Azas Azas Kajian Lingkungan

7/17/2019 Azas Azas Kajian Lingkungan

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/azas-azas-kajian-lingkungan 1/88oughborough University, 2004

AZAS DASAR

KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN

Smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub2013

Bahan Kajian

MK. Kajian Lingkungan dan

Pembangunan



ENV!"NMEN#$L S%EN%E

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science

En&i'onmen(al s)ien)e is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical

and biological sciences, (including but not limited to Ecology, hysics, !hemistry,

"iology, #oil #cience, $eology, %tmospheric #cience and $eography& to the study of

the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.

Environmental science provides an integrated, 'uantitative, and interdisciplinary

approach to the study of environmental systems.

Environmental scientists work on subects like the

understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative

energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural

resource management, and the effects of global climate

change.

Environmental issues almost always include an interaction

of physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the

analysis of environmental problems.

)ey elements of an effective environmental scientist include

the ability to relate space, and time relationships as well as

'uantitative analysis.



*ha( is (he de+ini(ion o+ en&i'onmen(al s)ien)e,a mi* of human, social and environmental geography

+ead more: http://wiki.answers.com//Definition_of_environmental_science_in_detail-i*0v1sgc)r

Diunduh dari:

ENV!"NMEN#$L S%EN%E-

the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and theirenvironment.

ENV!"NMEN#$L S%EN%E-

the branch of science concerned with the physical, chemical, and biological

conditions of the environment and their effect on organisms.

ENV!"NMEN#$L S%EN%E is the study of environmental systems. 2t interprets

the impact of human actions on terrestrial and a'uatic ecosystems, and developsstrategies for restoring ecosystems. 2t also helps planners develop and construct

buildings, transportation corridors, and utilities that protect water resources and

reflect efficient and beneficial land use.

ENV!"NMEN#$L S%EN%E is the study of how living things impact the non3

living things of the earth like the water supply and air 'uality and how we need to

protect or restore areas of the planet.

ENV!"NMEN#$L S#/ES is (he bod o+ knoledge related to the

interactions between people and the natural world and is an important ingredient of a

liberal education.

ENV!"NMEN#$L S#/ES is the interdisciplinary academic field which

systematically studies human interaction with the environment in the interests of

solving comple* problems. 2t is a broad field of study that includes also the natural

environment, built environment, and the sets of relationships between them. 4he fieldencompasses study in basic principles of ecology and environmental science, as well

as associated subects such as ethics, policy, politics, law, economics, philosophy,

environmental sociology and environmental ustice, planning, pollution control and

natural resource management. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies



*$# S ENV!"NMEN#$L S#/ES,

Diunduh dari: http://www.kingsu.ca/academic3programs/maors/environmental3studies.html

Environmental #tudies is concerned with the interactions between human beings and

the environment. 2t is interdisciplinary in the sense that the field is related to many

branches of the natural and human sciences and environmental studies graduates go

on to address many interdisciplinary problems.

4opics in Environmental #tudies include:

#ustainability and development5

Environmental ustice5

"iological conservation5

Environmental theology5

6atural and environmental history5Environmental ethics5 environmental thought5

Environmental sociology and psychology5 human ecology5

#ocial movements and political ecology5 environmental education and

communication5

+isk policy and perception5

Environmental policy and law5

6ative studies5 animal rights and welfare5

4echnology and cultural studies5

$ender, labour, race and the environment5

2nternational development5

ublic participation5

Ecocriticism5 deep ecology5 and environmental literature.



B"/VE!S# %"NSE!V$#"N

Diunduh dari: http://www.biodiversitybc.org/E6/main/where/707.html

4here is general agreement among e*perts that prevention is the key to the

conservation of biodiversity. 2t costs far more to repair damage to biodiversity than it

does to incorporate biodiversity conservation into planning and development. 4he

key to prevention is understanding the ecological concepts and principles of

biodiversity and how to apply this understanding to the conservation of biodiversity.

#he Value o+ Biodi&e'si("iodiversity refers to the variety of species and ecosystems that have co3evolved over thousands of

years and the comple* ecological processes that link them together and sustain the whole. %s the

name suggests, biological diversity includes diversity within species (genetic diversity&, diversity

between species and diversity of ecosystems.

4here is an obvious relationship between healthy ecosystems and human well3being. "iodiversity is

far more than the natural capital for ".!.8s resource3based economy. #pecies diversity is the source

of food, building materials, energy and medicines and of services such a pollination, waste

assimilation and water filtration. $enetic diversity within species makes possible the commercial

breeding of higher3yield and disease3resistant plants and animals, and allows for adaptation to

changing climatic conditions. Ecosystem diversity, in addition to fostering species and genetic

diversity, enhances our 'uality of life through recreation, aesthetic enoyment, and spiritual

enrichment opportunities.



/E4NN5 SS#$N$BLE /EVEL"PMEN#

Diunduh dari: http://www.hydro'uebec.com/sustainable3development/approche/definir.html

2n the Sustainable Development Act , passed in 99, the u;bec government adopted

the "rundtland +eport8s definition with the following elaboration:

<#ustainable development is based on a long3term approach which takes into account

the ine*tricable nature of the environmental, social and economic dimensions of

development activities.<

Sustainable development pillars and development objectives

PillarsObjectives

Sustainability Equity Diversification Collaboration

EconomyProduce long-lastingspinoffs.

Promote interregionaland intergenerationalequity.

Respect te diversityof economicstructures.

Develop umancapital.

SocietyRespond to presentand future socialneeds.

Promote social andinterpersonal equity.

Respect localidentities.

Develop participationand partnersip.

EnvironmentPrevent tedestruction of naturalresources.

Promote equalaccess toenvironmentalassets.

Promote diversity inte biopysical andumanenvironments.

Developenvironmentala!areness.

"dapted from #arrue$ Corinne$ %valuation environnementale pr&alable des contrats de plan %tat-R&gion etdocuments uniques de programmation '(((-'(()$ minist*re de l+"m&nagement du territoire et de

l+Environnement$ ,rance$ .

#ustainable development concept

/Sus(ainable/ Environmental studies and measures/ %greements with communities/ Energy efficiency

/Li&able

/ rotection of biodiversity/ =itigation measures/ =ultipurpose use of facilities

/E6ui(able

/ #ervices adapted to specific clienteles/ +egional economic spinoffs/ artnering arrangements

/Viable

/ +euse of insulating oil/ +ecovery of poles



*$S#E M$N$5EMEN#

Diunduh dari: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/$>3913?13@?@3E63!/chapter1h.html

!oncern over the possible human health effects, resulting from e*posure to

haardous substances disposed to landfill sites, has driven the need for the

application of risk assessment to such scenarios. articularly of concern is the fact

that e*isting haardous waste sites may not have been designed with sufficiently

preventative considerations for human health or the environment in mind.

4he re'uirement, therefore, is to carry out risk assessments on a site3specific basis

with the obective of determining the risks to which the human population and the

environment are e*posed. 2t is also possible and desirable to include risk assessment

in the design process and planning stage of future disposal sites.

!onceptual model of landfill e*posure sources and environmental pathways

(source 3 etts, A and Edulgee, $. Environmental 2mpact %ssessment for Baste

4reatment and Disposal Cacilities. p ?. Aohn Biley and #ons, !hichester. 7??&



AZAS DASAR ILULINGKUNGAN

$S$S 1- KEKEK$L$N ENE!5

7KM #E!M"/N$MK$ 8

Semua ene'gi ang memasuki sebuah

o'ganisme hidup9 populasi a(au

ekosis(em dapa( dianggap sebagai

ene'gi ang disimpan a(au ene'gi

ang dilepaskan.

Ene'gi dapa( diubah da'i sa(u ben(uk

ke ben(uk ang lain (e(api (idak

dapa( hilang9 dihan)u'kan a(audi)ip(akan.

Diunduh dari:



AZAS DASAR ILU LINGKUNGAN

Penge'(ian-

$sas ini adalah sebena'na se'upa dengan hukum #he'modinamika 9 ang sanga( +undamen(al dalam LM +isika

$sas ini dikenal sebagai hukum konse'&asi ene'gi dalam

pe'samaan ma(ema(ika.

Diunduh dari: http://nwcommunityenergy.org/biogeo/efficiency/

%onse'&a(ion and E++i)ien)

Energy conservation and

energy efficiency are presentl

the most powerful tools in ou

transition to a clean energy

future. %s depicted in theEnergy yramid, renewable

energy is an important piece o

our energy future, but the

largest opportunities are

currently in energy

conservation and efficiency.

%lthough the focus of this

website is on renewable

energy, we strongly encourag

communities first evaluate an

implement energy conservatio

and efficiency.




%on(oh-

Banakna kalo'i9 ene'gi ang (e'buang dalam ben(uk makanan

diubah oleh jasad hidup menjadi ene'gi un(uk (umbuh9

be'biak9 menjalankan p'oses me(abolisme9 dan ang (e'buang

sebagai panas.

Ene'g : 4ood )hain

Sola' ene'g is )on&e'(ed in(o )hemi)al ene'g 7in (he +o'm o+ suga'8 (h'ough (he

p'o)ess o+ pho(osn(hesis9 hi)h is pe'+o'med b plan(s and o(he' pho(osn(he(i)

o'ganisms 7e.g.9 )anoba)(e'ia8. #his is h e )all plan(s and o(he' pho(osn(he(i)

o'ganisms p'odu)e's.

; So (he ene'g ('ans+o'ma(ion p'o)ess s(a'(ed +'om (he p'odu)e'.

