ArtificialIntelligence Front Matter

7/29/2019 ArtificialIntelligence Front Matter

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Lec ture N ote s in Art if ic ia l In te ll igen ceSubser ies o f Lecture Notes n Com pu te r ScienceEdi ted by J. S iekm ann

L e c tu r e N o t e s in C o m p u t e r S c i e n c eEdi ted by G. G oos and J. Har tm an is


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Ed i t o r i a l

Art if ic ial Intel ligence has be com e a ma jor disc ipl ine unde r the roo f ofC om pu ter Science. Th is is also ref lected b y a growing num ber of t it lesdevoted to this fast developing f ie ld to be publ ished in ou r LectureNotes in Com puter Sc ience. T o m ake these vo lum es imm edia te ly v is -ib le w e have dec ided to d is tinguish them by a spec ia l cover as LectureNotes in Art i f ic ial Intel l igence, constitut ing a subseries of the LectureNotes in Computer Science. This subser ies is edi ted by an Editor ialBo ard of exper ts f rom al l areas o f AI , chaired by JOrg Siekmann, w hoare look ing forw ard to cons ider further AI monographs and proceed-ings o f high scient i fic qu al i ty for pub l icat ion.W e hop e that the const itu tion of th is subser ies wi l l be w el l acceptedby the audience o f the Lecture Notes in Co m pu ter Sc ience, and wefeel conf ident that the subser ies wi l l be recognized as an outs tandingopp or tuni ty for publicat ion by authors and edi tors of the AI com m uni ty .Edi tors and publ isher


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L e c t u r e N o t e s i nA r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c eEdited by J. Siekm annSubser ies o f Lec tu re No tes in Com pute r Sc ience

481Ew ald LangKa i-U w e C arstensenG eoffrey S im m ons

M ode lling S pa tia l K now ledgeon a Lingu ist ic B as isTheory - Prototype -Inte gra t ion

S p r i n g e r - V e r l a gBerlin Heidelberg N ew York LondonParis Tokyo Hon g Ko ng B arcelona


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AuthorsE w a l d L a n gF a c h b e r e i c h 4 , B e r g i s c h e U n i v e r s it ~ t W u p p e r t a lG a u s s - S t r a B e 2 0 , W - 5 6 0 0 W u p p e r t a l 1, F R Ga n dI B M D e u t s c h l a n d G m b H , W i s s e n s c h a f t li c h e s Z e n tr u mI n s ti tu t fS r W i s s e n s b a s i e r t e S y s t e m eS c h t o B s t r a B e 7 0 , W - 7 0 0 0 S t u t t g a r t 1, F R GK a i - U w e C a r s t e n s e nG e o f fr e y S i m m o n sF a c h b e r e i c h I n fo r m a t i k , U n i v e r s it & t H a m b u r gB o d e n s t e d ts t ra B e 1 6, W - 2 0 0 0 H a m b u r g 5 0 , F R G

C R S u b j e c t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( 1 9 8 7 ) : 1 . 2 .4 , 1 .2 .?I S B N 3 - 5 4 0 - 5 3 7 1 8 - ) ( S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g B e r l i n H e i d e l b e r g N e w Y o r kI S B N 0 - 3 8 7 - 5 3 7 1 8 - X S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g N e w Y o r k B e r l i n H e i d e l b e r g

This work is subject to co pyright . Al l r ights are reserved, whether he w hole or part of the m ateria lis conc erned , specif ically he rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of i l lustrations, recitation,broadcast ing, reproduct ion on microf ilms or in o ther ways, and storage n data banks. Du pl icationof th is pub l ication or parts thereof s only permit ted under he p rovisionsof the G erman CopyrightLaw o f Septem ber 9, 1965, in i ts current version, and a copyright fee m ust a lways be p aid.Vio lat ions al l under the prosecut ion act of the Ge rman Copyright Law. Springer-VerlagBe rlin He idelberg 1991Printed in Germ anyPrint ing and binding: Druckhaus Beltz, Hemsbach/Bergst r .2145/3140-543210 - Pr inted on acid-f ree paper


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P r e f a c e

The book deve lops a theory abou t knowledge o f spa t i a l ob jec t s , wh ich i ss ign i f i can t fo r cogn i t ive l ingu i s t i c s and a r t i f i c i a l in te l l igence , in to a n ewapproach to know ledge s truc ture . The theory i s put in to prac tice by m eans of' rapid proto typing ' , in w hich the Prolog sys tem "OS K AR " plays a l inking role .The book offe rs a two-leve l approach to semant ic in te rpre ta t ion and provesthat i t works b y m eans of a prec ise computer implem enta t ion , w hich in turn i sappl ied to suppor t a task- independent know ledge representa t ion sys tem. E achof these s teps i s descr ibed in de ta i l , whi le the l inks a re made expl ic i t , thusretracing the evolut ion from theory to pract ice .Fo llow ing a bri ef Introduction, Cha pter 2 outl ines the three m ajor com ponentsof the l inguis t ic theory on w hich the imp lemen ta t ion i s based. Chapter 3 thengives a de ta i led overview of OSKAR's des ign and capac i ty . The descr ip t iveand procedura l com ponents of the Prolog program are presented in the logica land chrono log ica l o rde r o f s t ages in which they have been implemented .Chap te r 4 ske tches the p rogram' s in teg ra t ion in to the na tu ra l l anguagecom prehens ion sys tem o f the L ILO G project.The s tudy docum ents in te rd isc ip l inary research at work: the mo del o f spa t ia lknowledge i t offe rs i s the f ru i t of the jo in t e f for ts of a l inguis t , a compu-ta t iona l l inguis t and a knowledge engineer . We hope tha t the present work ,which g ives an ob jec t ive repor t o f th i s expe r ience , w i l l conv ince o the rresearchers in the f ie ld of cogn it ive sciences that co-operation real ly pays off .

