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Feeling the Heat—Globally
ASA 2013Belmont University
Terry M. Gray
Saturday, July 20, 13
Newton-meters
Meg
awatt
s
kilowatt-hours
British thermal units
Joules
Calories
Gigawatts
2 oz Snickers bar is 280 Calories (kilocalories)Multiply by 4.184 Joules/calorie
1200 kJ or 1.2 MJ
2.2 Tbsp oil18 tsp sugar1.5 oz shot Everclear2.4 Tbsp gasoline16 pieces of paper95 L H2
100 Watt lightbulb lit for 3.33 hours125 AA batteries40% of a 12 V car battery
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PER DAY2000-2500 kcal/day Multiply by 4.184 Joules/calorie
10,000 kJ or 10 MJ
PER YEARX 365
3650 MJ or 3.65 GJA 15 gallon tank of gasoline is 2 GJ. If we could metabolize
gasoline, you could live for 200 days on a tank of gas.Saturday, July 20, 13
3.65 GJ/person
•Multiply by 2 million – the number of people in metro Nashville or Denver – gets 7.3 million GJ
•Multiply by 316 million – the number of people in the US – gets 1.15 billion GJ•Multiply by 7.1 billion – the number of people in the world (next week sometime) – gets 26 billion GJ (22 trillion Snickers bars)
A GJ is a billion JoulesA billion billion Joules = 1018 J = 1 EJ
1 EJ ≈ 1 Quad
Flicker photo by James Cridland/CC BY 2.0
Saturday, July 20, 13
540 EJ77 GJ/person
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The 12 top energy using countries in 2011 are China, USA, Russia, India, Japan, Canada, Germany, Brazil, South Korea, France, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. Over the past decade China and India, the two most populous countries, have energy consumption growth rates of 150% and 90%, respectively.
Flicker photo by James Cridland/CC BY 2.0
Saturday, July 20, 13
Table 12.1 – Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries in 2011Table 12.1 – Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries in 2011Table 12.1 – Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries in 2011Table 12.1 – Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries in 2011Table 12.1 – Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries in 2011Table 12.1 – Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries in 2011
Country2011 Use(EJ)
Per Capita (GJ/person)
Population (million) Rank
Energy Use Rate
China 115 85 1347 1 150%
US 100 317 315 3 0.4%
Russia 30 211 143 9 10%
India 25 20 1210 2 90%
Japan 21 165 128 10 –7%
Canada 15 415 35 35 11%
Germany 14 165 82 16 –10%
Brazil 12 61 194 5 46%
South Korea
12 231 50 25 36%
France 11 164 65 21 –6%
Iran 10 134 134 28 75%
Saudi Arabia
10 336 28 44 76%
World 540 77 7013 30%
Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011Table 12.2 – Energy Use for Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Bangladesh in 2011
Country2011 Use
Per Capita Pop. Rank
Pop Growth Rate
Energy Use Rate
Indonesia 6.5 27 238 4 1.04% 44%
Pakistan 3.0 16 182 6 1.55% 50%
Nigeria 0.9 5 167 7 2.55% 35%
Bangladesh 1.1 7 153 8 1.58% 72%
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FIGURE 12.1 – Energy Use 2001-2012 for the Top 5 Energy Consuming Countries. Data from EIA/BP.
10
40
70
100
130
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ener
gy (E
J)
Year
10
40
70
100
130
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ener
gy (E
J)
Year
ChinaUSRussiaIndiaJapan
5
9
13
17
21
25
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Ener
gy (E
J)
Year
IndiaJapanCanadaGermanyBrazilSouth KoreaFranceIranSaudi Arabia
Energy Use of the Top 12 Energy Consuming Countries 2001-2011
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Human Development Index vs. Per Capita Energy Use
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent I
ndex
Per Capita Energy Use (GJ/person)
Saturday, July 20, 13
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Human Development Index vs. Per Capita Energy Use
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent I
ndex
Per Capita Energy Use (GJ/person)
9 billion x 130 GJ= 1,200 EJ
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1,200 EJ is an overestimate
if we can get to better efficiencies
30% to 60% efficient electricity production with natural gas vs. coal using
combined cycle generators or fuel cells (like Bloom
Energy Server)
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Saturday, July 20, 13
Saturday, July 20, 13
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40%
9%25%
12%
15%
USTransportationNonIndustryCommercialResidential
9%
13%
20%
2%
57%
BangladeshTransportationNonIndustryCommercialResidential
25%
9%
35%
8%
22%
GermanyTransportationNonIndustryCommercialResidential
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What Will It Take?US needs 14 EJ electrical energy
(currently generated 2/3 by fossil fuels)
Power Plant LanguageA 1 GW power plant = 109 W = 109 J/s
x 60 s/min x 60 min/hr x 24 hr/day x 365 day/yr= 31.5 x 1015 J = 0.0315 EJ
Divide 14 EJ by 0.0315 EJ/1 GW power plant= 444 1 GW power plants
Multiply by 3 for intermittent sources like wind and solarWe have 104 nuclear plants we need 340 more
We have 7 solar plants – we need just over 1300 moreWe have 60 wind farms – we need just under 1300 more
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$$$$$$$1300 power plants
(130 each year for the next 10 years!)$1-$2 billion per power plant
Nuclear plants are coming in at $5 billion
$5 trillionDouble this if we electrify transportation
Multiply by 5-10 to get the whole world on board
US GNP $15 trillion US 2012 deficit $1 trillion Cost of Iraq and Afghan wars $4 trillion TARP bailout $0.7 trillion
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Take Home Points
• We better get started• Fossil fuel based energy isn’t going away
soon• We better figure out other ways to solve
the CO2 problem
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CO2
•Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)•CO2 reduction technologies (Andrew Bocarsly/Liquid Light, George Olah)
•Direct CO2 capture from the atmosphere(David Keith/Carbon Engineering)
Saturday, July 20, 13
http://www.energywhattheworldneedsnow.com
ENERGY–What the World Needs Now Terry M. Gray and Anthony K. Rappé
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Energy Is Everywhere 2. Feeling the Heat 3. Feeling the Heat–Globally 4. Where Does Energy Come From? 5. The Anatomy of a Power Plant 6. Fossil Fuels 7. Nuclear Power 8. Renewable Energy 9. Conservation & Efficiency: "The Fifth Fuel” 10. How Much Does Energy Cost? 11. Batteries & Fuel Cells 12. A Global Perspective on Energy Growth 13. The Problem of CO2 14. Hope for the Future
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