C satrek ratikes id natabmah haread retemaid itamaid ,isabukniid h

ratikes id gnineb haread iagabes kutnebret gnay natabmah hareaD .markac

.citoibitna nagned nakgnidnabid nad rukuid markac satrek


.a rulet nasateneP hcaeL anilas aimetrA

irad taubret gnay nasatenep hadaw adap naktapmetid gnadu ruleT

nagned aynhagnet naigab adap takesid halet nad kitsalp mroforets ,

hagnetes iapmas nahalrep araces %5,3 marag natural irebid naidumek

utid gnadu rulet isireb gnay katok naigaB .latot emulov irad nagned put

malA nahaB aimiK 91

naktapmetid pututid kadit gnay katok naigab nakgnades ,liof muinimula

avral,maj 84 haleteS .VU ranis uata ttaw 81 noen upmal ranis hawab id

.satisiskot iju kutnu nakanugid pais

.b satisiskoT ijU

auqa Lm 05 malad nakturalid kartske marg 1,0 kaynabeS 0002( tsed

,002 ,001 ,01 isartnesnok nagned taubid lepmas natural uti halateS .)mpp

.nagnalugnep ilak 2 taubid isartnesnok paiteS .mpp 0001 nad ,005

gnisaM - nakkusamid nad Lµ 001 kaynabes tepipid lepmas natural gnisam

bmatid uti haleteS .laiv lotob malad ek avral roke 01 nakha animetrA

hcaeL anilas upmal ayahac hawabid maj 42 amales nakraibid naturaL .

gnisam irad itam gnay gnadu avral ,aj 42 halateS .ttaw 81 noen - gnisam

CL ialin iracid nad gnutihid laiv lotob 05 .

tam isalumuka : arac nagned gnutihid satilatroM halmuj igabid i

gol nagned taubid kifarG .%001 ilakid )latot( itam nad pudih isalumuka

iagabes satilatrom padahret x ubmus iagabes isartnesnok ialiN .y ubmus

CL 05 %05 naitamek nakbabeynem taz anamid isartnesnok nakapurem

asrep iakamem nagned helorepid gnay a = y raenil iserger naam habmatid

CL ialin alib kiskot uata fitka nakatakid taz utauS .xb 05 ktunu mpp 0001<

.awaynes utaus kutnu mpp 03< nad kartske

.8.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS isakifitnedI

leg akilis CLT talp adap naklototid irista kaynim/kartske lepmaS

FG 452 .rasad irad mc 5,1 karajreb trats sirag tepiporkim nautnab nagned

nagned turalep nagned isuleid naidumek nakaradugnirekid tops ,uti haleteS

nagned neule lm 5 kaynabes ,ayntujnaleS .utnetret nagnidnabrep

malad ek nakkusamid utnetret nagnidnabrep rebmahc S . ,uti halete

,ulaL .pututid hadaw naidumek tops irebid halet gnay CLT talp nakkusamid

CLT talp uti haleteS .rihka sirag adap turalep iapmas nakraibid

.VU ranis hawab id CLT talp adap tops itamaid nad nakaradugnirekid

p tapadret gnay awaynes iuhategnem kutnU gnisam ada - talp id tops gnisam

namrebeiL ,taflus muirec naktorpmesid tapad akam ,CLT - ,drahcruB

lCeF ,kainoma 3 .ffodnegarD nad ,

malA nahaB aimiK 02

VI BAB

LISAH NASAHABMEP NAD

.1.3.3 isalitsiD

esatnesorp isalitsid lisaH 𝑉𝑀� halada lokgnej %001x 52 𝐿𝑚

05 𝑟𝑔� 001 x .%05 = %

nahasimep nagned lokgnej adap irista kaynim libmagnem kutnu lokgnej isalitsiD

rutaid isalitsid akam ,tsedauqa turalep nakanuggnem nagneD .aynhidid kitit naadebrep

001( ria hidid kitit hawabid aynuhus o isasnednokret naka naklisahid gnay paU .)C aggnihes

dnem nariac awhab nakitsamem kutnU .irista kaynim iagabes agudid gnay nariac naktapa

gnay irista kaynim kisif iju iulalem ijuid ulrep akam irista kaynim halada uti tapadid gnay

.nakutnetid halet

.1.3.3 iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU

kitsiretkaraK eJ talitseD ijU lisaH lokgn kayniM lanoisanretnI radnatSA )* irist

52( sineJ assaM o )C 3mc/rg 108,0 09,0 - 3mc/rg 49,0 52( saiB skednI o )C 33,1 64,1 - 74,1

lohokla malad naturaleK 2:1 hinrej naturaL 1 :1 hinrej naturaL -4 1991 ,OSI )* 2 lebat

agudid gnay lokgnej talitseD nagned kisif araces ijuid irista kaynim gnudnagnem

naijugneP .lohocla nagned naturalek iju nad ,saib skedni ,sinej assam apureb isasiretkarak

uata utum iuhategnem kutnu naujut nagned nakutnetid ini isalitsed lisah adap kisif tafis

ay irista kaynim satilauk ,utum nataraysrep ihunemem kadit aliB .lokgnej gnudnakid gn

.harum hibel huaj naka tubesret kaynim lauj ialin akam

aynrasad pisnirp ,retemotkarfer nagned irista kaynim saib skedni narukugnep malaD

saib sunis nad hutaj tudus sunis aratna nagnidnabrep utiay nagned ayahac sakrebes akij

gnay utnetret tudus nagned kaynim ek aradu irad hutaj utnetret gnabmoleg gnajnap

nakutnenem kutnu nakduskamid ini saib skedni nautneneP .patet uhus adap naknahatrepid

im saib skedni awhab nakkujnunem iju lisaH .kaynim nainrumek 33,1 rasebes lokgnej kayn

.)1991 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS ihunemem kadit ,

,lokgnej gnudnakid gnay irista kaynim sinej assam narukugnep malad nakgnadeS

51 uhus adap kaynim nataparek aratna nagnidnabrep utiay aynrasad pisnirp o padahret C

ria nataparek kaynim sinej assam awhab nakkujnunem iju lisaH .amas gnay uhus adap

mc/rg 108,0 rasebes lokgnej 3 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS nagned iauses kadit ini lisah .