Diunduh dari: http://www0.ntu.edu.sg/home/c*guo/energyecosystem_files/main.html

hotosynthesis is the conversion

of light energy into chemical

energy by living organisms.

4he raw materials are carbondio*ide and water, the energy

source is sunlight, and the end3

products include glucose and

o*ygen.

2t is arguably the most importan

biochemical pathway, since nearl

all life depends on it. 2t is acomple* process occurring in

higher plants, phytoplankton,

algae, as well as bacteria such a

cyanobacteria.

Crom:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hotosynthes



Ene'g 4lo #h'ough E)oss(ems

Diunduh dari: http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/te*t.phpFunitGsec6umG0

Ecosystems maintain themselves by cycling energy and nutrients obtained from

e*ternal sources. %t the first trophic level, primary producers (plants, algae, and some

bacteria& use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis.

>erbivoresHanimals that feed solely on plantsHmake up the second trophic level.redators that eat herbivores comprise the third trophic level5 if larger predators are

present, they represent still higher trophic levels.

Irganisms that feed at several trophic levels (for e*ample, grily bears that eat

berries and salmon& are classified at the highest of the trophic levels at which they

feed. Decomposers, which include bacteria, fungi, molds, worms, and insects, break

down wastes and dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil.

4he low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels makes decomposers generallymore important than producers in terms of energy flow. Decomposers process large

amounts of organic material and return nutrients to the ecosystem in inorganic form,

which are then taken up again by primary producers. Energy is not recycled during

decomposition, but rather is released, mostly as heat (this is what makes compost piles

and fresh garden mulch warm&. Cigure shows the flow of energy (dark arrows& and

nutrients (light arrows& through ecosystems.



P'amid o+ ene'g

Diunduh dari: http://www.ust.hk/Jwebpepa/pepa/lecture_notes/ecosystem/inde*.htm

#ince, energy will transfer from

the lower level into the higher

level 79 times lesser than the

lower one. 4his is a fact.

4herefore, the pyramid will neve be inverted. 4his is the best way

to represent the pyramid of food

chain.

Ene'g ('ans+e'

nergy Clow 3 is an one3way process in ecosystems 3 in order to persist, ecosystems re'uireconstant input of energy.

"efore we go on to talk about the biological energy transfer system, we need to know the

asic knowledge of the physical chemical level of energy transfer 3 thermodynamic ( therm

G energy, dynamic G movement & 3 the study of energy transfer.

Cirst law of thermodynamics:

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but is only transformed.

2n any process, the total energy of a closed system remains constant.Kou cannot get something from nothing.

#econd law of thermodynamics:

%ny closed system tends spontaneously toward increasing disorder (disordered energy G

entropy&.

2n any energy conversion some energy is transferred to the surroundings as heat.

6o real process can be 799L efficient.

4here can never be a perpetual motion machine.



#he +lo and ('ans+e' o+ ene'g2n ecosystems, the original source of energy is light from the sun.

Inly green plants, which contain chlorophyll can trap light energy and convert this to

chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis.

Diunduh dari: http://www.westone.wa.gov.au/k3

lrcd/learning_areas/bio_science/bio7b/content/997_ecosystems/page_9.htm

>ow energy enters an ecosystem

4he diagram below shows how energy enters an ecosystem as light which is capturedand converted into the chemical energy of food.

During photosynthesis

the chlorophyll traps

energy from sunlight.

4his energy is used to

combine water and

carbon dio*ide to produce

glucose and o*ygen.

4he glucose is used by

the plant to make new

materials and to supplyenergy for growth. 4he

o*ygen is released into

the atmosphere.

4he captured energy in

plant material becomes

the ultimate source of

food, because animalseither eat plants or other

animals.



>ow energy leaves an ecosystem

Diunduh dari: http://www.westone.wa.gov.au/k3

lrcd/learning_areas/bio_science/bio7b/content/997_ecosystems/page_9.htm

Energy, unlike matter, is not recycled and does not remain in an ecosystem.

#ome of the energy is used to drive the chemical reactions of the body that

keep the organism alive. Cor e*ample, during life processes such as

respiration some energy is used, however, most of the energy is convertedinto heat which is released.

2n this way most of the energy that enters an ecosystem as light leaves the

ecosystem as heat.

% one way flow of energy occurs in all ecosystems as energy is transferred

from one organism to another as shown below.

Ligh( ene'g < $u(o('ophs < e(e'o('ophs < ea( ene'g

=ost of the energy that enters an ecosystem as light leaves the ecosystem

as heat.




$S$S 2-#ak ada sis(em pengubahan ene'gi ang

be(ul=be(ul e+isien.

Penge'(ian-

$sas ini (ak lain adalah hukum

#he'modinamika 9

ni be'a'(i ene'gi ang (ak pe'nahhilang da'i alam

'aa9 (e(api ene'gi (e'sebu( akan (e'us

diubah

/alam ben(uk ang ku'angbe'man+aa(.

Diunduh dari:



Ene'g Mo&emen( in E)oss(ems- #'ophi) : Ene'g

P'amid

Diunduh dari: http://schoolworkhelper.net/977/97/energy3movement3in3ecosystems3

trophic3energy3pyramid/

Ene'g P'amid

yramid of Energy Clow

79L passed on to ne*t level (a lot energy is lost as >E%4 or to fuel preyMs bodily

functions&%t each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used

in metabolism

4his energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem

Eventually, all energy is released as heat

Numbe's and Biomass P'amids

2n a forest ecosystem, the tiny plant3feeding insects in the second trophic level

outnumber the trees in the first trophic level.>owever, the biomass of all the trees is much greater than the biomass of herbivores.



Ene'g ('ans+e'

Diunduh dari:tp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesie/science/7c/life_on_earth/species_interdepende

cerev.shtml

%nimals cannot make their own food so they have to eat. 4his is one way in which

energy is transferred between organisms in an ecosystem. 4he energy is used for a

number of life processes.

2n a food chain only around 79 per cent of the energy is passed on to the ne*t level.

4he rest of the energy passes out of the food chain in a number of ways:7. via heat energy

. is used for life processes (for e*ample movement&

0. uneaten parts that pass to decomposers

. is e*creted and passes to decomposers.

%s less energy is transferred at each level of the food chain, the number of organisms

at each level gets smaller.

Pe')en(age e++i)ien) o+ ene'g ('ans+e'

%n e*ample of energy flow through an ecosystem is shown below.




$S$S 3

Ma(e'i9 ene'gi9 'uang9 ak(u9 dan

keaneka'agaman9 (e'masuk

ka(ego'i sumbe'daa alam.

Penge'(ian-

engubahan energi oleh sistem biologi

harus berlangsung pada kecepatanyang sebanding dengan adanya

materi dan energi di lingkungan nya.

engaruh ruang secara asas adalah

beranalogi dengan materi dan energisebagai sumberdaya alam.




%on(oh-

!uang ang sempi(- dp( mengganggu p'oses pembiakan o'ganisme dg

kepada(an (inggi.!uang ang (e'lalu luas- ja'ak an(a' indi&idu dalam populasi semakin jauh

kesempa(an be'(emu an(a'a jan(an dan be(ina semakin ke)il sehingga

pembiakan akan (e'ganggu.

>auh deka(na ja'ak sumbe' makanan akan be'penga'uh (e'hadap

pe'kembangan populasi.

Diunduh dari: http://www.eco3pros.com/life3sus.htm

6ature provides us with many resources

%ll the natural resources and

ecosystems need to work

together as a whole3earth

regeneration system, to produc

the o*ygen, fresh water, food,

and proper temperature in the

atmosphere that sustains our

lives.




*$K#

*ak(u sebagai sumbe' alam (idak me'upakan besa'an ang be'di'i sendi'

Misal hean mamalia di padang pasi'9 pada musim ke'ing (ibape'sediaan ai' habis di lingkunganna9 maka ha'us be'pindah ke lokas

ang ada sumbe' ai'na.

Be'hasil a(au (idakna hean be'mig'asi (e'gan(ung pada adana )ukup

ak(u dan ene'gi un(uk menempuh ja'ak lokasi sumbe' ai'.

iunduh dari: http://www.springerimages.com/2mages/+##/7379.7991_s70@?@39773990N3

+ichards growth function for cumulative emergence (L& of pedunculate oak seedlings. 4he

mean is shown for all provenances combined for each of the five e*perimental treatments (

O untreated control, O cutting off the scar of the pericarp and seed testa (D!&, 0 O cutting

off of 7/@ of the distal end of acorns, O cutting off 7/ of the distal end of acorns, @ O

cutting off /0 of the distal end of acorns&

%onse6uen)es o+ )u((ing

o++ dis(al ends o+

)o(ledons o+ ?ue')us'obu' a)o'ns be+o'e

soing

by $iertych, =arian A.5

#uska, Aan

%nnals of Corest

#cience 977 Vol. N

ssue




BIO-DIVERSITAS

Keaneka'agaman juga me'upakan sumbe'daa alam.

Semakin be'agam jenis makanan sua(u spesies semakin

ku'ang bahaana apabila menghadapi pe'ubahan

lingkungan ang dapa( memusnahkan sumbe'

makananna.

