73

Appendix 1: IOC Transportation Theme Questions

In both phases of the Olympic Bid process, cities complete questionnaires aimed at assessing their abilities to host the Olympic Games. Each phase devotes a specifi c section, or theme, to transportation. In the most recent bid books for the 2020 Olympics, the transportation section was Theme 5 during the Applicant City phase and then Theme 13 in the later Candidate City phase. However, transportation is also a key component under the Environment, Finance, and Paralympic sections of the application. This prevalence throughout the most recent bid cycle’s question-naires is a refl ection of the heightened importance of transportation in the overall bid process and Games.

Themes 5 and 13 require that applicant cities provide an increasingly detailed description of city plans on topics related to every aspect of transport, many of which directly pertain to the real-time movement of athletes, IOC representatives, and spec-tators during the Games. Additionally, as a requirement throughout the bid process, applicants are required to provide guarantees, or proof that a city has received offi cial support of a project. Guarantees may be in the form of “original letters of support obtained from the government” or “competent local authorities” [1]. For projected capacity enhancements in transportation, guarantees must also indicate authoriza-tions, bodies responsible, construction timelines, and fi nancing of projects.

The charts below contain the questions that cities must respond to at both points in the bid process that have implications for long-term transportation projects. Combined with the fi nancial and political support from the guarantees, these pieces would have a greater impact on the lives of the residents for years after the Games. For these reasons, they can be considered legacy developments regardless of whether the city ever hosts the Olympics and Paralympics.

Finally, as a note of clarifi cation, this section references and describes the most recent IOC bid documents available from the 2020 Olympic Games bid. While Manchester and Istanbul were required to provide information on transportation planning in the bid phases focused on the case studies, the specifi c items asked of them were less exhaustive in the area of transport at the time of their initial bid submissions.

N. Abebe et al., Bidding for Development: How the Olympic Bid Process Can Accelerate Transportation Development, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 9,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8912-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

74

Table A.1 Theme 5 transport questions from the IOC’s 2020 Candidature Acceptance Procedure (Phase 1)

Question Transport topic Requirements

Q 1–6 Vision, concept, and legacy

Long-term benefi ts (city, region, country) • Bidding for the Games (irrespective of the outcome

of the bid) • Hosting the Olympic Games • Hosting the Paralympic Games Description of concept for Games • Explanation on concept of Olympic Games in the

city’s long-term planning strategy • Expected benefi ts during the Games • Games legacy plans

Q 5.1 Transport Chart on length, capacity, location, fi nance source, and construction timeline for:

• Existing transport infrastructure (roads and public transport systems)

• Planned transport infrastructure (irrespective of application to host the Games)

• Additional transport infrastructure (necessary to host Games)

Q 5.2 Airport data • Capacity, distance to city center, and planned public transport links

Q 5.3 Maps Color-coded tables and corresponding maps on all aspects of a city’s transport

• Motorways • Major urban arterial network • Suburban rail • Subway • Light rail

Table A.2 Theme 13 transport questions from the IOC’s 2020 Candidature Procedure and Questionnaire (Phase 2)

Question Transport topic Requirements

Q 13.1 Transport strategy and objectives

Overall description of city’s vision for transport

Q 13.2 Authorities Description of the governance authorities (national, regional, city) responsible for plans. Diagram defi ning structure of relationship and roles

Q 13.3–5 Airport data Capacity of all airport functions (e.g., number of terminals, international and national gates, passengers per hour) for current year. Projected capacity of all airport functions and expanded fl ight routes for future year of Games

(continued)

Appendix 1: IOC Transportation Theme Questions

75

Question Transport topic Requirements

Q 13.6 Transport infrastructure

Four tables on all aspects of a city’s transport • Airports • Motorways • Major urban arterial networks • Suburban rail • Subway light rail public systems

Q 13.7 Color-coded transport maps on state of construction

• Existing infrastructure, no permanent works required • Existing infrastructure, permanent works required • Planned infrastructure (irrespective of the Games) • Additional infrastructure (necessary to host the Games)

Q 13.8–11 Transportation information on multiple elements existing and planned

• Motorways and main roads • Main parking • Public transport • Fleet and rolling stock (transport management compa-

nies and railway vehicles)

Q 13.12–13 Distance and travel times

• Competition and noncompetition venues • Training venues

Q 13.14 Motorization rates (cars per 1,000 people)