52 adap irista kaynim sinej assam awhab nakataynem gnay )1991 o 09,0 rasebes C - 49,0

mc/rg 3 b numaN . ialin ,malA nahaB aimiK mukitkarP kujnuteP ukuB erutaretil nakrasadre

malA nahaB aimiK 12

696,0 aratna rasikreb irista kaynim sinej assam - 51 uhus adap 881,1 o iju lisah aggniheS .C

.lanoisanretnI radnatS irista kaynim utum ihunemem muleb naklupmisid tapad

uralek naijugnep adaP tural ayad itamagnem nagned nakutnetid lonate malad nat

tapad nakrecneid gnay lonate malad nagned lokgnej kaynim lepmaS .lohocla malad kaynim

natural kutnebmem tubesret lepmas awhab nakkujnunem ini lah ,nahurekek naklubminem

p nagned harec nad gnineb gnay naturalek kisif tafis iju iraD .2:1 hinrej natural nagnidnabre

iauses lohocla malad lokgnej kaynim naturalek awhab nalupmisek tapadid ini lonate malad

tapadid gnay atad aumes nakgnidnabid akij numaN .)1991 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS

m ,nahurulesek araces iauses gnay irista kaynim utum ihunemem muleb lokgnej kayni

.)1991 ,OSI( lanoisanretnI radnatS

.2.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS iskartskE

edotem aparebeb tapadret iskartkE isatalkos ,isaresam nad .isalokrep adaP

edotem nakanuggnem aynah ini naabocrep isaresam nad alkos .isat nakanuggnem isakartskE

edotem nagned halada anahredes nad hadun gnilap gnay edotem aparebeb isaresam uata

nagned nairaynep arac nagned isatelkos edotem naD .turalep malad lepmas namadnerep

.kinagro turalep irad isasnednok nariac

.taafnamreb gnay awaynes libmagnem kutnu halada iskartske isgnuf nupadA

irad lisaH .kinagro turalep adap naturalek nagned nakiausesid lepmas irad iras nalibmagneP

iju nakanuggnem nagned aynnagnudnak ijuid iskartske aimikotif .


oN imikotiF ijU a naabocreP lisaH

isaresaM isatelkoS

.1 dioloklA

fudnegerD

reyaM

habmatid napadne(

)aggnij

habmatid napadne(

)gninuk

-

-

.2 dioretS /dionepretirT - -

.3 dionovalF habmatid gnineb asub(

)egnero

-

.4 ninaT habmatid uajih(

)namatihek

-

.5 noniuQ - )gnineb( -

.6 ninopaS habmatid )asubreb( - 3 lebaT

malA nahaB aimiK 22

%3 = nemedneR

iskartskeid gnay lokgnej haub irad aimikotif ijugnem nakitkarp ini naabocrep adaP

nagned diolakla iju adap awhab tapadid naabocrep lisah nakrasadreB .isaresam arac nagned

iskaerep napadnE .aggnij napadne tapadret anamid fitisop gnay lisah tapadid ,ffodnegard

tartin tumsib,ffrodnegarD iskaerep nataubmep adaP .diolaklamuilak halada tubesret

marag anerak sisilordih iskaer idajret kadit raga lCH malad nakturalid - hadum tumsib marag

hret OiB( litumsib noi kutnebmem sisilordi habmatid ,)

iB 3++ H2 O

→ OiB + + H2 +

iB noi ragA 3+ aggnihes masa habmatid uti natural akam ,natural malad adareb patet

iB noi ayntujnaleS .irik hara ek resegreb naka nagnabmitesek 3+ iskaereb tartin tumsib irad

turalem naidumek gnay adidoi )III(tumsiB matih napadne kutnebmem adidoi muilak nagned

iju adaP .)0991 ,alhevS( tatumsibodoiartet muilak kutnebmem hibelreb adidoi muilak malad

iskaerep nagned diolakla ffrodnegarD nugid negortin , nelavok nataki kutnebmem kutnu naka

K nagned tanidrook + iju adap iskaeR .magol noi nakapurem gnay ffrodnegarD nakkujnutid

: ini hawabid iskaer

iskaerep nakanuggnem nialeS ffodnegard nakanugid tapad diolakla iju kutnu

lisah nakrasadreB .reyam iskaerep iadnatid nagned fitisop lisah tapadid naabocrep

muilak skelpmok halada tubesret napadne nakarikrepiD .gninuk napadne aynkutnebret -

muilak habmatid adirolk )II(muirukrem natural ,reyaM iskaerep nataubmep adaP .diolakla

napadne kutnebmem iskaereb naka adidoi adidoi muilak akiJ .adidoi )II(muirukrem harem

muilak kutnebret naka akam hibelreb nakhabmatid gnay ,alhevS( )II(tarukremodoiartet

.)0991

malA nahaB aimiK 32

iaynupmem gnay negortin mota gnudnagnem diolaklA sabeb nortkele nagnasap

ki kutnebmem kutnu nakanugid tapad aggnihes magol noi nagned tanidrook nelavok nata

adap negortin nakarikrepid ,reyaM iskaerep nagned diolakla iju adaP .)4002 ,yrruMcM(

K magol noi nagned iskaereb naka diolakla + kutnebmem )II(tarukremodoiartet muilak irad

muilak skelpmok - .padnegnem gnay diolakla

eP : tukireb iagabes reyam iju adap idajret gnay iskaer naarikr

iju adaP .dionovalf awaynes aynada ijugnem utiay ayntujnales aimikotif iju kutnU

ini ijU .retatsliw iju tubesid ini iju ,%2 lCH nad gM kubres tikides nakanuggnem ini

op gnay lisah nakirebmem nakitkubmem inI .egnaro gnineb anraw aynkutnebret utiay fitis

aynkutnebret anerak nakbabesid naklisahid gnay anraw nupadA .dionavalf tapadret awhab