Diunduh dari: http://ricehoppers.net/99?/77/communicating3biodiversity3and3ecological3

engineering3to3farmers/

+elationship between biodiversity, ecological engineering and stakeholders

%ommuni)a(ing

biodi&e'si( and

e)ologi)al

enginee'ing (o

+a'me's

M.M. Escalada and

Ho Van Chien

Department of

Development

Communication

Visayas State

University



sing (he 'igh( plan(ing densi( is )'i(i)al +o' op(imum ield

and 'e&enue +o' &ege(able )'opsosted on >une 19 2011 by Ma(hieu Ngouajio, =ichigan #tate Pniversity

E*tension, Department of >orticulture

Diunduh dari:tp://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/using_the_right_planting_density_is_critical_for_optimum_

eld_and_revenue/

sing plan(ing densi( (o ma@imiAe e)onomi) &alue o+ (he )'op- #he )ase o+ pi)kling

)u)umbe'rofitability of pickling cucumber (as is the case for many other crops& is not ust a

function of total fruit weight, but is also dependent on seed cost and fruit selling price.

4herefore, seed cost should be included in the analyses of studies designed to identify

ptimum pickling cucumber densities. Bith an arbitrary @ percent margin of error, a study

conducted under our growing conditions showed that optimum economic value is

obtained with densities between 1,999 and 79,999 plants per acre (Cigure &.

Iptimum density for highest economic value varies depending on seed cost and

ucumber selling price. 4he higher the seed cost, the lower the optimum density. %lso, theower the selling price, the lower the optimum density. Ither factors that should be taken

into account include cultivars, growing conditions and timing of harvest.

E)onomi) &alue o+ pi)kling )u)umbe' as a++e)(ed b plan(ing densi(.



nsigh(s in(o plan( siAe=densi( 'ela(ionships +'om models an

ag'i)ul(u'al )'ops

Diunduh dari: http://www.pnas.org/content/79?//N99/C.e*pansion.html

$eometric relationships between planting distance, d 5 canopy radius, r 5 and plant height, h

( A& olar view of e'ually spaced plants whose canopies (shaded circles& do not intersect

because planting density is low or mature plants are small. ( B& %t higher densities,

ighboring canopies make contact and compete for resources5 at that point, the total numbe

of plants e'uals n An B, the planted area e'uals n An Br (where n A and n B are the numbers of

lants in the orthogonal dimensions of the planted field&, and the critical plant density, cri

'uals n An B/(n An Br & 7/∝ r . (C & #ide view of the canopies (with radii, r & of two neighborin plants at a fi*ed distance, d .

%s canopies increase in sie, their canopies begin to intersect (Center &. 4he intersecting

volume of neighboring canopies, V , e'uals twice the area of the segment of each circular

tersecting canopy, A se! , multiplied by height, h. ( D& olar views of neighboring plants sho

hat the chord between the two intersecting canopies in C is always located at d /, whereas

the area of the segments defined by the chord is a function of the angle Q ( "i!ht &.



$LLE %!"PPN5 PE!#$N$M$N L"!"N5

Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.phpFfuncGviewstyleGtype_idGidG9779N97N7printG7

)ang, ".4., $.C. Bilson and 4.R. Rawson. 7?N@. Alley Croppin!# an Alternative

to Shiftin! Cultivation. #pecial ublication, 2nternational 2nstitute of 4ropical

%griculture, 2badan, 6igeria.

Cast3growing, deep3rooted legume trees such as leucaena ( $eucaena

leucocephala& have been planted in double or single rows in 2ndonesia and

the hilippines by small3scale farmers on sloping lands to control erosion

(Rungren and 6air 7?N@&. Cood crops are then planted in the alleys between

the trees. eriodic pruning is needed to prevent shading of the food crops bythe tree canopy. Ince established, the trees facilitate terrace formation within

the alley.




$S$S C-n(uk semua ka(ego'i

sumbe'daa alam9 kalau

pengadaanna sudah men)apaiop(imum9 penga'uh uni(

kenaikanna se'ing menu'un

dengan penambahan

sumbe'daa alam i(u sampai ke

sua(u (ingka( maksimum.

Melampaui ba(as maksimum ini

(ak akan ada penga'uh angmengun(ungkan lagi.

Diunduh dari:




n(uk semua ka(ego'i sumbe'daa alam 7ke)uali keaneka'agaman dan ak(u8

kenaikan pengadaanna ang melampui ba(as maksimum9 bahkan akan

be'penga'uh me'usak ka'ena kesan pe'a)unan.

ni adalah asas penjenuhan.n(uk banak gejala se'ing be'laku kemungkinan penghan)u'an ang disebabkan ole

pengadaan sumbe'daa alam ang sudah mendeka(i ba(as maksimum.

Diunduh dari:

http://www.stanford.edu/group/C+2/indonesia/documents/foodpolicy/chapt0.fm.html

E++e)( o+ #e)hni)al %hange on 4e'(iliAe' se and ieldsCigure shows how this framework can help in understanding likely farmer reactions to

significant changes in the underlying technology available for rice production. 4he

development of modern fertilier3responsive seed varieties shifts the entire production

function up, allowing more output to be produced even with the same fertilier input. "ut

omething else has happened in the shift as well, for even at the same fertilier3to3rice pric

ratio a larger application of fertilier is now profitable. 4he optimal point is E< where I)

fertilier is used to produce I!< rice.




$sas C (e'sebu( (e'kandung a'(i baha pengadaan sumbe'daa alam

mempunai ba(as op(imum9 ang be'a'(i pula ba(as maksimum9 maupuba(as minimum . Pengadaan sumbe'daa alam akan mengu'angi daa

kegia(an sis(em biologi.

Diunduh dari: http://www.collaboration3llc.com/blog/97/9@/07/is3great3better3than3

4his is called the Raw of Diminishing +eturns. 4he key to success with this

theory is having the ability to identify whether the potential returns ustify the

nvestment (time, money, energy, etc.&. 2f they donMt, itMs your cue to be done andmove on to the ne*t proect.




%on(oh-

Pada keadaan lingkungan ang sudah s(abil9 populasi hean a(au

(umbuhanna )ende'ung naik=(u'un 7bukan naik (e'us a(au (u'un(e'us8.

Maksudna adalah akan (e'jadi pengin(ensi+an pe'juangan hidup9 bila

pe'sediaan sumbe'daa alam be'ku'ang.

#e(api sebalikna9 akan (e'dapa( ke(enangan kalau sumbe'daa alam

be'(ambah.

Diunduh dari: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookpopecol.html

P"PL$#"N E%"L"54a)(o's n+luen)ing Popula(ion 5'o(h

6early all populations will tend to grow e*ponentially as long as there are resources

available. =ost populations have the potential to e*pand at an e*ponential rate, since

eproduction is generally a multiplicative process. 4wo of the most basic factors that affec

the rate of population growth are the birth rate, and the death rate. 4he intrinsic rate of

increase is the birth rate minus the death rate.



E)oss(em ene'g9 nu('ien( and +ood pa(has

Diunduh dari: http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/scripter/geog799/lect/73ecosystems3

biomes/ecosystems3files/ecosystems.htm

No(i)e (he di'e)(ional a''os and

pa(has. ou should unde's(and (he

se6uen)es o+ Ene'g and Bio(i) and

$bio(i) )omponen(s.

1. *ha( a'e $bio(i) )omponen(s,

2. *ha( a'e Bio(i) )omponen(s,

3. *ha( is (he +undamen(al ene'g

sou')e,

C. o does (his ene'g sou')e &a' a(

di++e'en( lo)a(ions a'ound Ea'(h,

D. *he'e a'e Plan(s in (he +lo o+ene'g and ma(e'ials,

. *h a'e plan(s )alled (he P'odu)e's9

o' +o' mo'e emphasis9 (he P'ima'

P'odu)e's,

F. *ha( is mean( b %onsume's,

G. *ha( a'e e'bi&o'es,

H. *ha( a'e %a'ni&o'es,

10. *ha( a'e (he sou')es o+ Ene'g andMa(e'ials +o' (he p'e)eding,

11. *he'e do umans +i( in,

12. *ha( a'e (he impli)a(ions +o' ene'g

and spa)e e++i)ien)ies,

13. Biomass P'amids- E++i)ien) o+

he'bi&o'es &s. )a'ni&o'es 74ig 1=1C8

1C. *ha( a'e /e)ompose'sI ha( is (hei'

J'oleJ,1D. *h )an (he be )alled !e))le's,



E)oss(em Phsiolog-#he Plan(=Mi)'obe /an)e

Reslie >. )irkegaard

Diunduh dari: http://grow3orchid3grow.com/#cience_!orner/Ecosystem_hysiology__4he_lant3

=icrobe_Dance.html

"')hid E)oss(em "u(g'o(h4he outgrowth of the ecosystem in an orchid pot illustrates how microbes and plant engage each

other over time. 2t also shows how >yper3$rowth culture differs from conventional culture. Cigure

depicts the basic steps in the outgrowth of an ecosystem.Irchids are potted in a clean bark mi*ture. Irganic materials in the potting mi* serve as a potential

source of energy for ecosystem microbes. Ppon the addition of water3containing, mineral nutrients,

ecosystem microbes begin the race to e*ploit available energy foods. 2n the Cigure, this is labeled the

%wakening hase.

Cor any number of reasons a single, aggressive microbe3type will eventually emerge as the

predominant player. %s such, it basically defines the soil environment. 4his state, labeled in Sto*ic

redT is called the =ono3microbe ecosystem. Cor most orchids, this condition is unhealthy, and

fre'uently deadly. !onventional orchid growers avoid this condition by fre'uent re3potting.

Iver time as the primary food source becomes depleted, additional microbe3types will establishthemselves and begin to create a more balanced ecosystem. 4he conclusion of this =aturing hase

leads to a dynamically balanced, oly3microbe Ecosystem.