Rates in 2000, 2012, and anticipated 2020 for • City • Region • Country

Q 13.15–17 Transport demand, services, policies

Information related to the expected plans and policies regarding Games-time transportation for spectators and clients

Q 13.18–23 Transport operations

Details regarding Games-time plans for: • Traffi c management • Transport workforce, training, and testing • Games-time responsibilities • Information technologies and communication equipment

Table A.2 (continued)

Reference

1. International Olympic Committee (2012) 2020 Candidature procedure and questionnaire. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_297.pdf . Accessed 16 June 2013

Appendix 1: IOC Transportation Theme Questions

77

The following information contains the original resources and data that was system-atically compiled and verifi ed for a comparative analysis of Manchester’s bid and municipal transportation initiatives. Several key resources informed the Manchester section of Chap. 5 .

Table A.3 represents the transport projects explicitly mentioned in Manchester’s offi cial Olympic bid books. The table indicates the year that projects were proposed (the year of the bid submission is assumed unless another year is identifi ed), the projected date of completion (if available), when the project was completed (if available), and whether the completion date was “on time.” Table A.3 is accompa-nied by a citation list that catalogues the resources used to validate the included information.

The fi nal section is an annotated bibliography of the national and municipal transportation plans and secondary government, media, and academic resources that were employed in this analysis to describe Manchester’s concurrent municipal transportation planning initiatives and activities.

Appendix 2: Manchester Comparative Analysis Resources

N. Abebe et al., Bidding for Development: How the Olympic Bid Process Can Accelerate Transportation Development, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 9,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8912-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

78

Tabl

e A

.3

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

proj

ects

inde

x: M

anch

este

r’s

bids

Tran

spor

tatio

n Pr

ojec

ts19

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

03

1996

bid

MIA

incr

ease

pas

seng

er c

apac

ity b

y 23

mill

ion

12

Addi

tiona

l MIA

term

inal

13

1

New

ligh

t rap

id tr

ansi

t sys

tem

(Met

rolin

k)1

1,4

Inte

rnat

iona

l tra

in li

nes

thro

ugh

to th

e co

ntin

ent

11

5

Term

inus

of C

hann

el T

unne

l tra

ins

11

6

Dire

ct ra

il lin

k fr

om c

ity to

MIA

11,

2

Impr

ovem

ents

on

expr

ess

trai

ns o

n re

gion

al li

nes

11

Subu

rban

trai

n se

rvic

e ca

pita

l im

prov

emen

t pr

ogra

m (t

hree

ext

ensi

ons−

Traf

ford

Par

k,Sa

lford

Qua

ys, O

ldha

m a

nd R

ochd

ale)

17,

8, 9

,

2000

bid

MIA

incr

ease

pas

seng

er c

apac

ity b

y 23

mill

ion

1010

New

wor

ld fr

eigh

t ter

min

al10

New

sec

ond

pass

enge

r ter

min

al10

, 2

Rail

link

from

city

to M

IA

Seco

nd ru

nway

1010

2

Inte

rnat

iona

l tra

in li

nes

thro

ugh

to th

e co

ntin

ent

1010

, 5

Upg

rade

to ra

il lin

e an

d ne

w s

tatio

n fo

r Oly

mpi

cce

nter

con

nect

ing

to P

icca

dilly

1010

10, 2

Tran

spor

tatio

n pr

ojec

ts19

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

03

Crea

te e

lect

ric M

anch

este

r Rin

g Ra

il Ro

ute

1010

Met

rolin

k ex

tens

ions

(prim

arily

to E

ast

Man

ches

ter)

10

New

dua

l car

riage

way

s10

10

Intr

oduc

tion

of s

mar

t car

ds10

10

Net

wor

k of

cyc

lew

ays

and

pede

stria

n w

alks

1011

10

Exte

nded

traf

fic c

omm

unic

atio

n sy

stem

10

10

Fina

l sec

tion

of th

e rin

g ro

ute

with

targ

et

com

plet

ion

of 1

998

1010

Leg

end

Pro

pose

d pr

ojec

tT

arge

t co

mpl

etio

n da

teC

ompl

eted

pro

ject

Com

plet

ed o

n tim

e

Appendix 2: Manchester Comparative Analysis Resources

79

Manchester Municipal Transportation Initiatives Annotated Bibliography

The understanding and insights into Manchester’s transportation landscape were based on a wide variety of research. While specifi c citations are included in the case studies, the analysis was based on a combination of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include any transportation planning documents available to the public. In situations where the municipal planning documents are not available in publically accessible archives, secondary sources from academia and the media were drawn upon. These are similarly reliable sources, as major transport initiatives are frequently accompanied by press releases and inaugural events. Academic research also provided a valuable historical and political context behind transport initiatives as well as summary analysis of various individual projects.