.muilivalf marag

lisah nakrasadreb % 1 lCeF nagned nakhabmatid gnay kartske utiay ninaT iju kutnU

aabocrep nupadA .namatihek uajih anraw kutnebmem utiay fitisop gnay lisah nakirebmem n

: tukireb iagabes halada idajret gnay iskaer

malA nahaB aimiK 42

fitisop lisaH .fitagen lisah naktapadid naabocrep lisah nakrasadreb noniuk iju kutnU

ipatet naka harem anraw nagned iadnatid inI .harem anrawreb kadit naabocrep nakrasadreb

.noniuk awaynes tapadret kadit lokgnej adap awhab nakadnanem

inI .fitisop lisah nakkujnunem naabocrep lisah nakrasadreb ninopas iju adaP

sokilg sinej halada ninopaS .libats gnay asub aynlubmit nagned iadnatid kaynab gnay adi

akitek aggniheS .hiub apureb kitsiretkarak ikilimem ninopaS .nahubmut malad nakumetid

.amal nahatreb tapad gnay hiub kutnebret naka akam kocokid nad ria nagned nakiskaerid

em ninopaS .rete malad tural kadit nad ria malad tural hadum ninopaS tihap asar ikilim

nakapurem ninopaS .ridnel tupales adap isatiri atres nisreb nakbabeynem nad kusunem

tafisreb ninopaS .harad adap sisilomeh uata harad ritub nakrucnahgnem tapad gnay nucar

s nakanugid aynaratnaid kaynab nad nignid haradreb naweh igab nucar .naki nucar iagabe

iagabes tubesid asaib nucar uata sarek tafisreb gnay ninopaS .niskotopaS

tafiS nupadA - :halada ninopaS tafis )1 , tihap asar iaynupmeM ria natural malaD)2

,libats gnay asub kutnebmem )3 ,tisortire asilomehgneM )4 utnu tauk nucar nakapureM k

,ibifma nad naki dioretsiskordih nad loretselok nagned naawaynesrep kutnebmeM)5

,aynnial )6 ,isakifitnediid nad nakinrumid kutnu tiluS )7 nad ,iggnit fitaler lukelom tareB

nikgnum aynsatisiskoT .itakednem gnay siripme alumrof naklisahgnem aynah sisilana

naakumrep nagnaget nakhadnerem tapad anerak .)noisnet ecafrus( pakgnel asilordih nagneD

.)dica cirahccas nad esotnep ,esoxeh( tardihobrak nad )nokilga( ninegopas naklisahid naka

: tukireb iagabes halada ninopas irad rutkurts nupadA

malA nahaB aimiK 52

ionepretirt iju kutnU lisah naktapadid naabocrep lisah nakrasadreb , diorets nad d

aguj nad teloiv uata natalkocek nicnic aynkutnebret kadit anerak idajret inI .fitagen gnay

inI .radup gnineb gninuk anraw naknialem uajih anrawreb kadit diorets iju kutnu

kadit awhab nakadnanem .lokgnej haub adap diorets nupuata dionrepirt awaynes tapadret

.isatelkos lisah aimikotif iju adap adebreb gnay lisah tapadret ipateT isatelkoS

lepmas kubres arac nagned nakukalid gnay aimik nenopmok nakiranep nakapurem

apureb gnosgnoles malad naktapmetid uata iraynep nariac,apur naikimedes gniras satrek

helo nakisasednokid nad paugnem aggnihes talub sala ubal malad naksanapid turalep

lukelom idajnem rosnednok - iraynem gnosgnoles maladek hutaj gnay iraynep nariac lukelom

ep akij nad lepmas maladid fitka taz hurules akam,nofis naakumrep iapacnem halet tural

.isalukris idajret agnih relipak apip iulalem talub sal ubalek ilabmek nurut naka nariac

evitagen gnay lisah tapadret isatelkosid halet gnay lokgnej haub aimikotif iju adaP

diorets nad dionepretortbiju adap lah.dionovalf iju adap fitisop numan,ninnat iju,noniuk iju,

aynhurules kadit gnosgnoles malad nakgnutnagid gnay gniras satrek nakanerakid ini

kadit tubesret gniras satrek maladek kusam gnay lohocla pau aggnihes,kubres kutnebreb

gnay taz takignem upmam saul anerak anrupmes araces lokgnej haub malad id adareb

nakgnades. licek tagnas aynaudek aratna iskaretni nad raseb lokgnej haub adap naakumrep

gm mahabmanep rotcaf aynada nakanerakid fitisop gnay lisah tapadret donovalf iju adap

isgnuf aggnihes lcH nad lisah natural nagned iskaretnireb upmam tubesret taz audek

.dionovalf iju helo tapadid fitisop lisah naikimed nagned tikides aynah nupualaw isatelkos

malA nahaB aimiK 62

S dionovalf aynada isakifitnedignem upmam gnay halini gm takiret gnay awayne

j natural malad kadit uata tubesret lokgne .