Biologi)al modi+ie's o+ ma'ine ben(hi) seas)apes- #hei' 'ole

as e)oss(em enginee'seter #. =eadows, %ra =eadows , Aohn =.>. =urray

$eomorphology. Uolumes 7@1O7@N, 7 Auly 97, ages 07ON

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/#97?@@@V77990@1

"enthic organisms in marine ecosystems modify the environment on different spatial

and temporal scales. 4hese modifications, many of which are initially at a microscale,are likely to have large scale effects on benthic seascapes. 4his is especially so if the

species are ecosystem engineers.

=ost species of infaunal and epifaunal invertebrates and macrophytes contribute at a

geophysical or geochemical level. =icroorganisms also play a key but currently

neglected role. 2n the intertidal and immediately sublittoral one, algae and

seagrasses, and mussels in mussel beds have received considerable attention. %

substantial fossil record also e*ists. =athematical modelling of these systems is stillin its infancy, although several sophisticated mathematical tools have been applied.

4he effects of bioturbation

and of microorganisms hav

been less studied, and littl

is known about the

activities of benthicorganisms in the deep sea

4his paper addresses all

these effects, and places

them in the conte*t of larg

scale benthic seascapes an

of the e*tensive literature

on species defined as

ecosystem engineers in thsea.




$S$S D-

$da dua jenis sumbe'daa alam

dasa'9 ai(u sumbe'daa alam

ang pengadaanna dapa(

me'angsang penggunaan

se(e'usna9 dan ang (idakmempunai daa 'angsang

penggunaan lebih lanju(.




%on(oh-

Sua(u jenis hean sedang men)a'i be'bagai sumbe' makanan. Kemudian

didapa(kan sua(u jenis (anaman ang melimpah di alam9 maka hean

(e'sebu( akan memusa(kan pe'ha(ianna kepada penggunaan jenis

makanan (e'sebu(.

/engan demikian9 kenaikan sumbe'daa alam 7makanan8 me'angsang

kenaikan pendaagunaan.

Diunduh dari: http://prisms.mmsa.org/review.phpFridG79N

4he food web diagram shows the names of river3based organisms with arrows that

depict the flow of food from one kind of organism to another. 2t addresses the parts of

the key idea that all land3based and a'uatic organisms are interconnected by their need

for food, that this network of interconnections is called a food web, and that food webs

can be described for a particular environment.



Plan(=4ungal Smbioses

Diunduh dari: http://mycorrhias.info/

=ycorrhias are the most important type of symbiotic plant3fungus associations, but

there are a wide diversity of other associations between plants and fungi. 4he

relationship between mycorrhias and other types of plant3fungus associations, such

as parasitic or endophytic associations, are also shown below.

4his diagram compares types of plant3fungus interactions and each is e*plained

separately below (after "rundrett 99&.

utualistic associations occupy the mutual benefit (W W& 'uadrant in diagrams contrasting

he relative benefits (W& or harm (3& to two interacting organisms ("oucher 7?N@, Rewis

?N@&. 4his is a phase plane diagram that describes biological interactions according to a

cost3benefit model, where mutualism is an isocline showing both partners are more

uccessful together than they are alone ("oucher 7?N@, Rewis 7?N@, 4uomi et al. 997&.




$S$S -

ndi&idu dan spesies angmempunai lebih banak

ke(u'unan da'ipada sainganna9

)ende'ung be'hasil

mengalahkan sainganna.

Diunduh dari:




Penge'(ian-

$sas ini adalah pe'na(aan (eo'i /a'in dan *alla)e.

Pada jasad hidup (e'dapa( pe'bedaan si+a( ke(u'unan dalam hal (ingka( adap(asi(e'hadap +ak(o' lingkungan +isik a(au biologi. Kemudian (imbul kenaikan

kepada(an populasina sehingga (imbul pe'saingan.

>asad hidup ang ku'ang mampu be'adap(asi akan kalah dalam pe'saingan. /apa(

dia'(ikan pula baha jasad hidup ang adap(i+ akan mampu menghasilkan

banak ke(u'unan da'ipada ang non=adap(i+.

Diunduh dari: http://www.ibguides.com/biology/notes/populations

4he sigmoid graph showing the population growth of a species has three phases which are5 the e*ponent

phase, the transitional phase and the plateau phase. %t the start of the sigmoid curve we can see the

e*ponential phase. 4his is where there is a rapid increase in population growth as natality rate e*ceeds

mortality rate. 4he reason for this is because there are abundant resources available such as food for all

embers of the population and diseases as well as predators are rare. %s time passes, the population reach

he transitional phase. 4his is where the natality rate starts to fall and/or the mortality rate starts to rise. 2t i

the result of a decrease in the abundance of resources, and an increase in the number of predators and

diseases. >owever, even though population growth has decreased compared to the e*ponential phase, it i

till increasing as natality rate still e*ceeds mortality rate. Cinally, the population reaches the plateau phas

>ere, the population sie is constant so no more growth is occurring.

4his is the result of natality ra being e'ual to mortality rate an

is caused by resources becomin

scarce as well as an increase i

predators, diseases and parasite

4hese are the limiting factors t

the population growth. 2f natal

rate starts to drop then mortali

rate will drop too as more

resources become available. %

natality rate starts to increase

again so does mortality rate a

resources become scarce. 4hi

keeps the population number

relatively stable. 2f a populatio

is limited by a shortage of

resources then we say that it h

reached the carrying capacity o

the environment.



4a)(o's 5o&e'ning Popula(ions a( Ma@ and Min

Diunduh dari: http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/"iocontrol/!oncepts=ain.asp*

Each of the maor factors that regulate populations act differently with regards to

how it e*erts control over a population.

Cor e*ample, biotic factors interacting within a population (i.e., intra3specific

competition& work together to maintain populations below the <carrying capacity<.

Bhen populations become too large, the individuals of the same species begin to

compete for the same resources such as food, shelter, egg3laying sites, etc. 4his

interaction between members of the same species tends to be the most important

factor maintaining population levels below the <carrying capacity<.



4a)(o's 5o&e'ning Popula(ions Belo %a''ing %apa)i(

Diunduh dari: http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/"iocontrol/!oncepts=ain.asp*

"iological control agents (parasites, pathogens, and predators& as well as competition

between species with similar environmental re'uirements (i.e., interspecific

competition& act together to regulate populations below the carrying capacity.

Bhile other factors, most notably abiotic factors, may influence these fluctuations, biological factors seem to be the most important.

4he importance of biotic factors is their influence on the fluctuations of population

sie above or below the characteristic population sie.



$ *"LE SS#EM $PP!"$%- dinamika adap(asi

Diunduh dari: http://satoyama3initiative.org/en/case_studies3/group_agriculture3/the3use3of3

agrobiodiversity3by3indigenous3and3traditional3agricultural3communities3in3adapting3to3climate3change/

4he main types of responses to climate change identified in the previous section

illuminate the cross3scale processes, providing an insight into the adaptation

dynamics.

4he interplay between adaptation strategies at different levels contributes to the

resilience of the whole system through (i& the links between natural and cultivatedlandscapes5 (ii& the supportive role of agriculture in the protection and restoration of

ecosystems5 and (iii& the maintenance of species and genetic diversity.

n('a= and in(e'=spe)ies di&e'si(2ntra3 and inter3species diversity is protected, used and redistributed to strengthen the

resilience of agricultural systems and maintain production in stress3proneenvironments. 4he main adaptation measures are:

7. Pse of stress3tolerant and fast3maturing crop species and varieties5 and stress3

tolerant species and breeds of cattle.

. rotection, reintroduction and distribution of traditional crops through

community seed banks and on3farm conservation.

0. #tress tolerance improvement through farmersM selection and participatory plant

breeding.




$S$S F -

Keman(apan keaneka='agamansua(u komuni(as lebih (inggi

pada kondisi alamiah ang

mudah di'amal.

Diunduh dari:




Penge'(ian

=udah diramal : adanya keteraturan yang pasti pada diramalT

pola faktor lingkungan pada suatu periode yang relatif lama. 4erdapat fluktuasi

kondisi lingkungan di semua habitat, tetapi mudah dan sukarnya untuk

diramal berbeda dari satu habitat ke habitat lain.

Dengan mengetahui keadaan optimum pada faktor lingkungan bagi kehidupan

suatu spesies , maka perlu diketahui berapa lama keadaan tersebut dapat

bertahan.

Diunduh dari: http://www.gerrymarten.com/human3ecology/chapter79.html

!hange from one stability domain to another when fishing is too close to the boundary

between stability domains in a fisheries ecosystem with natural climatic fluctuations



E)oss(em S(abili( and su))ession

Diunduh dari: http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/scripter/geog799/lect/73ecosystems3

biomes/ecosystems3files/ecosystems.htm

Limi(ing 4a)(o's :

1. Lo (empe'a(u'es

2. igh (empe'a(u'es

3. Leng(h o+ g'oing seasonC. La)k o+ a(e'

D. E@)ess su'+a)esoil a(e'




$S$S G -Sebuah habi(a( dapa( jenuh a(au (idak oleh

keaneka'agaman (akson9 be'gan(ung

kepada bagaimana ni)he dalam

lingkungan hidup i(u dapa( memisahkan(akson (e'sebu(.




Penge'(ian-

Kelompok (aksonomi (e'(en(u da'i

sua(u jasad hidup di(andai oleh

keadaan lingkunganna ang khas

7ni)he89 (iap spesies mempunai ni)he

(e'(en(u. Spesies dapa( hidup

be'dampingan dengan spesies lain

(anpa pe'saiangan9 ka'ena masing=

masing mempunai kepe'luan dan

+ungsi ang be'beda di alam.