January 1991 Ew a l d La n gKai-Uw e Cars tensenGeof f rey S imm ons


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Co n t e n t s

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 .11 .21 . 2 . 11 . 2 . 21 . 2 . 31 .31 .41 .51 .6

S p a c e A p p e a l . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . 1T h e C o n t e x t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2L i n g u i s t i c A p p r o a c h e s . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 2I m p l e m e n t a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 5T h e L I L O G - P r o j e c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5T h e I s s u e : W h a t C o n s t i t u t e s S p a t i al K n o w l e d g e ? . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . 7A F i r s t G l a n c e a t O S K A R ' s C a p a b i l i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 8H o w t h e B o o k is O r g a n i z e d . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1 0A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

. A2 . 02 .12 . 1 . 12 . 1 . 22 . 1 . 32 . 1 . 42 . 1 . 52 . 2

2 . 2 . 12 . 2 . 22 . 2 . 32 .32 . 3 . 12 . 3 . 22 . 3 . 32 . 3 . 42 . 42 . 4 . 12 . 4 . 2

L i n g u i s t i c A p p r o a c h t o S p a t i a l K n o w l e d g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2I n t r o d u c t o r y R e m a r k s . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2D i m e n s i o n a l D e s i g n a t io n : G e n e r a l F r a m e w o r k . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 1 2B a s i c A s s u m p t i o n s o n M e n t a l S t r u c tu r e s . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2L a n g u a g e a n d C o g n i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4D i m e n s i o n a l D e s i g n a t i o n : T h e S c o p e o f D a t a . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7P r e v i e w o f t h e T h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1L i n g u i s t i c v s . C o n c e p t u a l L e v e l . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 2 2D i m e n s i o n A s s i g n m e n t P a r a m e t er s ( D A P s ) :T h e i r O r i g i n , N a t u r e a n d U s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2 7C a t e g o r i z a t i o n G r i d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7I n v e n t o r y o f D A P s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 1T y p e s o f O r i e n t a t i o n a n d P e r s p e c t i v i z a t i o n o f O b j e c t s . . .. . . . . .. . 4 3O b j e c t S c h e m a t a ( O S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4T h e M a k e - u p o f O S . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 5 4C o m p a t i b i l i ty C o n d i t i o n s U n d e r l y i n g t h e A s s i g n m e n to f D i m e n s i o n s a n d P o s i t io n s to O b j e c t s i n S p a c e . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. 5 9T h e I n v e n t o r y o f O S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1I n t r i n s i c a n d D e i c t i c S i d e s . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 6 5D i m e n s i o n a l D e s i g n a t i o n = M a p p i n g D A P s o n t o O S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7I d e n t i f i c a t i o n v s . S p e c i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7I n f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8


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V I I I

3 . T h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f O S K A R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 93.03.13.23.33.3.13.3.23.3.33.43.53.5.13.5.23.5.33.5.43.6

Introductory Remarks ........................................................ 69Outline of the Structure of OSKAR ............ ....... ....... ....... .... 69The Representation of DAPs and OS in OSKAR ............ ....... 71The Interaction of DAPs and OS .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ... 75Assigning Dimensions and Positions to Objects ....... .... .... .... .. 75Changing the Position of Objects ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... 85Position Properties ............................................................91The Overall Structure of OSKAR ........................................ 93Some Further Aspects of OSKAR ....................................... 97Object Categorizat ion ........................................................97Handling g r o f l a n d k l e i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Commensurability of Objects ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .... 99Entailments ..................................................................... 100Extensions and Prospects ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... .101

4 . T h e I n t e g r a t i o n o f O S K A R i n t o th e L I L O G s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 34.14.24.34.3.14.3.24.3.34.44.54.64.7

Taking Stock .................................................................... 03Modularity of Linguistic Meaningand Knowledge Representa tion ..........................................104The Knowledge Representation Language LLILOG .... .... .... ... i 10Sorts and Sort Expressions ................................................ 1 1Referential Objects and Sortal Restrictions ... .... ... .... ... .... ... .. 117Rules and Facts ................................................................. 18Dimensional Designation and Positional Variation in LILOG 120OS and Object Ontology in LLILOG ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .....121Inheritance and Context Dependent Assignmentof OS to RefOs .................................................................126Dimens iona l Designation and Scalar Functions .....................128

L i t e r a t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2L i s t o f F i g u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 8


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D e r H a u s w i r t s a g t :I s j a' n b i s k e n eng, d e r H o f ,

a b e r dafiir sch6n hoch.HEINRICH ZILLE

iiber BerlinerHinterhOfe

T h e l a n d l o r d s a y s :T h e c o u r ty a r d m a y b e a b i t narrow,

b u t i t 's nice and high.HEINRICH ZII .I .E

o n B e r l i n b a c k y a r d s

A hill can't b e a valley, y o u k n o w .T h a t w o u l d b e n o n s e n s e .

LEWIS CARROLLAlice in W o n d e r l a n d

Tiefe g e h t a u f d e n GrundD e p t h g e t s u s t o t h e b o t t o mKai-Uwe

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f D A P s a n d O S ( _ ,o u t p u t ( ' No m o r e s o l u t i o n s ' ) )

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O S K A R

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ArtificialIntelligence Front Matter