.4.3.3 nadiskoitnA ijU

isartnesnoK isnabrosbA isibihnnI 52 322,0 5,62 05 702,0 9,62 001 5302,0 8,72 002 251,0 90,64 004 5550,0 94,08

4 lebaT

x051,0 = y habmatid 32,81

CI 05 = )lokgnej kartske( mpp 8,112

HPPD edoteM .HPPD edotem nagned rukuid nadiskoitna sativitka iju adaP

anahredes gnay nadiskoitna satifitka asilanagnem kutnu edotem utas halas nakapurem

nakanuggnem nagned 1,1 - lynehpid -2- lizardihlycrip .isketednep awaynes iagabes )HPPD(

e natakemep lisaH 002 narasik adap fitisop iju nakkujnunem lokgnej kartsk - mpp 004

nagned isnabrosba iju irad naktapadid ini lisaH .mpp 8,112 adap ayntapet hibel uata

lokgnej kartske adaP .)C nimativ( tabroksa masa inkay aynial nadiskoitna nakgnidnabmem

em aimikotif iju adap ini dionovalf awaynes akam ,dionovalf awaynes aynada nakkujnun

.lokgnej malad nadiskoitna malad gnitnep narepreb gnay

irad helorepid gnay nadiskoitna awaynes halada imala nadiskoitna awaynes nupadA

lisah iskartske hubmut itrepes imala nahab - oitnA .nahubmut nial aratna imala nadisk

,nitisel ,lorefokot kaynab gnay tabroksa masa nad ,netorak ,lopisog ,lomases ,aditafsof

.nahubmut helo naklisahid kaynim malad nakumetid kaynab gnilap gnay imala nadiskoitnA

malA nahaB aimiK 72

E nimativ nafitkaek iaynupmemgnay lorefokot halada itaban ,β ,α kutneb malad tapadret nad

δ ,γ - . lorefokot

M nad nadiskoitna gnologret gnay aynnial aimik awaynes nakhabmane irad lasareb

isgnufreb namanat malad dionovalF .lonefilop nad dionovalf nagnolog halada nahubmut

b adap anraw nakirebmem gnay nemgip iagabes aynhotnoc ,.namanat nuad nad ,haub,agnu

.aisunam hubut malad nadiskoitnaiagabes narepreb tapad dionovalF .ninaisotna halada

ismusnokid tapad dionovalfaggnihes diolakla gnidnabid nucareb ulalret kadit ini awayneS

eb gnay dionovalf hotnoC .raseb halmuj malad iagabes isgnufr ,nitecreuq halada nadiskoitna

lomuhohtnax .nietsineg nad ,lomuhohtnaxosi ,

nakhotnocid tapad gnay nadiskoitna taz nagned HPPD aratna iskaer pahat agit adA

amatrep pahaT .)nadiskoitna( ralonefonom awaynes nagned HPPD aratna iskaer nagned

ilem ,tubesret awaynes helo isutitbusret gnay sugug adap nortkele utas isasilakoled itup

itupilem ayntukireb pahaT .HPPD iskuderem ktunu negordih mota nakirebmem naidumek

iskareb naka nad negordih lakidar refsnartnem naka gnay liskonef lakidar aratna isasiremid

aratna skelpmok nakutnebmep halada rihkaret pahaT .HPPD lakidar nagned ilabmekl

taz aratna skelpmok nupuam remid nakutnebmeP .HPPD lakidar nagned lira lakidar

rutkurts irad iskaer laisnetop nad nalibatsek adap gnutnagreb HPPD nagned nadiskitna

.aynlukelom

NPh

Ph

N

O2N

O2N

NO2

NPh

Ph

N

O2N

O2N

NO2

R- +

.5.3.3 iretkabitnA ijU

isartnesnoK gnineb /tabmah anoZ %52 mc 2,1 %05 mc 2,1 %57 mc 2,1

%001 mc 2,1 5 lebaT

sativitka iuhategnem tapad naujut nagned nakukalid ini iretkabitna naijugnep adaP

adap iretkabitna apareb rukugnem kutnu nakukalid iretkabitna ijU .lokgnej lepmas kartske

emsinagroorkim igab kefe nakirebmem tapad awaynes utaus isartnesnok uata isnetop raseb

.)6991 ,traD(

.raga isufid edotem halada ini iretkabitna naijugnep malad nakanugid gnay edoteM

aP isufidreb naupmamek sata nakrasadreb nakutnetid iretkabitna sativitka ,ini edotem ad

halada aynnatamagnep rasaD .iretkab nagned isalukoniid halet gnay raga nagnepmel adap

iju iretkab nahubmutrep adap kutnebret gnay tabmah anoz aynkadit ada tahilem nagned .

malA nahaB aimiK 82

adap lokgnej lepmas kartske gnineb/tabmah anoz atad tapadid natamagnep lisah iraD

lokgnej awhab nakkujnunem ini laH .mc2,1 halada %001 nad ;%57 ;%05 ;%52 isartnesnok

gnay naitilenep lisah helo taukrepid ini nanikgnumeK .iretkabitna gnudnagnem agudid

unem iagabes halada nial aratna ,taz gnudnagnem kaynab lokgnej namanat awhab nakkujn

kaynim ,tardihobrak ,1B nad A nimativ ,talokgnej masa ,rofsof ,muislak ,nietorp : tukireb

aneraK .adisokilg nad ninnat ,diorets ,dionepret ,dionovalf ,diolakla ,ninopas ,irista

taz nagnudnak - iagabes gnaulep nad kujnutep nakirebmem lokgnej akam ,sata id tubesret taz

tabo nahaB .)4991 ,ojotiP( ulal asam adap gnaro naktaafnamid halet gnay itrepes ,tabo nahab

nem gnay taz halada iretkabitnA .iretkabitna iagabes nakatakid asib inisid tabmahg

.)7002 ,inaiG( iskefni itabognem kutnu susuhk araces nakanugid nad iretkab nahubmutrep

turuneM .dionovalf halada iretkabitna tafisreb agudid gnay lokgnej malad aimik nagnudnaK

ytawamtaF ,.la te iretkabitna iagabes dionovalf ajrek emsinakem ,)9002( nagned utiay

gnidnid nagned nad turalret nad relulesartske nietorp nagned skelpmok kutnebmem

uggnaggnem nagned gnusgnal araces narepreb dionovalf halada nial nanikgnumeK .aborkim

novalf nialeS .aborkim les sulkis natabmahgnep nad emsinagroorkim les isgnuf ,dio

)4002( .R ,miaN .iretkabitna iagabes naknikgnumem aguj lokgnej gnudnakid gnay dionepret

.aozotorp nad suriv ,iretkab padahret fitka dionepret uata nepret awhab nakataynem

waynes agudid dionepret awaynes helo iretkab nahubmutrep natabmahgnep emsinakeM a

gnidnid raul narbmem adap )narbmemsnart nietorp( nirop nagned iskaereb naka dionepret