Diunduh dari:



Ene'g #'ans+e'

Diunduh dari: http://www.dr3evans.com/advancedbiology/energy_transfer.html

4he idea of the transfer of energy allows us to consider the efficiency with which

light energy is transferred to energy in producers, as well as the efficiency with which

energy in the producers is then transferred from trophic level to trophic level.

4he diagram shows the percentage of energy transferred to each trophic level in theecosystem. Be can look at this another way. Cor every 79 999 kA of energy absorbed

by the producer, 799 kA are incorporated into its tissues, 79 kA will eventually be

incorporated into the tissues of primary consumers, and 7 kA into the tissues of

secondary consumers. 4he rest will be lost as heat. 4his is the basic pattern of energy

transfer, but there are a number of points that are worth making about each stage.

4hese points are often re'uired in order to answer 'uestions which involve the

interpretation of information.

4he efficiency with which energy is transferred within an ecosystem

4ransfer of sunlight energy to energy in plant tissues

6ot all the light energy falling on a plant is used to

make new tissues: values have been rounded

7. #ome is of the wrong wavelength for

photosynthesis.

. #ome fails to strike a chlorophyll molecule.0. #ome will be reflected from the plant surface.

. Ither factors such as soil nutrients or carbon

dio*ide concentration may be in short supply.

4his will limit the rate of formation of new

tissue.

@. !rop plants often convert a higher percentage of

the light energy which falls on them into energy

in new tissue than plants growing in the wild do

4his is because:

. !rops are often irrigated and supplied with

fertiliser. #hortage of water and mineral ions

does not limit growth.

1. !rop plants have been bred for high productivity

4hey therefore have genes which ensure that the

are efficient at converting light energy into

energy in plant tissue.

N. !rops are often treated with pesticides. %s a

result, there is little damage to their leaves and

they can photosynthesise more efficiently.



n(e'spe)i+i) %ompe(i(ion%mitabh Aoshi,

Aawaharlal 6ehru !entre for %dvanced #cientific +esearch, "angalore, 2ndia

ublished online: =ay 997

Diunduh dari:http://www.els.net/Biley!D%/Els%rticle/ref2d3a9990N.html

2nterspecific competition is the mutual inhibition of growth rate among populations

of different species that have common re'uirements for shared and limiting

resources. 2nterspecific competition can be a potent force in adaptive evolution and,

along with predation and herbivory, is a maor factor shaping the structure and

species diversity of biological communities.

Xero growth isoclines for competing species 7 (solid line& and (dotted line& in the

RotkaOUolterra model, plotted in a space defined by population numbers of the twospecies, 67 and 6. 2f 67 and 6 are such that the system lies to the right of both

isoclines, then both 67 and 6 will tend to decrease (shown by thin solid and dotted

arrows&, resulting in the system moving in a direction indicated by the thick arrows.

2f the system lies to the left of both isoclines, then both 67 and 6 will tend to

increase. 2f the system is to the right of the isocline for species , but to the left of the

species 7 isocline, then 67 will increase, whereas 6 will decrease. 4he two isoclines

in this e*ample thus divide the relevant system space into three sections with

different predicted traectories.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/azas-azas-kajian-lingkungan 47/88




$S$S H -

Keaneka'agaman komuni(as sebanding

dengan biomassa dibagi

p'oduk(i&i(as.

# K @ 7BP8 I / #

# ak(u 'a(a='a(a penggunaan ene'gi

K koe+isien (e(apan

B biomassa

P p'oduk(i&i(as

/ keaneka'agaman

Diunduh dari:




Penge'(ian-

sas ini mengandung a'(i9 baha e+isiensi penggunaan ali'an ene'g

dalam sis(em biologi akan meningka( dengan meningka(na

kompleksi(as o'ganisasi sis(em biologi dalam sua(u komuni(as.

Diunduh dari: http://cropscience.ch/FpG70

Se'&i)es p'o&ided b in(e')'opping5ene(i) di&e'si(

physical barrier to fungal spread

Ycomple*ity competition of pathogens

2nduced resistance

Z rice blast ?L less severe [ no fungicides usedZ N?L greater yield

RE+: 7.7N ha monoculture for 7 ha mi*ture



E++e)(s o+ n(e')'opping Ss(ems on En&i'onmen(

Diunduh dari: http://cropscience.ch/FpG70

n(e')'opping

cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same

time form of polyculture using companion planting

principles

$g'o+o'es('

and use systems in which woody perennials are integrated with crops

($liessman 991&

2ncrease in biodiversity#oil fertility improvement

#ocioeconomic effects



E%"SS#EM S('u)(u'e

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/99/K110E/y110e9.htm

he description of the fishers8 interaction within the ecosystem re'uires identification of fou

main ecosystem compartments: (7& a biotic compartment, including target fish resources,

ssociated and dependent species and the living habitat (seagrass, algal beds, corals&5 (& an

biotic compartment, characteried by its topography, bottom types, water 'uality and loca

weather/climate5 (0& a fishery compartment, in which harvesting and processing activities

take place, with a strong technological character, and (& an institutional compartment,mprising laws, regulations and organiations needed for fisheries governance. >umans ar

part of the biotic component of the ecosystem from which they draw resources, food,

services and livelihood as well as part of the fishery component which they drive. 4hese

components interact and are affected by: (i& non3fishing activities5 (ii& the global climate5

iii& other ecosystems, usually adacent, with which they e*change matter and information

and (iv& the socio3economic environment as reflected in the market, relevant policies and

ocietal values. % simplified diagram of the interactions involved in an e*ploited ecosystem

is given in Cigure below.



hytoplankton !ommunity #tructure as an 2ndicator of !oastal

Ecosystem >ealthaerl, >an , Ruettich Ar., +ichard %. , 6oble, +achel 4. , inckney, Aames R.

Pniversity of 6orth !arolina at !hapel >ill , Pniversity of #outh !arolina at !olumbia

=arch 7, 990 through Cebruary N, 99

Diunduh dari:tp://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/inde*.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/7

1/report/99/

Psing hytoplankton hotopigments 4o %ssess Estuarine Ecological!ondition and !hange+oles of Diagnostic hotopigments as 2ndicators of Ecosystem roductivity and

lant !ommunity !omposition in +esponse to hysical3!hemical #tressors in

Estuarine and !oastal Baters




$S$S 10 -

Pada lingkungan ang s(abilpe'bandingan an(a'a biomasa

dengan p'oduk(i&i(as 7BP8 dalam

pe'jalanan ak(u naik men)apaisebuah asim(o(.




Penge'(ian-

Sis(em biologi menjalani e&olusi ang menga'ah kepada

peningka(an e+isiensi penggunaan ene'gi dalam

lingkungan +isik ang s(abil9 dan memungkinkan

be'kembangna keaneka'agaman.

Diunduh dari: http://www.actapress.com/%bstract.asp*Fpaper2dG070@

Ene'g E++i)ien) and E)ologi)al Sus(ainabili( in %on&en(ional and

n(eg'a(ed Po(a(o P'odu)(ion Ss(em=.+. >a #eyed >adi (2ran&

#ustainable development in potato production is an issue of growing concern.

%n energy flow analysis is proposed for providing parameters for estimating

cological sustainability. !alculations include energy output (contents of energy

in potato tuber& and energy inputs (consumption of fertiliers, pesticides, labor,

machines, fuel and electricity&. 4he ratio of output of the production to inputs iscalled the energy outputs / inputs ratio or energy efficiency. Ine way to

'uantify essential parts of agricultural development is the energy flow method.

4he output / input energy ratio is proposed as the most comprehensive single

factor in pursuing the obective of sustainability.

otato is one of the most important field crops in 2ran and has effective role to

supply foods for growing population. 4he obective of this investigation was to

find out energy flow in potato field and for this reason, main potato production area of 2ran were selected. 4hese provinces were: Cirookouh,

)horasan, %rdabil and >amadan. +esults of this study showed that in one

hectare of potato average energy inputs was 7N117N0. )cal. =ean potato

yield was about @N71 kg / ha and by its energetic values, the total output

energy calculated 7N@791N? )cal. %ccording to these information, the energy

output / input ratio was 9.?N.



!rop yield and light/energy efficiency in a closed ecological system:

Raboratory "iosphere e*periments with wheat and sweet potato. 6elson =, Dempster BC, #ilverstone #, %lling %, %llen A, van 4hillo =

%dvances in #pace +esearch : the Ifficial Aournal of the !ommittee on #pace +esearch

(!I#%+& \99@, 0@(?&:7@0?37@0]

Diunduh dari: http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/=ED/771@1

4wo crop growth e*periments in the soil3based closed ecological facility, Raboratory

"iosphere, were conducted from 990 to 99 with candidate space life support

crops. %pogee wheat (Ptah #tate Pniversity variety& was grown, planted at two

densities, 99 and N99 seeds m3. 4he lighting regime for the wheat crop was 7 h of

light3N h dark at a total light intensity of around N9 micromoles m3 s37 and N.

mol m3 d37 over N days. %verage biomass was 70?@ g m3, 7.9 g m3 d37 and

average seed production was N? g m3 and 1.? g m3 d37. 4he less densely planted

side was more productive than the denser planting, with 70 g m3 and 7N.N g m3d37 of biomass vs. 77@ g m3 and 70.0 g m3 d375 and a seed harvest of N7.0 g m3

and ?.0 g m3 d37 vs. @.@ g m3 and .@ g m3 d37. >arvest inde* was 9.? for the

wheat crop.