Below, separate bibliographies for each city further list the sources in alphabeti-cal order, with some commentary on the projects described in each and any further insights provided.

General Information

These resources provided a broad historical context to much of the research. In particular, academic papers from the mid-nineties shed light on transportation plans from the early half of the Manchester time frame. These papers provided general

References

1. British Olympic Association (1989) Applicant File for 1996 Summer Olympic Games 2. Manchester Airport (2013) Manchester Airport History. http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/

manweb.nsf/Content/OurHistory . Accessed 29 June 2013 3. Museum of Transport Greater Manchester (2013) Key Dates in Greater Manchester history.

http://www.gmts.co.uk/explore/history/dates.html . Accessed 29 June 2013 4. Brunhouse J (2004) Traveling the Eurail express. Gretna 5. Department for Transport (2006) Review of regional Eurostar services: summary report. http://

www.dft.gov.uk/publications/review-of-regional-eurostar-services/ . Accessed 29 June 2013 6. BBC (2008) On This Day: President and Queen open Chunnel. http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications/

review-of-regional-eurostar-services/ . Accessed 14 July 2013 7. Capital Shopping Centres (2012) The Trafford Centre Travel Plan 2012. http://www.intutraffordcentre.

co.uk/media/Gettinghere/2012_Transport_Plan_3_web.pdf . Accessed 13 July 2013 8. Docherty I, Shaw J (2003) A New Deal for Transport: The UK’s struggle with the sustainable

transport agenda Oxford, UK. http://books.google.com/books?id=YDp8Fa5aWhIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false . Accessed 30 June 2013

9. Transport for Manchester (2013) Metrolink Oldham and Rochdale line. http://www.metrolink.co.uk/futuremetrolink/Pages/Oldham-and-Rochdale-line.aspx . Accessed 30 June 2013

10. British Olympic Association (1993) Applicant File for 2000 Summer Olympic Games 11. Cycle-Route.com (2013) Greater Manchester Cycle Routes. http://www.cycle-route.com/

routes/Greater_Manchester-Routes-78.html . Accessed 14 July 2013

Appendix 2: Manchester Comparative Analysis Resources

80

insight into multiple modes of transportation, as well as information about the poli-cies and urban planning to which the transport initiatives contributed.

1. Costa A (1996) The Organisation of urban public transport systems in Western European metropolitan areas. Transport Res. doi: SO965-8564(96)00002-X

2. Greater Manchester’s Local Transport Plan (2006) Implementation programme 2001/02-2005/6. http://web.archive.org/web/20060303150155/http://www.gmltp.co.uk/pdfs/GMLTP01_02to05_06/Implemprog_12.pdf . Accessed 14 July 2013

3. SEMMS Partner Transport Authorities (2001) South East Manchester Multi- modal Study Implementation Plan 3. http://www.semmms.info/140683/658796/implementationplan . Accessed 23 July 2013

4. Tameside (2004) Greater Manchester Local Transport Plan Annual Progress Report 2004. www.tameside.gov.uk/localtransportplan/progress03.pdf . Accessed 23 July 2013

5. Tye R, Williams G (1994) Urban regeneration and central-local government rela-tions: the case of East Manchester. Prog Plann. doi: 0305-9006(94)E0002-Y

6. Williams G (1999) Metropolitan governance and strategic planning: a review of experience in Manchester Melbourne and Toronto. Prog Plann. doi: 0305-9006/99/$

Airport

Beyond rail links to the city, Manchester undertook a series of improvements to its airport to increase passenger and freight capacity. These are well chronicled by the airport itself.