.nirop aynkasur naktabikagnem aggnihes tauk gnay remilop nataki kutnebmem iretkab les

ignarugnem naka ,isnatsbus aynkusam raulek utnip nakapurem gnay nirop aynkasuR

rep nagnarukek naka iretkab les naktabikagnem naka gnay iretkab les gnidnid satilibaem

.)8002 ,nawanuG( itam uata tabmahret iretkab nahubmutrep aggnihes isirtun

gnay gnineb/tabmah anoz anamid ,atad nalijnagek tapadret natamagnep lisah iraD

snok pait naklisahid irad isartnesnok iggnit nikames lahadaP .mc 2,1 inkay ,amas isartne

kutnebret gnay anoz raseb nikames naka akam akitoibitna ini laH .)3002 ,.ortupesojdiwD(

nad nagnabminep malad nahalasek idajret aynaratnaid ,rotcaf aparebeb anerak idajret

es narecnegnep .iauses kadit naklisahid gnay isartnesnok aggnih


kartskE CL 05 )mpp( lokgneJ 14,1 kurej nuaD 77

gnohaniB nuaD - gnekgneleK nuaD 99,94

6 lebaT

( TLSB ijU tseT ytilahteL pmirhS enirB nakanugid gnay satisiskot iju nakapurem )

gnay awaynes uata taz utaus irad sativitka iuhategnem kutnu naalumrep iju iagabes

malA nahaB aimiK 92

.inrum talosi utaus uata kartske utaus malad gnudnakret gnadu avral ini ilak mukitkarp adaP

sinej halada nakanugid gnay las aimetrA ani sesorp nad maj 84 rumureb halet gnay

malad nakkusamid nad marg 5,0 kaynabes halada nakanugid gnay gnadu rulet nahinebmep

isalumis iagabes nakukalid ini lah )ria retil1 malad marg 83( %83 radak nagned marag ria

.tual ria utiay gnadu ilsa tatibah irad dA haub kartske halada nakanugid gnay kartske nupa

adebreb gnay isartnesnok nagned natural taubid gnay lokgnej - ,0001 irad ialum utiay adeb

CL iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb ini laH .mpp 01 nad ,001 ,002 ,005 05 gnisam irad - gnisam

agabreb nagned tubesret kartske .isartnesnok i

utaus )nucar( kiskot radak iuhategnem kutnu halada satisiskot iju ayntakikah adaP

emsilobatem sesorp uggnaggnem gnay emsinagrorkim uata iretkab utaus adap awaynes

waynes rutkurts helo nakutnetid aguj satisiskoT .natahesek uggnaggnem nupuata taz nad a

rutkurts gnudnagnem gnay awayneS .mala nahab adap tapadret gnay fitka kilonef uata

upmam gnay rutkurts .negordih mota nakronodnem tapadret kiskot awaynes emsinakeM

les narbmem ,les gnidnid sisetnis tabmahgnem inkay ,natabmahgnep emsinakem iagabreb ,

.talof msa nad mosabir isgnuf ,taelkun masa sisetnis

CL naktapadid lokgnej kartske adaP 05 iju awhab nakkujnunem ini lah akam ,mpp 14,1

lokgnej kartskE .mpp 03< anerak kartske nakub lokgnej awaynes nakapurem ini satisiskot

ret kaynab hisam naktapadid gnay .inrum talosi naktapadnem muleb ,narupmac tapad

gnay mpp 99,94 gnekgnelek nuad kartske ,mpp 77 kurej nuad kartske nagned nakgnidnabiD

.talosi airetirk malad kusam

.7.3.3 malA nahaB awayneS isakifitnedI

kinket nakanuggnem nagned naabocrep nakukalem nakitkarp ini naabocrep adaP

naturalek atres isitrap ayad nad pares ayad naadebrep adap nakrasadreb ini naabocreP .CLT

nenopmok irad - nakitkarp uti kutnU .neule naralopek itukignem gnay aimik nenopmok

nakukalem nagnidnabrep nad neule isisopmok aparebeb nagned naabocrep aparebeb

: tukireb iagabes aynnaabocrep lisah nupadA .utnetret

)1:1( mroforolk + tatesa litE )1 rabmag(

rabmaG 3 98,0 = 5,4/4 : fR

malA nahaB aimiK 03

)1:1( notesa + mroforolK )2 rabmag(

rabmaG 4 = 5,4/1 : fR 22,0

N- )1:1( lonatE + naskeH

rabmaG 5 44,0 = 5,4/2 : fR

isisopmok iagabreb irad awhab itamaid tapad tubesret naabocrep lisah nakrasadreB

turalep nakanerakid inI .adebreb gnay fR ialin naklisahgnem nakanugid gnay turalep

p ayad nad pares ayad ikilimem nakhasimem kutnu naupmamek aggnihes adebreb gnay isitra

nenopmok - adaP .aynneule sinej irad naralopek itukignem adebreb naka aimik nenopmok

nagned halada lokgnej haub kartske adap kiabret nahasimep awhab itamaret naabocrep

ned tatesa lite neule nakanuggnem kutnU .98,0 rasebes fR ialin nagned )1 : 1( mroforolk nag

N utiay nial gnay neule isisopmok - ,44,0 rasebes fR ialin ikilimem )1 : 1( lonate + naskeH

.22,0 rasebes fR ialin )1: 1( notesa + mroforolk nad

kadebid tapad gnay tops tapadret kadit lokgnej kartskE tops kutnebret kadit anerak na

aggniheS .inrum muleb nad takep gnaruk lokgnej kartske nakanerakid ini laH .anraw nad

nakumenem muleb halada aynnial nanikgnumek nad ,kutnebret gnay tops tapadret kadit

kartske adap awaynes nakhasimem upmam lamitpo gnay neule .CLT id lokgnej

malA nahaB aimiK 13

V BAB

NARAS NAD NALUPMISEK

.1.5 nalupmiseK

naabocrep lisah iraD - : akam naabocrep

.a ijU kotif ej awhab naklupmisid tapad aimi awaynes gnudnagnem lokgn -

tukireb iagabes awaynes

diolokla awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ

awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ dionovalf

ninat awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ

ninopas awaynes gnudnagnem lokgneJ

.b radnats ihunemem muleb hisam lokgnej irad irista kaynim kisif iju lisaH

.irista kaynim gnatnet lanoisanretni iju nad lm/rg 108,0 naklisahid gnay sinej assaM

