Are Your Guts Driving You Nuts?

May 8, 2019

John Cook, PMHNP, APRN

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microbiome

biotahttps://openclipart.org/detail/284321/bacteria

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16S rRNA

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link

https://www.uth.edu/news/story.htm?id=f0700b0f-2f57-4d9d-b161-18a95a2f0140

FMT for C. diff Antidepressants and C. diff

C. diff renamed to Clostridioides difficile

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https://openclipart.org/detail/284321/bacteria

https://openclipart.org/detail/28438/germ-3c

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https://knightlab.ucsd.edu/wordpress/?page_id=47

https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.4039#supplementary-information

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YouTube Follow Your Gut:

Microbiomes and Aging with Rob

Knight - Research on Aging

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pregnancy

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childhood

FMT weight gain

FMT no weight gainlink

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Bacteroides fragilis

human autism research

antibiotics antibiotics summary

great overview

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inflammation

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brain fog FMT better

https://ubiome.com/consumer/explorer/

https://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/how-to-perform-a-fecal-transplant-at-home/

D

I

Y

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abstract

⭡ fiber

⭡ butyrate

⭡ brain health

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⭡ MACs (prebiotics)

⭡ SCFAs

⭣ anxietyfull text

related link

simple carbohydrates

⭡ Alistipes

⭡ Enterobacteriaceae

⭣ BDNF

⭣ Faecalibacteriumfull text

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MACs Bifidobacterium

HMOs RCT

Nestle

https://wellcomecollection.org/works/njv3mjbp

Gut Brain Axis

YouTube

Emeran

Mayer, The

Microbiome

Mind and

Brain

Interactions

https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC3896593_org-9-216-g1&req=4

The Second Brain

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gut produced neurotransmitters

neurotransmitter alterations

further reading

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rats

micehumans

microbiota alterations

BDNFmicrobiota

https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/publication-detail.html?id=544

Brake

Hypothesishttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-synuclein_rendering.jpeg

2008 criticism 2013 support 2017 support

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vagotomies

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link

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high fats

diets and

colon

cancer

fatty diets

decrease

Faecalibacterium

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microbiota variations

red meat, microbiota, atherosclerosis humans

diabetes, scroll to references

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References1. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in the Diagnostic Laboratory: Pluses, Perils, and Pitfalls

2. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/microbiota

3. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body

4. Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body

5. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/microbiome

6. New human gene tally reignites debate

7. Introduction to the human gut microbiota

8. The Human Microbiome Project

9. Cesarean Section, Formula Feeding, and Infant Antibiotic Exposure: Separate and Combined Impacts on Gut Microbial Changes in Later Infancy

10. The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome

11. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer

12. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome

13. Cultured gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate adiposity and metabolic phenotypes in mice

14. Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women

15. The intestinal microbiota composition and weight development in children: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study

References16. Vaginal microbes can be partially restored to c-section babies

17. Association Between Obstetric Mode of Delivery and Autism Spectrum Disorder

18. Treatment of bipolar depression with minocycline and/or aspirin: an adaptive, 2×2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase IIA clinical trial

19. The microbiota modulates gut physiology and behavioral abnormalities associated with autism

20. Adjunctive minocycline treatment for major depressive disorder: A proof of concept trial

21. Efficacy and tolerability of minocycline for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

22. The antidepressant impact of minocycline in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

23. Brain fogginess, gas and bloating: a link between SIBO, probiotics and metabolic acidosis

24. Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous FMT

25. https://ubiome.com/consumer/explorer/

26. How to Perform a Fecal Transplant at Home

27. Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health?

28. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 mediates a GABA synthesis pathway in midbrain dopaminergic neurons

29. Butyrate, Neuroepigenetics and the Gut Microbiome: Can a High Fiber Diet Improve Brain Health?

30. Starving our Microbial Self: The Deleterious Consequences of a Diet Deficient in Microbiota-Accessible Carbohydrates

References31. From Food to Mood

32. Digestion, absorption and energy value of carbohydrates

33. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder

34. Breast milk, microbiota, and intestinal immune homeostasis

35. Human milk oligosaccharide consumption by intestinal microbiota

36. Gut-microbiota-brain axis and effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation

37. Think Twice: How the Gut's "Second Brain" Influences Mood and Well-Being

38. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans: Disease and Healthy States

39. Gut microbiota, the pharmabiotics they produce and host health

40. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder

41. The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression

42. The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression

43. Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression?