1. Manchester Airport (2003) Ground Transport Plan. http://www.manchesterair-port.co.uk/manweb.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/TransportStrategy/$FILE/Grndtrans-screen.pdf . Accessed 23 July 2013

2. Manchester Airport (2013) Our History. http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/manweb.nsf/Content/OurHistory . Accessed 15 July 2013

Bus

While in the early half of the time frame, examined bus changes primarily were the result of privatization policies at a national level, by the close of the 1990s, Manchester was undertaking signifi cant improvement to its bus services. This resource helped identify the key decisions behind those improvements and the tar-geted quadrants of the Greater Manchester area.

1. Transport for Greater Manchester (2013) Quality Bus Corridor. http://www.tfgm.com/buses/Pages/quality_bus_corridors.aspx . Accessed 15 July 2013

Appendix 2: Manchester Comparative Analysis Resources

81

Metrolink

These resources provided extensive information and background on the planning behind and implementation of the Metrolink light rail infrastructure. Because of its unique status as a commuter light rail, Metrolink is separated from the other regional and international rail infrastructure. Additionally, as the hallmark transportation project of 1990s Manchester, there was a signifi cant amount of research behind vali-dating its progression and completion over the multiple phases of implementation.

1. Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (2009) Metrolink Future Phases. www.applrguk.co.uk/fi les/32.%201%20gmpte%20statement.doc . Accessed 23 July 2013

2. Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (2010) Greater Manchester Local Transport Plan 3. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CEgQFjAEOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportforgreatermanchestercommittee.gov.uk%2Fdownload%2F3158%2Fitem_6a_draft_ltp_3_consultation_brochure&ei=CMrxUcObJoji4APh_oBA&usg=AFQjCNEjXTZKNOAKNkCnXtOQvpf886Et2g&sig2=kvgMaM-gNk1z- LSXwbuXyA&bvm=bv.49784469,d.dmg&cad=rja . Accessed 23 July 2013

3. Knowles R (1996) Transport impacts of Greater Manchester’s Metrolink light rail system. J Transp Geogr. doi: 0966-6923(95)00034-g

4. Parliament House of Commons Transport Committee (2005) The future of light rail and modern trams in the United Kingdom tenth report of session 2004–05. The Parliamentary Bookshop, London

5. Transport for Greater Manchester (2006). Implementation programme 2001/02- 2005/6. http://web.archive.org/web/20060303150155/http://www.gmltp.co.uk/pdfs/GMLTP01_02to05_06/Implemprog_12.pdf . Accessed 14 July 2013

6. Wikia (2012) Manchester Metrolink. http://trams.wikia.com/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink . Accessed 23 Mar 2012

Rail

Manchester also is a hub for regional and intercontinental rail transport, both freight and passenger. As these projects are distinct from Metrolink and are not coordinated by the same political bodies as light rail, this mode is separated out from the light rail projects.

1. E-Architect (2006) Manchester Transport Interchange Shudehill Building. http://www.e-architect.co.uk/manchester/manchester_transport_interchange.htm . Accessed 23 Mar 2012

2. Knowles R (1988) Manchester’s railways link up. Geogr Assoc http://www.jstor.org/stable/40571428 . Accessed 23 July 2013

Appendix 2: Manchester Comparative Analysis Resources

82

Vehicle

Vehicle projects at this time were undertaken by many different local organizations. The sources refl ect the diverse array of municipal planning boards that executed road improvement programs. Similarly, though plans may have been created jointly and coordinated between different municipalities, accountability took place at the level of the local unit.

1. Bury Council (2003) A56 Manchester Road Local Safety Scheme. http://www.bury.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=4079 . Accessed 23 July 2013

2. Carridge L (2004) Inner ring road complete after 40 years. Salford City Council. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215205322/http://www.salford.gov.uk/coun-cil/pressreleases/pressrelease.htm?id=39815 . Accessed 24 July 2013

3. Constructing Excellence (2008) Cardishead Way Stage 2 Bypass. http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/images/CASESTUDYCadishead_web.pdf . Accessed 15 July 2013

4. Drive Dynamics (2012) Outer and Inner Rings, Manchester. http://www.drive- dynamics.co.uk/news/outer-and-inner-ring-roads-manchester/ . Accessed 15 July 2013

5. Government Computing (2010) Manchester plans traffi c control deal. http://www.governmentcomputing.com/news/2010/may/17/manchester-traffice- control- tender-17may10 . Accessed 23 July 2013