4he e*periment with sweet potato used 4P3N37@@ a compact variety developed at

4uskegee Pniversity. Right during the sweet potato e*periment, on a 7N h on/ h dark

cycle, totaled @@N total moles of light per s'uare meter in 7 days for the sweet

potatoes, or an average of . mol m3 d37. 4emperature regime was N W/3 0

degrees ! day/ W/3 degrees ! night. #weet potato tuber yield was 0?.1 kg wetweight, or an average of 1. kg m3, and 1.1 kg dry weight of tubers since dry weight

was about 7N.L wet weight. %verage per day production was @N.1 g m3 d37 wet

weight and 77.0 g m3 d37. Cor the wheat, average light efficiency was 9.0 g

biomass per mole, and 9.71 g seed per mole. 4he best area of wheat had an efficiency

of light utiliation of 9.@7 g biomass per mole and 9. g seed per mole. Cor the

sweet potato crop, light efficiency per tuber wet weight was 7.00 g mol37 and 9.0 g

dry weight of tuber per mole of light.

4he best area of tuber production had 7.11 g mol37 wet weight and 9.0 g mol37 oflight dry weight. 4he Raboratory "iosphere e*periment8s light efficiency was

somewhat higher than the P#P field results but somewhat below greenhouse trials at

comparable light levels, and the best portion of the crop at 9. g mol37 was in3

between those values. #weet potato production was overall close to @9L higher than

trials using hydroponic methods with 4P3N37@@ at 6%#% A#!. !ompared to

proected yields for the =ars on Earth life support system, these wheat yields were

about 7@L higher, and the sweet potato yields averaged over N9L higher.

http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/16175676/?whatizit_url_Species=http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=4565&lvl=0





http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/16175676/?whatizit_url=http://ukpmc.ac.uk/search/?page=1&query=%22mole%22
















Energy efficiency of grassland animal production in northwest !hina.Ain, K. #.5 Viong, K. .5 Ervin, +. 4.

%griculture Ecosystems and Environment (6etherlands& 7??9 Uol. 07 6o. 7 pp. 031

Diunduh dari:

p://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/7?N?117???.html5sessionidGD%DE%N9E179""0!09!"CNE1E

97

4he current livestock graing status of the Viniang grassland

ecosystem in northwest !hina is described with respect to lowenergy conversion of solar to forage energy, waste of energy from

the conversion of forage to animal product energy, and low

commercial energy input into the grassland ecosystem.

4hree approaches which may improve the energy efficiency of the

Viniang ecosystem are suggested: (7& properly reducing stockingrate and adusting herd structure5 (& following (7& and fattening

@9L of the animals before marketing5 and (0& following (7& and

fattening 799L of the animals before marketing.

% benefit3cost analysis is developed for these approaches. %ll

benefit3cost ratios are greater than one, indicating that the returnsof the suggested approaches are greater than their costs.



#E LM#N5 4$%#"! %"N%EP#.

Diunduh dari: https://instruct7.cit.cornell.edu/!ourses/css7/mod0/e*t_m0_pg0.htm

2n order to not over3 or under3supply crops with nutrients from manure and

fertilier, it8s important to determine the crop8s need for nutrients. !onsider a

broader case, including and beyond for a minute. % crop has many basic

needs. 4he factor that is in shortest supply, relative to crop needs, will limit

the yield of the crop, leaving the other factors in e*cess. 4his is known as theRimiting Cactor !oncept.

4he Rimiting Cactor !oncept can be illustrated by a barrel of water. 4he

staves represent key factors for crop growth. 4he shortest stave height limits

how much water the barrel can hold (i.e. crop yield&.

%n illustration of the principle of limiting factors. 4he level of water in the barrelsabove represents the level of crop production. (a& 6itrogen is represented as being the

factor that is most limiting. Even though the other elements are present in more

ade'uate amounts, crop production can be no higher than that allowed by the nitrogen.

(b& Bhen nitrogen is added, the level of crop production is raised until it is controlled

by the ne*t most limiting factor, in this case, potassium. ( After . C. Brady% &he ature

and 'roperties of Soils% (th ed.% Macmillan% )(*+&




$S$S 11 -

Sis(em ang sudah man(ap

7deasa8 akan

mengekploi(asi ang belum

man(ap 7belum deasa8.

Diunduh dari:



ZAS DASAR ILU LINGKUNGAN

Penge'(ian-Ekosistem, populasi atau tingkat makanan yang sudah dewasa memindahkan

energi, biomasa, dan keanekaragaman dari tingkat organisasi yang belum

dewasa.

Dengan kata lain, energi, materi, dan keanekaragaman mengalir melalui suatu

kisaran yang menuu ke arah organisasi yang lebih kompleks. (Dari

subsistem yang rendah keanekara3gamannya ke subsistem yang tinggi

keanekaragamannya&.

Diunduh dari: http://users.rcn.com/kimball.ma.ultranet/"iologyages/C/Cood!hains.html

Ene'g 4lo #h'ough 4ood %hains

4ood %hains

4he source of all food is the activity of

autotrophs, mainly photosynthesis by

plants. 4hey are called p'odu)e's

because only they can manufacture food

from inorganic raw materials.

4his food feeds he'bi&o'es, called

p'ima' )onsume's.

%a'ni&o'es that feed on herbivores are

called se)onda' )onsume's.

!arnivores that feed on other carnivoresare (e'(ia' (or higher& consumers.

#uch a path of food consumption is

called a +ood )hain.

Each level of consumption in a food

chain is called a ('ophi) le&el.





!haracteriation of a carbohydrate transporter from symbiotic

glomeromycotan fungi%rthur #ch^ler, >olger =artin, David !ohen, =ichael Cit and Daniel Bipf

6ature , ?003?0(7 December 99&

Diunduh dari:

http://www.nature.com/nature/ournal/v/n177/fig_tab/nature9@0_C7.html

Despite inverted relative dimensions of macro3 and microsymbiont the interface andnutrient e*change in the . pyriformis symbiosis correspond to that in the arbuscular

mycorrhia. #everal arbuscular mycorrhia3specific phosphate transporters (4& are

known from plants.

4he hypothetical role of $p=#47, and its orthologues, in the sugar uptake through

the symbiotic membrane of glomeromycotan fungi is indicated together with the

substrates of $p=#47 (fructose and putatively *ylose are transported weakly&.



n(e'spe)i+i) )ompe(i(ion in ph(ophagous inse)(s

Diunduh dari: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/ecolab/competition.php

4he relative importance of interspecific competition is a highly controversial and

unresolved issue for community ecology, in general, and for phytophagous insects in

particular. 4raditionally, two mechanistic forms of competition are cited in ecology, (7&

e*ploitative, and (& interference.

+ecent advancements, however, in our understanding of indirect interactions via plants(induced resistance& and natural enemies (apparent competition& challenge the historical

paradigm of competition:

ndirect herbivore interactions via plants and enemies are likely to underlie much

f the discrepancy between theory and pattern. Pntil recently most ecology te*tsemphasied interference and e*ploitative interactions as the two mechanisms

riving competition. =y dataset provides weak support for the overall prevalenc

f these two mechanisms occurring in insect communities. %lternatively, indirec

interactions provide the vast maority of evidence for interspecific herbivore

teractions (Z@L of all observations in the dataset&, particularly those involvin

plants.




$S$S 12 -

Kesempu'naan adap(asi sua(u

si+a( a(au (abia( be'gan(ung

pada kepen(ingan 'ela(i+na

dalam keadaan sua(u

lingkungan.

Diunduh dari:




enge'(ian-

Populasi dalam ekosis(em ang belum man(ap9 ku'ang be'eaksi

(e'hadap pe'ubahan lingkungan +isiko kimia dibandingkan denganpopulasi dalam ekosis(em ang sudah man(ap.

Populasi dalam lingkungan dengan keman(apan +isiko kimia ang )ukup

lama9 (ak pe'lu be'e&olusi un(uk meningka(kan kemampuanna

be'adap(asi dengan keadaan ang (idak s(abil.

iunduh dari:http://open.orum.ac.uk/*mlui/bitstream/handle/70@1N?/?1/2tems/#[email protected]

En&i'onmen(s and popula(ions

% ack rabbit would need to lose at least four per cent of its body mass per hour tothermoregulate by evaporation. 4here is little or no free water around5 water is

obtained from the diet, green plants, including cacti in the summer. )nut #chmidt3

6ielsen8s work (7?1& showed that behaviour is important for the ack rabbit8s

survival. During the hottest part of the day the animal chooses a shaded depression in

the ground, often in the lee of a bush, in which it crouches

#he dese'( ja)k 'abbi( in a shaded dep'ession shoing a beha&iou'al adap(a(ion (o )ope i(h

(he se&e'e en&i'onmen(

"ased on Colk, $.E. (7?1& &e/tboo0 of Environmental 'hysiolo!y (nd edn&, Rea and Cebiger



#he e)ologi)al e++e)( o+ pheno(pi) plas(i)i( O $nalAing )omple

in(e'a)(ion ne(o'ks 7%"N8 i(h agen(=based models>. +euter, C. Aopp, C. >lker, !. Eschenbach, P. =iddelhoff, ". "reckling

Ecological 2nformatics. Uolume 0, 2ssue 7, 7 Aanuary 99N, ages 0@O@

Diunduh dari:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/#7@1?@79199970

. %nalying comple* dynamics of ecological systems is complicated by two importantfacts: Cirst, phenotypic plasticity allows individual organisms to adapt their reaction

norms in terms of morphology, anatomy, physiology and behavior to changing local

environmental conditions and trophic relationships. #econdly, individual reactions and

ecological dynamics are often determined by indirect interactions through reaction

chains and networks involving feedback processes.

