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julie-greer
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Areal Estimation techniques
Two types of technique:
1. Direct weighted averages
2. Surface fitting methods
DIRECT WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHODS
use the equation:
vg are weights between 0 and 1
pg are values of precip measured at each gage
G is the total number of gages
g are individual gages
P v pg g
g
G^
1
Arithmetic average
all gages have same weight
PG
p gg
G^
1
1
Thiessen Polygons
-area divided into G subregions each approximately centered on the G rain gages
-regions are such that all points in a subregion are closer to their own gage than any others
- once these polygons defined and areas (ag) calculated, weights calculated as vg=ag/A and spatial average calulated as
because
PA
a pg g
g
G^
1
1
a Ag
g
G
1
SURFACE-FITTING METHODS
Purpose is to use the gage values to identify a surface that represents the precipitation at all points in the basin (or region of interest)
Various approaches differ in methods used to construct the surface
Isohyetal concepts
calculates precipitation at all points in the ith subregion and pi- and pi+ are the values of isohyets the bound the ith subregion
regional average is calculated as
where αi is the area between the two contours within the region
Contours can be sketched by hand, but surface fitting and contouring programs much better
P P Pi i i
^
( ) 1
2
PA
pii
I
i
^
11
- With sufficient points, surface fitting can be done using contouring programs (e.g. surfer) that use statistical techniques (e.g. kriging) to describe the increasing difference or decreasing correlation between sample values as separation between them increases. The ultimate goal is to determine the value of a point in a heterogeneous grid from known values nearby.
Hypsometric method
Differs from other surface-fitting methods in that spatial average precip is not calculated from isohyets, but as a function of elevation. Not a complicated method, but many steps, so won’t be covered in detail here. Read in Dingman.
Briefly:1. Select elevation interval of basin2. Construct3. Construct precip vs elevation curve and determine precip at the
median of each interval4. Compute estimated areal average precip as: ( )P p Z ah
h
H
h
1
Precip at each median interval from step 3
Fractional area of interval
Comparison studies have shown that the optimal-interpolation/kriging method is by far the most accurate, but are also very complex
Choice should be based on:1. Objective,2. 3. time and computing resources available
Temporal Characteristics of Precipitation
- Our ability to forecast long-term temporal variation in precipitation is limited. The best tool hydrologists have for prediction is frequency analysis which allows the calculation of probabilities based on historical events
For annual precipitation:
-given enough years of record we can build a histogram of events which will take a gauzian shape
- the longer the record the better the confidence in the curve
- using standard statistical relationships...1 sd, 2sd
variance
65% within 1 SD
95% within 2 SD
99.7% within 3 SD
For lesser durations:
Depth-Duration-Frequency (DDF) analysis or IDF is used
We can calculate the exceedence probability (probability that a unit volume of precip in a unit time will be exceeded)
e.g. there is a 37% chance that the annual precipitation in Seattle will exceed 1.0 m
Inverse of exceedence probability is Return Period
Manipulating the probability
e.g. the return period of a 1 m annual rain in Seattle is 3 years
Duration, tr (min)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
Inte
nsi
ty, i (m
m/h
r)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
F requency100-year50-year25-year10-year5-year2-year
District 1
i = A/(B+tr)m
Frequency A B m2-year 1581 12.98 0.855-year 1995 14.19 0.8410-year 1874 13.14 0.8025-year 2175 13.49 0.7950-year 2121 12.64 0.76100-year 2603 13.71