6. Motorway Archive Trust (2009) A57(M) Mancunian Way. http://www.ukmotor-wayarchive.org/nwreg1.htm . Accessed 23 July 2013

7. Sabre Roads (2011) Manchester and Salford Inner Relief Route. http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=Manchester_%26_Salford_Inner_Relief_Route . Accessed 24 July 2013

8. Salford County Council (2007) Inner ring road complete after forty years. http://web.archive.org/web/20080404172711/http://www.salford.gov.uk/council/pressreleases/pressrelease.htm?id=39815 . Accessed 15 July 2013

Appendix 2: Manchester Comparative Analysis Resources

83

The following information contains the original resources and data that were systematically compiled and verifi ed for a comparative analysis of Istanbul’s bid and municipal transportation initiatives. Several key resources informed the Istanbul section of Chap. 5 .

Table A.4 represents the transport projects explicitly mentioned in Istanbul’s offi cial Olympic bid books. The table indicates the year that projects were proposed (the year of the bid submission is assumed unless another year is identifi ed), the projected date of completion (if available), when the project was completed (if available), and whether the completion date was “on time.” Table A.4 is accompa-nied by a citation list that catalogues the resources used to validate the included information.

The fi nal section is an annotated bibliography of the national and municipal transportation plans and secondary government, media, and academic resources that were employed in this analysis to describe Istanbul’s concurrent municipal trans-portation planning initiatives and activities.

Appendix 3: Istanbul Comparative Analysis Resources

N. Abebe et al., Bidding for Development: How the Olympic Bid Process Can Accelerate Transportation Development, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 9,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8912-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

84

Tabl

e A

.4

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

proj

ects

inde

x: I

stan

bul’s

bid

s

Tran

spor

tatio

n pr

ojec

ts19

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

11

2000

bid

Atat

urk

Airp

ort c

argo

term

inal

1

Seco

nd a

irpor

t on

the

Asia

n si

de1

2

1,50

0 km

hig

hway

on

TEM

and

E-5

11

Conn

ectin

g ro

ads

for r

ing

road

s1

1,3

Subw

ay s

yste

m fo

unda

tion

1

10km

sub

way

line

11,

4

Ligh

t−ra

il tr

am s

yste

m1

Rail

line

to a

irpor

t1

4

Mul

ti-le

vel p

arki

ng lo

ts1

1

2004

bid

Koca

eli C

engi

z To

pel A

irpor

t Int

erna

tiona

lte

rmin

al

55

6At

atur

k Ai

rpor

t ter

min

al b

uild

ing

for

inte

rnat

iona

l flig

hts

57

Atat

urk

Airp

ort c

onne

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n to

mas

s tr

ansi

tsy

stem

55

8

Curlu

Airp

ort e

xpan

sion

term

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bui

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59

Hig

hway

con

nect

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betw

een

Hal

kali

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sing

Com

plex

and

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mpi

c Pa

rk5

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ansi

on5

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Tran

spor

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9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

11

Appendix 3: Istanbul Comparative Analysis Resources

85

2008

bid

Atat

ürk

Inte

rnat

iona

l Airp

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xpan

sion

(inte

rnat

iona

l ter

min

al)

3

Kurt

köy

Sabi

ha G

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n In

tern

atio

nal A

irpor

t3

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ürk

Inte

rnat

iona

l Airp

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apac

ity In

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se(5

inte

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l dep

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re g

ates

and

runw

ayad

ditio

n)3

312

Kurt

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Sabi

ha G

ökce

n In

tern

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nal A

irpor

tex

pans

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(inte

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l ter

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33

13

Third

ring

road

33

Çoba

nçeş

me

Junc

tion-

Oly

mpi

c Pa

rk S

outh

Junc

tion-

Oly

mpi

c Pa

rk N

orth

Junc

tion

Hig

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33

Inte

rcity

Bus

Ter

min

al (E

senl

er)−

Ikite

lli ro

ad3

3

Seyr

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nctio

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k ro

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3

Seyr

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pe Ju

nctio

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and

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Hal

kali-

Ikite

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ght r

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33

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light

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33

Hal

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llage

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us T

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mut

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16

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ad ju

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se b

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and

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onito

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pose

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plet

ed o

n tim

e

Appendix 3: Istanbul Comparative Analysis Resources

86

References

1. National Olympic Committee of Turkey (1993) Applicant File for 2000 Summer Olympic Games

2. DHMI Tekirdag Corlu Airport (2010) Airport History. http://www.corlu.dhmi.gov.tr/havaalan-lari/sayfa.aspx?hv=37&mnu=3528 . Accessed 13 July 2013