Be present an agent3based modeling framework which allows to represent and analye

ecological systems that include phenotypic changes in individual performances and

indirect interactions within heterogeneous and temporal changing environments. Bedenote this structure of interacting components as !Imple* 2nteraction 6etwork

(!I26&.

4hree e*amples illustrate the potential of the system to analye comple* ecological

processes that incorporate changing phenotypes on the individual level:

7. % model on fish population dynamics of roach ( "utilus rutilus& leads to a

differentiation in fish length resulting in a conspicuous distribution that influences

reproduction capability and thus indirectly the fitness.. =odeling the reproduction phase of the passerine bird Erithacus rubecula

(European +obin& illustrates variation in the behavior of higher organisms in

dependence of environmental factors. !hanges in reproduction success and in the

proportion of different activities are the results.

0. 4he morphological reaction of plants to changes in fundamental environmental

parameters is illustrated by the black alder ( Alnus !lutinosa& model. #pecification

of physiological processes and the interaction structure on the level of modules

allow to represent the reaction to changes in irradiance and temperature accurately.



e'b Plan( S('u)(u'es and $dap(a(ions

Diunduh dari: http://m1science.wikispaces.com/>erb$arden_%daptations

% plant is a collection of different internal (inside& and e*ternal (outside&

structures that help it to survive and reproduce. e'i(able structures or

behaviors that help an organism to survive and reproduce are classified as

adap(a(ions. 6ot all structures or behaviors are adaptations, and if anorganism is moved into a new environment or the environment changes, a

structure or behavior might no longer be adap(i&e.



S('a(egies o+ adap(a(ion (o e@)ess a(e' s('esses in (he +o'm

o+ subme'gen)e o' a(e'logging in 'i)e plan(s.

Diunduh dari: http://www.thericeournal.com/content/@/7//figure/C7

+ice can adapt to submergence by internal aeration and growth control. Cor internal

aeration, rice develops longitudinally forming aerenchyma and leaf gas films. In the

other hand, some rice cultivars can survive under submergence by using special

strategies of growth control: a 'uiescence strategy or an escape strategy. 4heSubmer!ence1)A (SUB)A& gene is responsible for the 'uiescence strategy, which is

important for survival under flash3flood conditions.

4he S2"3E$) (S3)& and S2"3E$4 (S34& genes are responsible for the escape

strategy, which is important for survival under deepwater3flood conditions. +ice can

adapt to soil waterlogging by forming aerenchyma and a barrier to radial I loss

(+IR& in the roots.




$S$S 13 -

Lingkungan ang se)a'a +isikman(ap memungkinkan

(e'jadina penimbunan

keaneka'agaman biologi dalam

ekosis(em ang man(ap9 ang

kemudian dapa( menggalakkan

keman(apan populasi lebih jauh

lagi.

Diunduh dari:



$6ua(i) abi(a( and Bu++e's

Diunduh dari:

http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/_biodiversity/77.html

+iparian corridors or buffers influence habitat 'uality for a'uatic species in

several ways:

rovide woody debris for in3stream habitat structure

=aintain in3stream microclimaterovide food for in3stream species

rotect water 'uality

+iparian buffers may not be able to maintain desirable a'uatic habitat

'uality in watersheds that are highly developed. Ither land use

management strategies will need to be used as well.



/is('ibu(ion=abundan)e !ela(ionship

Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/e*plaining3general3

patterns3in3species3abundance3and307N

#pecies that are restricted in their geographic distribution tend to be scarce whereas

widespread species are likely to occur at high densities. 4his positive interspecific

distribution3abundance relationship (Cigure %& is intimately related to the patterns in

species abundance discussed earlier. 4his relationship may seem self3evident: #urely

there is a positive link between measures of a species8 success on a local scale (itsdensity& and on a regional scale (its geographic distribution&. Ket although a larger

area is more likely to be able to sustain a higher total number of individuals of a

species, it is not clear why the density (number of individuals in a given area& should

also increase.

4he interspecific distribution3abundance relationship(%& $enerally, a positive relationship results when plotting measures of abundance

against measures of distribution for different species from a species group. ("& 4he same

data, with species subdivided into habitat specialists (red& and habitat generalists (green&,

showing that habitat specialists may be more abundant relatively (i.e., for a given

distribution&. % logit transformation is given by logit (V& G log (V/73V=&.

` 977 6ature Education Data from Uerberk, B. !. E. . et al. (979& %ll rights reserved.



N#E!SPE%4% /S#!B#"N=$BN/$N%E

!EL$#"NSPS

Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/e*plaining3general3patterns3in3species

abundance3and307N

4here are two broad classes of ecologically based e*planations for interspecific

distribution3abundance relationships. 4he first class postulates the e*istence of a

positive feedback between local abundance and the regional distribution of a species

(Cigure %&. #pecies that occur in large numbers across many lo)ali(ies will be more

likely to maintain their wide distributions and high abundance. Rarger populations produce more offspring, which increases the chances that the species will reach other

localities (higher coloniation& and e*pand its geographic range. #imilarly, being

widespread will ensure the continuous arrival of individuals to all places and thus a

species will be less likely to disappear from a particular locality (lower local

e*tinction&. % conse'uence of this positive feedback is that there is a dichotomy:

#pecies will either be widespread and abundant (so called core species& or they will be

restricted and scarce (so called satellite species&.




$S$S 1C -

/e'aja( pola ke(e'a(u'an naik=(u'unna populasi (e'gan(ung

pada jumlah ke(u'unan dalam

seja'ah populasi sebelumna

ang nan(i akan mempenga'uhi

populasi i(u.

Diunduh dari:



ZAS DASAR ILU LINGKUNGAN

%i'i=%i'i Lingkungan Komuni(asang Man(ap-

>umlah jalu' ene'gi ang masuk melalui ekosis(em meningka( 7banak8

Lingkungan +isik man(ap 7mudahdi'amal8

Sis(em kon('ol umpan balik 7+eedba)k8 komuni(as sanga( kompleksE+isiensi penggunaan ene'gi

#ingka( keaneka'agaman (inggi

Diunduh dari: http://www.marietta.edu/Jbiol/79/ecosystem.html

Ene'g 4lo #h'ough (he E)oss(em4he diagram above shows how both energy and inorganic nutrients flow through the

ecosystem. Be need to define some terminology first. Energy <flows< through theecosystem in the form of carbon3carbon bonds. Bhen respiration occurs, the carbon3

carbon bonds are broken and the carbon is combined with o*ygen to form carbon

dio*ide. 4his process releases the energy, which is either used by the organism (to

move its muscles, digest food, e*crete wastes, think, etc.& or the energy may be lost as

heat. 4he dark arrows represent the movement of this energy. 6ote that all energy

comes from the sun, and that the ultimate fate of all energy in ecosystems is to be lost

as heat. Energy does not recycle


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/azas-azas-kajian-lingkungan 74/88oughborough University, 2004Diunduh dari: http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter0.html

P!N%PLES "4 E%"SS#EM 4N%#"N $N/

ENE!5 4L"* N E%"SS#EMS

$. Ene'g Sou')e4he ultimate source of energy on our planet: (he sun.

#he +i's( basi) p'in)iple o+ e)oss(em sus(ainabili(- <Cor sustainability,ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy.

Iur planet is sustainable as long as the sun e*ists. Ecosystems do not use

energy at a faster rate than that available from the sun. (4he same cannot be

said for humans because of our rate of fossil fuel consumption.&

4his figure shows energy flow through 4rophic Revels in a $raing Cood Beb. Each

trophic level is represented as biomass bo*es and the pathways taken by the energy

flow are indicated with arrows.



N#!EN# %%LES-

nergy flows but nutrients cycle. 4he molecules in an organism will eventually b

found in another organism.

Diunduh dari: http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter0.html

%a'bon %)le- !hanging the location of this element is the primary issue in globalwarming. Be are moving carbon from where it has been stored (fossil fuels& to the

atmosphere, where it acts to reduce the amount of heat reradiated to space.

4he rate of movement (flows& between pools can be slow or fast depending upon the

nature of the pool.

"o*es in the figure refer to pools of carbon, and arrows refer to the

movement, or flu*es, of carbon from one pool to another.



P"SP"!S %%LE!hanging the location of this element is one of the primary reasons for the

ncreased nutrient load in a'uatic ecosystems. Be move phosphorus from wher

it has been concentrated, e.g., in guano, and deposit it on soil (or in consumer

products&, where it is released to water.

he rate of movement (flows& between pools can be slow or fast depending upo

the nature of the pool.


4his figure shows the movement of phosphates through an

ecosystem.



N#!"5EN %%LE

!hanging the location of this element is the other reason for the increased

nutrient load in a'uatic ecosystems. (6itrogen and phosphorus are limiting

factors in a'uatic ecosystems.&

4he rate of movement (flows& between pools can be slow or fast depending

upon the nature of the pool.he flow of nutrients into !hesapeake "ay (primarily nitrogen& has been cited a

the primary reason for the outbreak of Physteria.


4his figure shows the movement of nitrogen through an ecosystem.



#E SE%"N/ B$S% P!N%PLE "4

E%"SS#EM SS#$N$BL#


< Cor sustainability, ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by

recycling all elements.<

%rranging organisms by feeding relationships and depicting the energy and nutrient

inputs and outputs of each relationship show a continuous recycling of nutrients in

the ecosystem, a continuous flow of energy through it, and a decrease in biomass.