.923,1 saib skedni

.c CI awhab nakkujjnunem nadiskoitna ijU 05 hhuaj hisam ,mpp 8,112 lokgnej

.C nimativ irad nadiskoitna nagned nakgnidnabid

.d iretkabitna iagabes lamitpo utigeb gnaruk lokgnej kartskE

.e mpp 14,1 rasebes lokgnej kartske satisiskoT

.f awaynes isakifitnedI kutnebret kadit CLT nakanuggnem nagned mala nahab

tops

.2.5 naraS

,ini naitilenep nakukalem malaD imak kaynab hisam awhab iradaynem

nagnarukek - .ini repap nataubmep malad nagnarukek halada gnitnepret gnay naD

nahab isalosignem malad imak naupmamek nagnarukek aynminim hisam anerak mala

. imak nauhattegnep

nad nakusam kutnu nakitirk nad naras nakhutubmem imak ,uti anerak helO

.acabmep igab taafnamreb ini repap nakparahgnem imaK .ini repap naanrupmeynep

kater kat gnay gnidag ada kaT

malA nahaB aimiK 23

AKATSUP RATFAD

.6891 .lusmajS .rD .forP ,A nifirA K .malA nahaB kinagrO aimi akinuraK : atrakaJ

.akubreT satisrevinU

.3002 .D ,ortupesojdiwD rasaD - igoloiborkiM rasaD .atrakaJ .natabmajD .

.2891 .nednessef & nednesseF K diliJ kinagrO aimi II . aggnalrE :atrakaJ .

,nawanuG lanruJ ,)nniL irurin suhtnalyhP( narineM abreh adap iretkabitnA ,8002

13 .lah ,)22( II loV ,aimiK - 93

.0991 .dloraH ,traH K kinagrO aimi aggnalrE :atrakaJ .

.1102.LADNEK HPK M kitoskE abmiR namanaT sineJ isaulavE & gnirotiino .

ladneK .nainatreP

,4002 ,.R ,miaN namanat irad iretkabitna awayneS , h moc.sapmok.www//:ptt ,.

,4991 ,.S ,ojotiP aynnataafnameP nad ayadiduB :lokgneJ ,31 ,suisinaK :tibreneP ,

atrakaygoY ,81 ,71

A R akE nad edeD ,radnakuS .2102 .kkd , P malA nahaB aimiK mukitkarP kujnute .

trakaJ hallutayadiH firayS NIU TSF aimiK : a

malA nahaB aimiK 33

NARIPMAL

nagnutihreP lisaH naabocreP

.1 nad iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU neR nemed .a iristA kayniM kisiF tafiS ijU

saib skednI >>

N lepmas 923,1 =

7,92 =uhuS oC

52 adap saib skednI o N = C lepmas T( 4000,0 habmatid - )52 habmatid923,1 =

7,92 ( 4000,0 - 8033,1 = )52

sineJ assaM ijU >>

marg 5317,32 = )gnosok retemonkip( 1G

marg 3022,84 =)sedauqahabmatidretemonkip( 2G

marg 0134,34 =)lepmashabmatidretemonkip( 3G

3G =d - 2G /1G - 508,0 = 1G

=sinej assaM T( 8000,0 habmatidd - )52 03 ( 8000,0 habmatid 508,0 = - )52

mc/rg 108,0 = 3

lohocla nagned naturaleK ijU >>

.gnidnabmep natural nagned gnidnabid hurek hibel lepmas nahurekeK

.2 :1 hinrej naturaL

nemedneR .b

% 𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒓 �𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒃 𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒉 𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒑 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒌

𝒆𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒗 𝒍𝒂𝒘𝒂

% 𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒓 �𝟑 𝒓𝒈

𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒍𝒎 𝒙 𝟎𝟎𝟏 %

% 𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒓 � 𝟑 %

malA nahaB aimiK 43

.2 CI 05 lokgnej nadiskoitna iju

CI 05 akam )x( x051,0 = y habmatid 32,81

𝑿 =𝟎𝟓 − 𝟖𝟏 . 𝟑𝟐

𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏

𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐 . 𝟖 𝒎𝒑𝒑

.3 satisiskoT ijU

pudiH isalumukA itaM isalumukA isartnesoK

)mpp( lotoB lepmaS isartnesnoK

)mpp( lotoB lepmaS

A B A B 01 01 11 01 9 3 001 9 4 001 81 11 002 8 2 002 72 02 005 7 1 005 33 92 0001 3 0 0001 04 93

itaM gnadu satilatroM esatnesorP

A lepmaS = mpp 01 9

9 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 01𝑥 001 % =

%63,74 = mpp 001 81

81 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ9𝑥 001 % =

%66,66 mpp 002 = 72


%41,77 mpp 005 = 33

33 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 72𝑥 001 % =

%5,28 =mpp0001 04

04 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ3𝑥 001 %

%30,39=

B lepmaS = mpp 01 3

3 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 11𝑥 001 % =

%34,12 = mpp001 11


%33,37 = mpp002 02

2 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 02𝑥 001 % =

%10,09 =mpp005 92

1 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 92𝑥 001 % =

%76,69 =mpp0001 93

0 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 93𝑥 001 %

%001=

32,81 + x051,0 = y179,0 = ²R

0010203040506070809

0 001 002 003 004 005

)%( isibihnI

)mpp( isartnesnoK

I isibihnn

isibihnni

)isibihnni( raeniL

malA nahaB aimiK 53

ataR - itam isalumuka atar = mpp 01 74 , 63 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 12 , 34 %

