Autocraticmethodsofteaching Afsal 110322123931 Phpapp01

8/11/2019 Autocraticmethodsofteaching Afsal 110322123931 Phpapp01

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AFSAL .PKM.Ed 2010-2011PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION


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Main facts

1. considered as the oldest teaching method2. a teacher centered teaching method involving one way

communication3. based on the philosophy of idealism

According to James Michael Lee a lecture isa pedagogical method whereby a teacherformally delivers a carefully plannedexpository address on some particular topic

1.LECTURE METHOD


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How to prepare and deliver more effectivelectures:

Better to outline the lecture notes than to writeeverything in full

Dont be so rigid with the plan of the talk

Distribute among the audience appropriate readingmaterials prior to the presentation.

A good beginning is an important factor for an

effective lecture

Appropriate use of humor is a wonderful means ofstimulating attention and imagination.


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Situations when lecture method can be effectively used

In the introduction of a new topic.

In the introduction of new instruments.

Revising and summarizing lessons.

Presentation of supplementary information.

Covering the syllabus quickly.

Presenting the history of plants and animals

Passing on biographical information about scientists.

Presentation of factual information.


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Large number of students can be handled at the same time.

It economizes time and effort.

The teacher can express his ideas very effectively by his tone,gestures and facial expressions.

It provides better opportunity for clarification of importantthings.

It can be organized in accordance with the principles ofeducational psychology.

It is easy for the teacher to prepare and execute This method is more helpful in introducing a new topic.

Lecture method develops good audience habits.

It provides opportunities of correlating events and subjects

Advantages of lecture method


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Disadvantages of lecture method

Lengthy lectures can easily lead to boredom

It does not encourage pupil activity unless the lecturer is extremelycompetent.

In it, the students are generally passive recipients.

The average students may not be able to fix up his attention to a lectureof say45 minutes. During this span his attention may be diverted.

In this method more content may be covered, but less learning maytake place.

A lecture may become monotonous to the pupils after a while.

There is no way to know the real reaction of pupils.


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How to evaluate a lecture?.....The evaluation tool may contain the following factors: The speakers content expertise

The language used

The degree of transparency of presentation

Extent of realization of objectives

Use of audio visual aids and other mediators

Attention and intellectual participation of students

Extent of stimulus various

Appropriateness of the method to the content


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2.Demonstration method

MAIN FACTS

Demonstration means showing how something is to be done and notto be done .

Through demonstration a teacher presents a task requiring someskill before the students

The students role is that of the observer and recorder ofinformation and skills

Demonstrations are most effective when followed by acorresponding student-activity .


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This method is especially desirable when: The apparatus to be used is very costly

Experiments involve a slight danger

Apparatus is very sensitive and unsuitable for children to handle

Several experiments are to be performed sequentially


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Characteristics of a good demonstration All pupils should be able to observe the demonstration

Apparatus, specimens, models, etc. should be as large as possible andgraduation in any instrument used should be prominent

Attention must be given to the adequate lighting of thedemonstration table

Make sure that all the materials and illustrations are nearby whenthe demonstration begins

Apparatus should be arranged in the proper order

Before demonstration, adequate and specific instructions forobservation must be given to pupils

Whenever possible, involve students in the demonstration


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Characteristics continues.

The demonstrated items should be removed from the vicinity of the pupilswhen its use is over

When several tasks are to be demonstrated during a lesson, they should notbe shown all at once

Breakdown the demonstration into a simple step by step pattern so that itcan be neither too fast nor too slow

For recording the data pupils should be given sufficient time

Prior to demonstration, the teacher should conduct a thorough rehearsal

Control experiments play a great part to clarify details

Time and season for practical work should be considered

There must be an element of curiosity, anticipation or surprise associatedwith the demonstration

A black board behind the demonstration table will facilitate summarizingthe related principles and key concepts, in time


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3.The Tutorial Method

1. This method of teaching was said to be invented by

Socrates.

2. It sprang from the character of the Greek people wholoved asking questions and arguing them out.

3. This was done by asking the student a series of questions.

4. In the process of answering questions on the part of thestudent, he was made to realize that knowledge and truthwere in the student's own power to find, if he cares tosearch long enough and hard enough.

5. It is in the combination of these two assumptions, namely:the critical method and the positive purpose of selfassertion, where the essence of the tutorial method lies

Main facts


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The merits of tutorial methods are summarizedbelow :

It caters to the learner's individualized needs, interests, aptitude It permits the learner to acquire a gradual, orderly and sequentialprogression from a broad and relatively simple level to one of much greaterdepth and complexity

It makes possible immediate feedback, thereby promoting the learner'smotivation

It encourages active, analytic, independent learning in the student

It trains oral presentation, articulation and intellectual self-defense .

It enables the students to come to grasp more quickly with abstract conceptsand complicated problem-solving skills.


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Some drawbacks of tutorial method :

It is an extremely expensive method in terms of money, time andeffort

It may unnecessarily foster unhealthy identification of the learnerwith the tutor.

It is liable to provoke an enormous amount of anxiety in thelearner; thereby retarding the latter's learning progress


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In view of the impracticability and the demeritsof the tutorial method, some modified forms ofthe tutorial system have been developed and arein popular use in college and university teaching.They are of the following.

.1. Small group tutorial ,

2. Seminar,

3. Colloquium,

4. Panel presentation and

5. Debate discussion


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1.Small Group Tutorial

1. The tutor takes a small group of students, aboutfive to seven

2. Each student takes turn to prepare and to presenthis written report orally

3. The other students, led by the tutor, will firequestions, comments and queries towards thestudent charged with the presentation


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2.Seminar

A student will take turn to deliver a paper on a particulartopic, carefully written after much thorough reading

The other students will listen to the presentation, make

notes of his references and follow up by further reading The role of the instructor is to direct the discussion, in

which all students take part.


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3.Colloquium

The students meet in a group and talk about their reading,confronting each other with challenges and questions, and probinginto the multifarious facets of an issue with intent to seek depth andbreadth in knowledge

Result in the realization of the art of conversation, a sense of style inspeaking, and the interplay of poise, gravity, humor and controversywill be achieved by the students .


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4.Panel-Presentation

A group of students, typically from 3 to 6, forms a panel.

Each panelist prepares a sub-part in a subject in some depthand then presents it before the class

The panel chairman participates to keep the discussion tothe point, to invite silent class members to talk or to give anoccasional summary to suggest how the discussion hasprogressed

The purpose is to provide an opportunity for the panelists tolearn rhetoric speaking in front of a group and to practiceintellectual defense.


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5.Debate-discussion

Two or more speakers usually take definite points of view, present theiropinions and facts, and participate later by responding to questions andcomments from others in the class.

Quickness and sharpness in thinking and the art of exposition anddiscourse are the fruits of such learning activity


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WHICH METHOD IS GOOD.?

As each one of these method has its advantagesand disadvantages, it is better advised to select themethod with respect to the content, contest,audience, available resources, etc.


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Autocraticmethodsofteaching Afsal 110322123931 Phpapp01