3. National Olympic Committee of Turkey (2001) Applicant File for 2008 Summer Olympic Games

4. Urban Rail.net (2004) Istanbul. http://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/istanbul/istanbul.htm . Accessed 13 July 2013

5. National Olympic Committee of Turkey (1997) Applicant File for 2004 Summer Olympic Games

6. Alan Transfer (2013) Kocaeli Cengiz Topel Airport Transfer. http://www.alantransfer.com/kocaeli-cengiz-topel-airport-transfer . Accessed 13 July 2013

7. Airport-technology.com (2012) Ataturk Istanbul Airport, Turkey. http://www.airport- technology.com/projects/ataturkinternational/ . Accessed 13 July 2013

8. UrbanRail.net (2004) Istanbul. http://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/istanbul/istanbul.htm . Accessed 13 July 2013

9. DHMI Tekirdag Corlu Airport (2010) Airport History. http://www.corlu.dhmi.gov.tr/havaalan-lari/sayfa.aspx?hv=37&mnu=3528 . Accessed 13 July 2013

10. Makyol (2013) Domestic Completed Projects. http://www.makyol.com.tr/en/proje.php?prjid=39&sira=22&lst=36&pkat=1&pst=b&pyrt=i . Accessed 14 July 2013

11. Railway Gazette (2008) Marmaray tunnel completed. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/marmaray-tunnel-completed.html . Accessed 13 July 2013

12. Afken Holding (2013) Airports Operations: Turkey. http://www.akfen.com.tr/en/yatirimlar/havalimanlari/havalimani-isletmeleri/ . Accessed 13 July 2013

13. Sansal B (2013) Airports of Istanbul. Great Istanbul. http://www.greatistanbul.com/airport.htm . Accessed 13 July 2013

14. Garanti Koza (2010) Istanbul Metro Project, 4. Levent—Ayazağa Section, Depot Area and Connection Lines. http://www.garantikoza.com.tr/Default.aspx?Id=110&langId=2 . Accessed 13 June 2013

15. Light Rail Now (2006) Istanbul opens its newest light rail tramway extension. http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_newslog2006q4.htm . Accessed 13 July 2013

16. Kocabiyik I (2008) The heyday of public transportation in Istanbul. http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=153074 . Accessed 15 July 2013

17. Ilicali M (2011) Public transportation systems experiences & strategies. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. http://www.sumpa-med.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SUMPAMED-IBB- Transportation-ILICALI-Eng.pdf . Accessed 15 May 2013

18. Ozkurt C, Camci F (2009) Automatic traffi c density estimation and vehicle classifi cation for traffi c surveillance systems using neutral networks. Math Comput Appl 14(3):187–196. http://mcajournal.org/volume14/Vol14No3p187.pdf . Accessed 18 Apr 2013

Istanbul Municipal Transportation Initiatives Annotated Bibliography

The understanding and insight into the transportation landscape of Manchester was based on a wide variety of research. While specifi c citations are included in the case studies, the analysis was based on a combination of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include any transportation planning documents available to the public. In situation where the municipal planning documents are not available in

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publically accessible archives, secondary sources from academia and the media were drawn upon. These are similarly reliable sources, as major transport initiatives are frequently accompanied by press releases and inaugural events. Academic research also provided a valuable historical and political context behind transport initiatives as well as summary analysis of various individual projects.

Below, separate bibliographies for each city further list the sources in alphabetical order, with some commentary on the projects described in each and any further insights provided.

General Information

These resources examine the evolution of public transportation in Istanbul while also providing commentary on the value of recent investments, as well as remaining chal-lenges for both the city and its residents. In particular, these documents provide an inventory of projects resulting from billions of dollars in transportation infrastruc-ture investments over the past decade in everything from rail and road infrastructure to Intelligent Transportation Systems, such as traffi c monitoring cameras. A theme throughout these sources is how Istanbul overcame over a century of unplanned urbanization in order to address local needs and increase mobility and access.