2 43 = , % 93

mpp 001 = 66 , 66 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 37 , 33 %2

% 69,96 =

mpp 002 = 77 , 41 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 09 , 10 %2

% 75,38 =

mpp 005 = 28 ,5% 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 69 , 762

% 85,98 =

mpp 0001 = 39 , 30 % 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑑 ℎ 001 %2

% 15,69 =

nagned satilatroM avruK isartnesnok gol

x55,13 = y habmatid 683,5

CL 05 = 05 −5, 68313 , 55

mpp 14,1 =

kartskE CL 05 )mpp( lokgneJ 14,1 kurej nuaD 77

gnohaniB nuaD - gnekgneleK nuaD 99,94

iretkaB itnA ijU .4

isartnesnoK /tabmah anoZ

gnineb %52 mc 2,1 %05 mc 2,1 %57 mc 2,1

%001 mc 2,1

683,5 + x55,13 = y779,0 = ²R

0

02

04

06

08

001

021

0 1 2 3 4

itaM satilatro

M %

isartnesnok gol

CL 05 lokgneJ

1seireS

)1seireS( raeniL

malA nahaB aimiK 63

malA nahaB awayneS isakifitnedI .5

)1:1( mroforolk + tatesa litE )1 rabmag(

3 rabmaG 98,0 = 5,4/4 : fR

)1:1( notesa + mroforolK )2 rabmag(

4 rabmaG 22,0 = 5,4/1 : fR

N- )1:1( lonatE + naskeH

5 rabmaG 44,0 = 5,4/2 : fR

malA nahaB aimiK 73

2 NARIPMAL

ajreK rudesorP

isaresaM .a

.b isatelkoS

malA nahaB aimiK 73

2 NARIPMAL

ajreK rudesorP

isaresaM .a

.b isatelkoS

malA nahaB aimiK 73

2 NARIPMAL

ajreK rudesorP

isaresaM .a

.b isatelkoS

malA nahaB aimiK 83

isalitsiD

ijU 3.3.3 - iju

aimikotiF ijU 1.3.3.3

.g diolaklA ijU

namanat kartskE lm 4 kaynabes

malad ek nakusamid.iskaer gnubat

lepmaS namanat gnay halet gnirek nad,sulah naidumek gnabmitid kaynabes 05 marg malad

saleg alaip . haleteS uti lepmas nakhadnipid ek maladubal isalitsid 005 lm .

eK malad lepmas nakhabmatid tsedauqa iapmas huruleslepmas ,madnret arik arik 052 lm nad kudaid nagned

anrupmes .

haleteS ,uti ubal isalitsid id gnasap . ubaL naksanapidiapmas hididnem amales hibel gnaruk 3 maj . taaS

,naksanapid ubal ilakeses kudaid nad isalitsid nakitnehidalib ria id malad ubal laggnit tikides nagnaj( iapmas

)gnirek .

malA nahaB aimiK 83

isalitsiD

ijU 3.3.3 - iju


.g diolaklA ijU

lCH lm 5,0 nakhabmatiD gnubat malad ek % 2

haleteS .tubesret igabid nad xetrovid ,uti

.gnubat aud malad ek

amatrep gnubaT2 nakhabmatid - setet 3

.ffrodnegarD negaeR napadne fitisop lisah(

gnubat nad )aggnij2 nakhabmatid audek - 3

reyaM negaeR setet napadne fitisop lisah(

.)gninuk

lepmaS namanat gnay halet gnirek nad,sulah naidumek gnabmitid kaynabes 05 marg malad

saleg alaip . haleteS uti lepmas nakhadnipid ek maladubal isalitsid 005 lm .

eK malad lepmas nakhabmatid tsedauqa iapmas huruleslepmas ,madnret arik arik 052 lm nad kudaid nagned

anrupmes .



)gnirek .

acabiD emulov kaynim irista malad gnupmanep ubal()reyemnelre . isalitsiD nakukalid nagnalugnep kaynabes 3

ilak nad radak kaynim irista nakataynid malad esatnesreptobob/emulov nagned sumur M/V x 001 % anamid V

halada emulov kaynim )lm( nad M halada tobob lepmas .

malA nahaB aimiK 83

isalitsiD

ijU 3.3.3 - iju


.g diolaklA ijU

amatrep gnubaT2 nakhabmatid - setet 3

.ffrodnegarD negaeR napadne fitisop lisah(

gnubat nad )aggnij2 nakhabmatid audek - 3

reyaM negaeR setet napadne fitisop lisah(

.)gninuk



)gnirek .

acabiD emulov kaynim irista malad gnupmanep ubal()reyemnelre . isalitsiD nakukalid nagnalugnep kaynabes 3

ilak nad radak kaynim irista nakataynid malad esatnesreptobob/emulov nagned sumur M/V x 001 % anamid V

halada emulov kaynim )lm( nad M halada tobob lepmas .

malA nahaB aimiK 93

.h dionovalF ijU

.i dioretS nad dionepretirT ijU

.j noniuK ijU

.k ninaT ijU

namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid

2 kaynabes iskaer gnubat.lm

2 kaynabes namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid lm

.iskaer gnubat


malad ek nakkusamid.iskaer gnubat

lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE gnubat malad ek nakkusamid

.iskaer

malA nahaB aimiK 93

.h dionovalF ijU


.j noniuK ijU

.k ninaT ijU

namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid

2 kaynabes iskaer gnubat.lm

kubres tikides nakhabmatiD gnubat malad ek gM

% 2 lCH lm 1 nad tubesret nad asub lubmit akij fitisop(

gnineb anrawreb - .)eynaro

2 kaynabes namanat kartskE malad ek nakusamid lm

.iskaer gnubat

setet aparebeb nakhabmatiDnamrebiL negaeR - ek drahcruB

akij fitisop( tubesret gnubat malad nicnic kutnebmem dionepretirt

diorets nad teloiv uata natalkocek.)uajih anrawreb


malad ek nakkusamid.iskaer gnubat

malad ek N2 HOaN nakhabmatiD nad tubesret iskaer gnubat

.)harem anrawreb fitisop( kocokid

lm 2 kaynabes namanat kartskE gnubat malad ek nakkusamid

.iskaer

2 nakhabmatiD - % 1 3lCeF setet 3 nad tubesret gnubat malad ek uajih anrawreb fitisop( kocokid