44. The Roles of BDNF in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression and in Antidepressant Treatment

45. Heiko Braak, MD, Author of Parkinson's Staging Procedure, Honored with 2014 Robert A. Pritzker Prize

References46. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease

47. A Critical Evaluation of The Braak Staging Scheme for Parkinson’s Disease

48. The prion hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: Braak to the future

49. Exploring Braak’s Hypothesis of Parkinson’s Disease

50. Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson's Disease

51. Vagotomy and Parkinson disease A Swedish register–based matched-cohort study

52. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders

53. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve

54. Composition,taxonomy and functional diversity of the oropharynx microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia and controls

55. Metagenomic Sequencing Indicates That the Oropharyngeal Phageome of Individuals With Schizophrenia Differs From That of Controls

56. Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: why the gut matters

57. The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice

58. The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

59. Schizophrenia and gut-flora related epigenetic factors

60. Correlation between gut microbiota and personality in adults: A cross-sectional study

References61. Microbial Endocrinology in the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: How Bacterial Production and Utilization of Neurochemicals Influence Behavior

62. Consumption of Fermented Milk Product With Probiotic Modulates Brain Activity

63. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/DYSBIOSIS

64. Weight Gain After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

65. Stool Donor Body Mass Index Does Not Affect Recipient Weight After a Single Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficileInfection

66. The immune-mediated alteration of serotonin and glutamate: towards an integrated view of depression

67. Elie Metchnikoff: Father of natural immunity

68. Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridum difficile infection – fresh, or frozen, or lyophilisedmicrobiota from a small pool of healthy donors delivered by colonoscopy

69. Depression, antidepressant medications, and risk of Clostridium difficile infection

70. Clostridioides difficile (C. diff)

71. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota

72. Inhibition of the gut enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase may explain how aspartame promotes glucose intolerance and obesity in mice

73. The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet

74. Short-term impact of a classical ketogenic diet on gut microbiota in GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome: A 3-month prospective observational study

References75. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss

76. The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders

77. Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy

78. What is the tryptophan kynurenine pathway and why is it important to neurotherapy?

79. Conceptual Confluence: The Kynurenine Pathway as a Common Target for Ketamine and the Convergence of the Inflammation and Glutamate Hypotheses of Depression

80. Why Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are A Breakthrough

81. Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2′-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial

82. Stool Donor Body Mass Index Does Not Affect Recipient Weight After a Single Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection

83. Leaky Gut Syndrome

84. Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis

85. Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study

86. Kynurenine pathway dysfunction in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: evidences from animal and human studies

87. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems

References88. Diet, microbiota, and microbial metabolites in colon cancer risk in rural Africans and African Americans

89. Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: a 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial

90. The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet

91. The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders

92. Gut Microbiome Associates With Lifetime Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile Among Bogalusa Heart Study Participants

93. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis

94. Microbiota‐dependent metabolite trimethylamine‐N‐oxide is associated with disease severity and survival of patients with chronic heart failure

95. Altered Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes: Just a Coincidence?

96. YouTube Emeran Mayer, The Microbiome Mind and Brain Interactions

97. YouTube Follow Your Gut: Microbiomes and Aging with Rob Knight - Research on Aging

References cut due to time98. Vitamin D deficiency changes the intestinal microbiome reducing B vitamin production in the gut. The resulting lack of pantothenic acid

adversely affects the immune system, producing a “pro-inflammatory” state associated with atherosclerosis and autoimmunity

99. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12

100.Half-baked? B vitamins and depression

101.Inflammation, Sanitation, and Consternation: Loss of Contact With Coevolved, Tolerogenic Microorganisms and the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Major Depression

102.A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood

103.What is the tryptophan kynurenine pathway and why is it important to neurotherapy?