1. Kocabiyik I (2008) The heyday of public transportation in Istanbul. http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=153074 . Accessed 15 July 2013

2. Ilicali M (2011) Public transportation systems experiences & strategies. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. http://www.sumpa-med.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SUMPAMED-IBB-Transportation-ILICALI-Eng.pdf . Accessed 15 May 2013

3. Makyol (2013) Domestic Completed Projects. http://www.makyol.com.tr/en/proje.php?prjid=39&sira=22&lst=36&pkat=1&pst=b&pyrt=i . Accessed 14 July 2013

Airport

Istanbul has made airport infrastructure a priority throughout the bid process par-ticularly with bolstering of the Atatürk Airport, the main international gateway to the city. These resources provide detail on renovations to gates and runways, as well as the addition of a new international terminal, which greatly increased the airport capacity to handle both cargo and travelers. While transportation master plans at the city level have not refl ected the same level of commitment of the bids to air travel improvements, a new airport has been proposed on the western side of Istanbul.

1. Afken Holding (2013) Airports Operations: Turkey. http://www.akfen.com.tr/en/yatirimlar/havalimanlari/havalimani-isletmeleri/ . Accessed 13 July 2013

2. Airport-technology.com (2012) Ataturk Istanbul Airport Turkey. http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/ataturkinternational/ . Accessed 13 July 2013

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3. Alan Transfer (2013) Kocaeli Cengiz Topel Airport Transfer http://www.alantransfer.com/kocaeli-cengiz-topel-airport-transfer . Accessed 13 July 2013

4. DHMI Tekirdag Corlu Airport (2010) Airport History. http://www.corlu.dhmi.gov.tr/havaalanlari/sayfa.aspx?hv=37&mnu=3528 . Accessed 13 July 2013

5. Sansal B (2013) Airports of Istanbul. Great Istanbul. http://www.greatistanbul.com/airport.htm . Accessed 13 July 2013

6. Silivri New Airport Development (2012) World Construction Network. http://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/projects/motc-silivri-new-airport-development- istanbul-turkey/ . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

Bridges and Tunnels

Istanbul has embarked on a number of monumental infrastructure projects. These resources focus on construction of new underground tunnels and bridge refurbish-ment and construction efforts designed to drastically decrease travel times for com-muters. Of note is the construction of a third bridge over the Bosphorus and the Eurasia Corridor Project, which includes a tunnel under the seabed of the Bosphorus.

1. Masahiro Y, Toshimitsu M, Mitsuhiro K (2003) Repair of “Golden Horn Bridge” in Turkey. http://www.ihi.co.jp/ihi/fi le/technologygihou2/10008_9.pdf . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

2. Third Bridge over Bosphorus to Begin Construction in 2013 (2013) Bid Ocean Network. http://www.bidocean.asia/Asia-tender-business-news/94750-TR--Third-Bridge-over-Bosphorus-to-Begin-Construction-in-2013-.html . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

3. Funimag Photoblog (2006) Taksim Kabata Offi cial Opening http://www.fun-imag.com/photoblog/index.php/20060707/taksim-kabatas-official-opening/ . Accessed 13 May 2013

4. Roadtraffi c-technology.com (2012) Eurasia Tunnel Project, Istanbul, Turkey. http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/eurasia-tunnel-project- istanbul/ . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

Bus

Improvements to the effi ciency and connectivity of the city’s bus network, integrat-ing it with existing rail and road infrastructure, have revolutionized bus travel mak-ing it an attractive transportation mode for commuters and tourists alike. This resource focuses on Istanbul’s continued investment in increasing its bus fl eet with quality buses that fi t within this model.

1. Ferreira Gerald (2012) Public transport in Istanbul shifts into a higher gear with a major order for 221 Mercedes-Benz city buses. http://3d-car-shows.com/2012/public-transport-in-istanbul-shifts-into-a-higher-gear-with-a-major-order-for- 221-mercedes-benz-city-buses/ . Accessed 8 Apr 2004

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High-Speed Train

Rail projects including light rail and subway lines have been key to increasing connectivity between Istanbul’s districts. These resources specifi cally focus on high- speed rail as a means of connectivity within Turkey as a whole. A high-speed rail line funded in part through the European Investment Bank will build off the existing Ankara-Konya line to connect Turkey’s capital with Istanbul.