.)atnit urib uata namatihek

malA nahaB aimiK 93

.h dionovalF ijU


.j noniuK ijU

.k ninaT ijU

kubres tikides nakhabmatiD gnubat malad ek gM

% 2 lCH lm 1 nad tubesret nad asub lubmit akij fitisop(

gnineb anrawreb - .)eynaro

setet aparebeb nakhabmatiDnamrebiL negaeR - ek drahcruB

akij fitisop( tubesret gnubat malad nicnic kutnebmem dionepretirt

diorets nad teloiv uata natalkocek.)uajih anrawreb

malad ek N2 HOaN nakhabmatiD nad tubesret iskaer gnubat

.)harem anrawreb fitisop( kocokid

2 nakhabmatiD - % 1 3lCeF setet 3 nad tubesret gnubat malad ek uajih anrawreb fitisop( kocokid

.)atnit urib uata namatihek

malA nahaB aimiK 04

.l ninopaS ijU

2.3.3.3 kisiF ijU

saiB skednI ijU .a

gnabmitid sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad marg 1 kaynabes

.iskaer

gnubat malad ek lm 5 kaynabes tsedauqa nakhabmatiD ria sagnanep malad naksanapid ,uti haleteS .tubesret

.tinem 5 amales

iapmas nakmaidid nad gnirasid helorepid gnay nariaC iapmas tauk nagned kocokid uti haleteS .nignid kaga.)tinem 01 amales libats asub akij fitisop( asub lubmit

retemotkarfer amsirP nagned nakhisrebid

lonate

naksetetid lepmaS gnay amsirp adap

hisreb nad gnirek

amsirP naktaparid iapmas uggnut nad

patet lepmas uhus

rutagnemnagneD helorepid naka edils

aratna satab sirag nad paleg gnay gnadib

gnaret


hisreb nad gnirek

aretret gnay ialin acabiD hawab naigab rayal adap

( aynuhus tatacid nad 52 asib skednI o n = C

4000,0 habmatid t( - )52

malA nahaB aimiK 04

.l ninopaS ijU

2.3.3.3 kisiF ijU

saiB skednI ijU .a

gnabmitid sulah nad gnirek halet gnay namanat lepmaS gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad marg 1 kaynabes

.iskaer


.tinem 5 amales



lonate


hisreb nad gnirek


patet lepmas uhus



gnaret


hisreb nad gnirek



4000,0 habmatid t( - )52

malA nahaB aimiK 04

.l ninopaS ijU

2.3.3.3 kisiF ijU

saiB skednI ijU .a


.tinem 5 amales



lonate


hisreb nad gnirek


patet lepmas uhus



gnaret


hisreb nad gnirek



4000,0 habmatid t( - )52

malA nahaB aimiK 14

.b sineJ asaM ijU

.c lonatE malad naturalek ijU

retemonkiP nagned nakhisrebid

rete nad lonate

gnirek haleteS gnabmitid retemonkip

itilet nagned

nakisiid sedaukA ulal ,aret satab iapmas nakpulecid retemonkip

ria saggnanep adap 02 uhus o pututid nad c

gnabmitiDitilet nagned

retemonkiP icucid ulal nakgnosokid

rete nad lonate nagned

gnirek haleteS nakisiid retemonkip satab iapmas lepmas

aret

retemonkiP nakpulecid ria saggnanep malad ek

02 uhus adap o nad cpututid

itilet nagned gnabmitiD adap sinej assam (

52 uhus o d = ct( 8000,0 habmatid - )52

)

naturalek ijU malad nakanuggnem lonate

nad %69 lonategnidnabmep natural

gnidnabmep naturaL Lm 5,0 nakapurem

ONgA 3 malad ek N 1,0 utas nad N 2000,0 lCaN

ONH setet 3 )%52(

kaynim Lm 1 ek naktapmetid malad

nad Lm 01 ruku saleg imed setet nakhabmatid

%69 lonate setetes

iapmas kocokiD natural helorepid

.gnineb

gnineb kadit aliB nakgnidnabid

nagned aynnahurekek natural nagned

gnidnabmep

malA nahaB aimiK 24

nadiskoitnA ijU 2.3.3.3

HPPD“ sativitka ijU .a regnevacs lacidar eerf ”

.b ifargotuaoiB araces HPPD sativitka ijU

lisah kartskE gnabmitid natakemep

nad rg 1 nakturalid lonatem Lm 02 malad

)mpp 0002(

taubid lepmas naturaL isartnesnok iagabreb

,004 ,002 ,001 ,05()mpp 0061 nad ,008

gnisaM - gnisam Lm 2 tepipid lepmas ek nakkusamid nad.iskaer gnubat malad

Lm 2 nakhabmatiD %200,0 HPPD

r malad nakukal( gnau paiT .)paleg

taubid isartnesnokolpud

lepmas naturaL iapmas kocokid

nad negomoh uhus adap isabukniid

73 o tinem 03 amales C

nagned rukuiDVU retemotofotkeps -

gnajnap( siV = HPPD gnabmoleg

)mn 715

CI helo ilikawem gnay isibihni ialiN 05 : sumur nagned gnutihid

𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑃 𝑛𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖 � 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑠

𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑏𝐴 𝑜𝑘𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑥 001 %

lisaH asilana lepmas CLKtalitsid/kartske

% 200,0 nagned naktorpmesiD nagned nakturalid gnay HPPD

lonatem

nakkujnunem fitisop lisaH anraw nahaburep aynada

aggnij idajnem ugnu

malA nahaB aimiK 34

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