Se&en /imensions o+ Sus(ainable $g'i)ul(u'e by 6icanor erlas

Diunduh dari: http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_agriculture.htm

%lmost everybody talks about sustainable agriculture as an alternative to the outworn

Sgreen revolutionT agriculture. >owever, the term has 'uickly become an empty

phrase meaning almost anything including such o*ymoron terms as Ssafe pesticidesT

and Senvironmentally friendlyT biotechnology. Even B4I advocates use sustainableagriculture to ustify corporate control of the food chain. 2t is important for civil

society, which originated the idea, to concretely articulate what it understands by the

term Ssustainable agriculture.T



SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Sustainable Development is te process by !ic !e move to!ardssustainability

“…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

01orld Commission on Environment and Development$ 234• 5is !as endorsed in ' at te Eart Summit in Rio

Diunduh dari: http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm

Se&en /imensions o+ Sus(ainable /e&elopmen(

4he five dimensions of sustainable development are clearly visible.4hese areHthe human being, culture, polity, economy, and 6ature. >owever, to this

five, we need to consider society as a separate dimension. #ociety can be understood as

the integrative result of interactions of the different activities in culture, polity, and the

economy.

4he population issue, for e*ample, is a development issue that can only be addressed

from a societal perspective, not ust from culture alone, or the economy alone, or polity

alone.

Cro

m



SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Diunduh dari: http://www.uitp.org/public3transport/sustainabledevelopment/

*ha( is sus(ainable de&elopmen(,

#ustainable development is defined as balancing the fulfillment of human

needs with the protection of the natural environment. % common definition ofsustainable development is <development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs.< 4he field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into

three constituent parts: environmental protection, economic sustainability, and

social ustice

Sou')e: %dapted from +alph >all, 2ntroducing the !oncept of

#ustainable 4ransport

to the P.#. DI4 through the +eauthoriation of 4E%37



ou(h and (he En&i'onmen(-F En&i'onmen(al P'in)iples

Diunduh dari: http://beta.pemsea.org/topics/youth

4he key to understanding the environmental problems that we encounter today is to

learn about our ecosystem. 4his section highlights the basic environmental principles,

varied types of ecosystem, current environmental issues, anthropogenic activities that

threat the environment and the role of youth in protecting our environment.

Na(u'e knos bes(.

4his principle is the most basic and in fact encompasses all the others. >umans have

to understand nature and have to abide by the rules nature dictates. 2n essence, one

must not go against the natural processes if one would like to ensure a continuous

and steady supply of resources.

Ine natural process that needs serious attention is nutrient cycling. 2n nature,nutrients pass from the environment to the organisms and back to the environment.

%ny disruption in the cycle can bring about imbalance.

Cor e*ample, burning of farm wastes instead of allowing them to decompose

naturally disrupts the cycle. 2n burning, most of the organic compounds are lost. 4he

combustion products bring greater havoc as in the case of carbon dio*ide build3up,

which results in the warming3up of the earth, or the so3called <greenhouse< effect.

6ature has also its built3in mechanisms to maintain balance of homeostasis 3 the

availability of nutrients, conduciveness of the environment for growth andreproduction, and the feeding relationships that e*ist between and among organisms

which serve as population controls. Cor e*ample, the rat population is controlled by

the presence and number of its predators, e.g., snakes.

4he use of chemical pesticides and fertilier disrupts check and balance in the

ecosystem. esticides can either kill vital organisms directly or induce genetic

changes that result in resistant pests or organisms. !hemical fertiliers increase the

acidity of the soil through time making a number of nutrients unavailable and thus,unfit for the survival of plants and other organisms.

>istory and our e*periences are full of e*amples to prove the validity of this

principle. 2n fact, this principle only surfaced when many of the detrimental effects of

technology were recognied and coined thereon as <ecological backlash.<

#ource: #cience and >ealth: =atri* and =odules on Environmental =anagement





$ll +o'ms o+ li+e a'e impo'(an(

Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. #ince such occupational or

functional position, otherwise known as niche, cannot be simultaneously occupied bymore than one specie, it is apparent that all living things must be considered as

invaluable in the maintenance of homeostasis in the ecosystem.

2t is easy to appreciate the beautiful butterflies, especially knowing their important

role in pollination. 4he giant beasts O the elephants, the whales, the alligators O are

obects of awe and the products they yield O ivory, oil, leather, respectively O are

highly pried. "ut when it comes to unlovely, wriggly, and troublesome creatures,

this principle is unusually overlooked.

Cor instance, it has been customary for many to step on any wriggling creature (e.g.

earthworms& without even considering why $od made them in the first place. eople

also react adversely to the presence of snakes. %t home, spiders are looked at with

disdain. %wareness of the snakes8 role in limiting the rat population and of the

spiders8 role in checking the population of mos'uitoes and flies may, however,

change this attitude.






E&e'(hing is )onne)(ed (o e&e'(hing else

4his principle is best e*emplified by the concept of the ecosystem. 2n an ecosystem,

all biotic and amniotic components interact with each other to ensure that the systemis perpetuated. %ny outside interference may result in an imbalance and the

deterioration of the system.

2n a lake ecosystem, the organisms are linked to one another through their feeding

habit/level and are also dependent on other physico3chemical factors in the lake (e.g.

amount of nutrients, amounts and types of gases, temperature, >, etc.&. %t the same

time, the physico3chemical factors in the lake are influenced by the terrestrial

environment that surrounds it. 4he fertiliers that reach the lake cause a faster growthof phytoplankton, which may lead to algae bloom, red tide, or other such phenomena.

4his principle may be discussed in local, regional, or global perspective.

Deforestation in the mountains may affect the lowlands through floods, drought, and

erosion. Bhatever happens to one country may affect other countries. %n e*ample of

this is the !hernobyl accident, which affected a lot of countries through the transfer

of radioactive substances by natural agents such as wind and water, as well as human

activities like the e*port of contaminated food.






E&e'(hing )hanges

2t is said that the only permanent thing is change. %s a general classification, changemay be linear, cyclical or random. %s e*ample of linear change is evolution of

species, which has brought about higher and more comple* types of organisms.

!yclical change may be e*emplified by seasons and the rhythms in floral and faunal

life stages that go with the seasons. %n e*ample of random change is the eruption of

=t. inatubo, which brought about great upheaval in many parts of Ruon and

changes in the topography of the land.

4he environment is constantly changing. Irganisms also evolve through time.

>owever, manMs technology has affected these natural changes often to a problematic

e*tent. %lthough mutation is a natural change, pesticides have induced insect

mutations, which are not matched by natural checks and balances.

>umans should rethink their relationship with the environment. !hanges that they

think may be beneficial to the environment often turn out to be disastrous.

Environmental technologies should be given priority if man would want more

positive changes in the environment.






E&e'(hing mus( go somehe'e

Bhen a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears

from sight but it does not cease to e*ist. 2t ends up

elsewhere. $ases released in smokestacks may disperse

but it will end up a component of the atmosphere or

brought down by rains. Bhat a particular type of waste

does to the earth8s repository should be of concern to us.

2t may be a pollutant or a resource depending on certain

factors.

#ince wastes are not lost to oblivion, and even goes back

to one8s own backyard in some other forms, it is

important that one becomes aware of the different types

of wastes O whether they are haardous or not.

!lassification of wastes facilitates their proper disposal

and minimies, if not prevents, the entry of to*ic wastes

in vital ecosystems and ensures reconversion into useful

forms.

#ource: #cience and >ealth: =atri* and =odules on

Environmental =anagement





"u's is a +ini(e ea'(h

4he earthMs resources can be classified as either renewable or non3renewable.+enewable resources are those that can easily be replenished by natural cycles (e.g.

water, air, plants, and animals& while non3renewable resources are those that cannot

be replenished through natural cycles (e.g. ores of various metals, oil, coal&.

%lthough renewable resources can be replenished, it is important to note that these

are renewable only as long as they are not overused nor destroyed from such factors

such as pollution. 4o ensure that these resources will be continually replenished, it is

essential to know how much of a resource can be consumed at a given time to balance the rate of e*ploitation with the rate of replenishment.

Aust how long would the earth be able to sustain demands on its resourcesF 4his is a

'uestion that needs serious reflection. Pnless the factors of population growth,

lifestyles, and polluting technologies are checked, the collapse of the earth might be

inevitable.

%wareness of the earth8s limited resources leads to a conscious effort to change one8sconsumerist attitude as well as to develop processes and technology that would bring

about effective recycling of a great number of resources.





Na(u'e is beau(i+ul and e a'e s(ea'ds o+ 5ods )'ea(ion

%mong all creatures, humans are the only ones made in $od8s image and have been

given the right to have dominion over all >is creations. "eing the most intelligent

and gifted with reason, humans are capable of manipulating creation to their own

advantage. Ket, creation e*ists not to be ravaged or abused but to be taken care of.

>umans cannot e*ist without nature.

4hey are co3natural with the environment they live in. 2f the environment they live in

is destroyed, with it will go >omo #apiens.

4his principle is inherent in all religious and tribal beliefs. 4eachings of !hristianity,

"uddhism, and 2slam enoin everyone to respect all life and the order of nature.

Bords of !hief #eattle, =acli3ing Dulag, and !hito =ende point to our duty to

discern the true worth of modern systems and techni'ues to reect those that degrade,

and promote those that elevate the human condition.


Documents

Azas Azas Kajian Lingkungan