104.Do Cytokines Really Sing the Blues?

105.The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders The diagram is a must see!

106.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome

107.Minocycline as adjunctive therapy for patients with unipolar psychotic depression: An open-label study

108.Adjunctive Minocycline in Clozapine Treated Schizophrenia Patients with Persistent Symptoms

109.Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so

110.Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations

References cut due to time111.Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy

112.Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders- where do we stand?

113.Oral Supplementation With Probiotic L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 Increases Mean Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

114.Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Does the Gut Microbiome Hold the Key?

115.Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms

116.Antibiotics: Neuropsychiatric Effects and Psychotropic Interactions

117.Gut Microbial Carbohydrate Metabolism Hinders Weight Loss in Overweight Adults Undergoing Lifestyle Intervention With a Volumetric Diet

118.Gut microbiota’s effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis

119.From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways

120.Putative Neuroprotective and Neurotoxic Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites Are Associated with Hippocampal and Amygdalar Volumes in Subjects with Major Depressive Disorder

121.Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease

122.Role of the Gut Microbiome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Induced Hypertension

123.Chronic Sleep Disruption Alters Gut Microbiota, Induces Systemic and Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Mice

References cut due to time124.The shift work and health research agenda: Considering changes in gut microbiota as a pathway linking shift work, sleep loss and circadian

misalignment, and metabolic disease

125.The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life

126.The power of the microbiome: A microbe-based treatment reverses social deficits in mouse models of autism

127.Mechanisms Underlying Microbial-Mediated Changes in Social Behavior in Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder

128.Early Disruption of the Microbiome Leading to Decreased Antioxidant Capacity and Epigenetic Changes: Implications for the Rise in Autism

129.Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis

130.Microbial Endocrinology in the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: How Bacterial Production and Utilization of Neurochemicals Influence Behavior

131.A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the ‘SMILES’ trial)

132.Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson’s Disease

133.Parkinsons and Faecal Transplantation – or at least resolution of constipation!

134.Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis

135.Mind and gut: Associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity

Images1. https://choosemyplate-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/printablematerials/myplate_blue.jpg

2. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/njv3mjbphttps://openclipart.org/detail/256859/unhappy-face

3. https://openclipart.org/detail/28438/germ-3c

4. https://openclipart.org/detail/284321/bacteria

5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1owg_EBI.jpg

6. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_physiology;_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_(1899)_(14596425807).jpg

7. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illumina_Genome_Analyzer_II_System.jpg

8. https://www.edi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/blog-images/nih-logo01.png

9. https://www.genome.gov/images/content/hmp_logo.gif

10. http://www.tmc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/social-logo-baylor3.jpg

11. https://www.uth.edu/news/story.htm?id=f0700b0f-2f57-4d9d-b161-18a95a2f0140

12. https://openclipart.org/detail/280386/happy-family-silhouette

13. https://openclipart.org/detail/235128/pregnant-woman-icon-mark-ii

14. https://bcmfromthelabs.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/aagaardforap.jpg

15. https://knightlab.ucsd.edu/wordpress/?page_id=47

Images16. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Q12174_noun_5364_ccAnaFelix_obesity.svg.org/detail/28438/germ-3c

17. https://openclipart.org/detail/58171/autism-puzzle-ribbon

18. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minocycline-from-xtal-PDB-2DRD-3D-vdW.png

19. https://openclipart.org/detail/30145/tango-weather-showers

20. https://openclipart.org/detail/206174/pill-bottle

21. https://openclipart.org/detail/296941/international-breastfeeding-welcome-symbol

22. https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC3896593_org-9-216-g1&req=4

23. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:6_Tryptophan.svg

24. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Serotonin_(5-HT).svg

25. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quinolinic_Acid.svg

26. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Fabulous_Las_Vegas_Sign.svg

27. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-synuclein_rendering.jpeg

28. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov_1913.jpg

29. https://konmari.com/

Find a job you love and

you’ll never work a day in your life.

Confucius

If you come from a dysfunctional

family and work in psychiatry,

every day is like a family reunion.

John Cook