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Assessment of RSD measurement performance against reference vehicles and PEMS emissions

Potential for Euro 6 in-service vehicle emissions screening

Based on EC JRC 2017 Testing Program

Brussels, 28th of September 2017 P. Bonnel, M. Carriero, M. Clairotte, B. Giesaskiel European Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC)

Disclaimer

• The information and views set out in this document are a property of the Joint Research Centre (JRC). They are of preliminary nature and were not fully screened and processed according to the JRC quality and publication rules. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein.

• The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards.

• The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered.

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Contents

• Background

• General Approach

• Overview of JRC RSD Test Campaign

• Results

• Preliminary Conclusions

• Next Steps

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Background

• In-Service Conformity (ISC) of road vehicles

• EU authorities responsibilities being defined in the 4th regulatory package on Real Driving Emissions (RDE)

• EC investigating the possibility to propose screening methods for vehicle/family selection (e.g. to find worst in class)

• Candidate screening methods: Remote Sensing Devices (RSD) / Simplified Emissions Measurement Systems (SEMS)

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General Approach

• Feasibility study of RSD for the European primary legislative purpose (Screening Euro 6 LDV emissions to identify worst cases or problematic vehicle families)

• Other possibilities: private vehicles issues such as tampering, evaluation of inspection and maintenance,...

• Roadmap

• Step1: Assessment of RSD instrumentation (JRC July 2017)

• Step2: Upon measurement performance assessment, proposal for minimum requirements and associated usage

• Step3: Deployment campaigns, database and evaluation strategies

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Remote Sensing Devices (RSD) in the program

HEAT OPUS

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Overview of JRC RSD Test Campaign

• One week in July 2017, 2 commercially available RSD systems (OPUS, HEAT) tested simultaneously

• Reference vehicles:

• Electric vehicle with gas bottles (CO/NO/CO2) to simulate vehicle exhaust

• Internal combustion engines vehicles equipped with PEMS

• Other vehicles covering various technologies and emissions standards passing several times through

• Total Number of vehicles: Reference (6) / Other (40)

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Approach to assess the measurement performance

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Simulation of Emissions Values

• Electric vehicle equipped with Gas cylinders and small air compressor

• Different concentrations of NO and CO pollutants

• Gas flowing controlled by valves

• PEMS system to measure flows and concentrations

• Comparison with RSD

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Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines

• Vehicles equipped with PEMS

• Vehicles without PEMS

• Various emissions standards (Euro 0 to Euro 6b)

• Measurement of tailpipe gaseous emissions (THC, NO+NO2=NOx, CO, CO2)

• Comparison with RSD

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Reference Vehicles Characteristics

Engine Euro

standard

Engine

capacity

[cm3]

Power

[kW]

Vehicle 1 Electric - - -

Vehicle 2 Gasoline Euro4 1368 57

Vehicle 3 Diesel Euro6b 1968 110

Vehicle 4 Diesel Euro6b 2967 184

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Results - NO/CO2 ratio

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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT

STRAIGHT GREY LINE: 1:1

Results - CO/CO2 ratio

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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT

STRAIGHT GREY LINE: 1:1

RED HORIZONTAL LINE = BACKGROUND

VW Polo LPGToyota Auris Hybrid hybrid

Renault Twingo gasoline

BMW Serie 1 gasoline

Fiat Doblo gasolineVW Polo gasoline

Renault Clio gasoline

Peugeot 3008 dieselVolvo V40 diesel

BMW Z4 gasoline

Peugeot 2008-A gasoline

VW Golf dieselPeugeot 2008-B gasoline

Lancia Ypsilon gasoline

Porsche Cayenne dieselFord Transit diesel

Mazda 3 diesel

Scooter Yamaha gasoline

Renault Scenic dieselScooter Piaggio 125cc gasoline

Toyota RAV4 diesel

Peugeot Boxer dieselFord Focus diesel

Citroen C4 Picasso diesel

MV Augusta Brutale 990 gasoline

Quad BP Outlander gasolineAudi A3 - EA189 diesel

Hyundai Galloper diesel

Citroen Jumper dieselRenault Truck 460 - 23km/h diesel

VW California diesel

Peugeot 206SW diesel

Renault Truck 460 - 33km/h dieselRenault Truck 460 - no SCR diesel

Fiat Uno gasoline

Fiat Uno LPG

0.1

10

.0

NO ratio [Log10 ppm/%]

Euro0

Euro2

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro6

EuroV

RSD 1

Lancia Ypsilon gasoline

Toyota Auris Hybrid hybridBMW Serie 1 gasoline

VW Polo gasoline

VW Polo LPG

Renault Twingo gasoline

BMW Z4 gasolineFiat Doblo gasoline

Peugeot 2008-B gasoline

Renault Clio gasoline

Scooter Yamaha gasoline

Peugeot 2008-A gasolineVolvo V40 diesel

Porsche Cayenne diesel

VW Golf diesel

Mazda 3 diesel

Ford Transit dieselMV Augusta Brutale 990 gasoline

Renault Scenic diesel

Peugeot Boxer diesel

Ford Focus diesel

Peugeot 3008 dieselToyota RAV4 diesel

Citroen C4 Picasso diesel

Hyundai Galloper diesel

Quad BP Outlander gasoline

Audi A3 - EA189 dieselCitroen Jumper diesel

Peugeot 206SW diesel

Scooter Piaggio 125cc gasoline

Renault Truck 460 - 23km/h diesel

VW California dieselFiat Uno gasoline

Renault Truck 460 - 33km/h diesel

Renault Truck 460 - no SCR diesel

Fiat Uno LPG

1

10

0

NO ratio [Log10 ppm/%]

RSD 2

Results – All vehicles - NO/CO2 ratio

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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT

The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered.

Results – Euro 6 Diesel with tampered DPF

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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT

The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered. Some vehicles were tampered for the need of the project only.

Results – Euro VI Diesel Truck with tampered SCR

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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT

The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered. Some vehicles were tampered for the need of the project only.

Preliminary Conclusions (1)

• RSD Instrumentation measurement performance verified under real-world conditions: both OPUS/HEAT systems exhibited excellent correlation with the references for CO and NO, within wide ranges

• Ability of the RSD to discriminate Euro 0 to Euro 6 emissions standards within a given vehicle technology (diesel, gasoline, LPG, with and without DPF)

• Ability of the RSD instrumentation to check the tailpipe emissions of tampered or poorly performing vehicles (e.g. due to ageing effects), relative to the functioning ones

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Preliminary Conclusions (2)

• RSD does not provide absolute values and is only complementary to detailed RDE/PEMS testing

• RSD appropriate to assess emissions performance of vehicles/vehicle families relative to other vehicles/families or functioning vehicles

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Next Steps

• Final review of the collected data with Opus and Heat

• Potential for other pollutants: THC, PM will be further assessed from the data

• Publication of JRC report including complete results and preliminary recommendations

• Open question regarding RSD instrumentation sensitivity:

• Within the vehicles compliant with the RDE regulation, will RSD be able to discriminate good and bad Euro 6 c/d vehicles?

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