1. – (2011) Turkey opens Ankara-Konya high speed rail link. http://www.todayszaman.com/news-254849-turkey-opens-ankara-konya-high-speed-rail-link.html . Accessed 11 May 2013

2. Ankara-Istanbul High Speed Line Project. http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/tcdding/hizlitrenprojesi_ing.html . Accessed 27 July 2013

3. EIB provides EUR 400 million for Istanbul-Ankara High Speed Rail Line. 2011. http://www.eib.europa.eu/projects/press/2011/2011-198-eib-provides-eur-400-million-for-istanbul-ankara-high-speed-rail-line.htm . Accessed 27 July 2013

4. Marmaray Project: These resources describe the commuter rail system, tunnel rail addition, and various other components of the vast, comprehensive infrastruc-ture plans encompassed in Istanbul’s Marmaray Project. This mega-project will connect the city’s Asian and European sides through an undersea commuter train line that once completed will be the deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world.

(a) – (2009) Marmaray completion delayed to 2013, cost increase by $500 mln. Today’s Zaman. http://www.todayszaman.com/news-196986-100-marmaray-completion- delayed-to-2013-cost-increases-by-500-mln.html . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

(b) Livingstone R (2013) IOC Commission Chair Reedie Commends “Extraordinary” Istanbul’s Olympic Bid for 2020. GamesBids.com. http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/2020_bid_news/1216136555.html . Accessed 20 Apr 2007

(c) Railway Gazette (2008) Marmaray tunnel completed. http://www.railwayga-zette.com/news/single-view/view/marmaray-tunnel-completed.html . Accessed 13 July 2013

(d) Transcontinental Infrastructure Needs to 2030/2050: Turkey Bosphorus Gateway Case Study (2011) OECD Internal Futures Programme. http://www.oecd.org/futures/infrastructureto2030/48641811.pdf . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

(e) UrbanRail.net (2004) Istanbul. http://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/istanbul/istanbul.htm . Accessed 20 Apr 2013

Metro, Light Rail, and Tram Lines

These sources refer to a series of new, expanded, and repaired metro, light rail, and tram projects throughout Istanbul. These three transit systems are gathered together because of their interconnectedness and resulting frequent interchangeable use.

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Many transportation projects seek to address the strengths and weaknesses of some combination of these three types of rail lines, as their transit lines connect and inter-sect with each other. In this manner, these modes are essential to connecting the city’s districts and decreasing traffi c congestion.

1. Garanti Koza (2010) Istanbul Metro Project, 4. Levent—Ayazağa Section, Depot Area and Connection Lines. http://www.garantikoza.com.tr/Default.aspx?Id=110&langId=2 . Accessed 13 June 2013

2. Railway-technology.com (2012) Istanbul Metro, Turkey. http://www.railway- technology.com/projects/istanbul-metro/ . Assessed 11 May 2013

3. Istanbul Transport Corporation. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-us/organization/companies/pages/ulasimas.aspx . Accessed 11 May 2013

4. Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen International Airport (2012) Kadiköy Kartal Metro Line. http://www.sabihagokcen.aero/passengers-and-visitors/transport-and- parking/transportation/kadikoy-kartal-metro-line . Accessed 28 Apr 2013

5. Light Rail Now (2006) Istanbul opens its newest light rail tramway extension. http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_newslog2006q4.htm . Accessed 13 July 2013

6. Hakki T (2011) The Mayor Topbas: we modernized the parking system of Istanbul. ISPARK. http://www.ispark.com.tr/Haberler/98/The-Mayor-Topbas- We-moderized-the-parking-system-of-Istanbul/130.aspx . Accessed 28 Apr 2013

7. Hurriyet Daily News (2010) New metro line in Istanbul to be tested soon. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=new-metro-line-in-istanbul- to-be-tested-soon-2010-07-11 . Accessed 16 May 2013

8. Railway Gazette (2012) Istanbul opens line M3. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/istanbul-opens-line-m3.html . Accessed 17 May 2013

9. Sabah (2012) Istanbul opens Europe’s most modern metro today. http://english.sabah.com.tr/economy/2012/08/17/istanbul-opens-europes-most-modern- metro-today . Accessed 13 May 2013

10. Sword Y (2009) Topkapi-Edirnekapi tram begins tomorrow, the normal time. Arkitera.com. http://v3.arkitera.com/h38892-topkapi-edirnekapi- tramvayi-yarin- normal-sefere-basliyor-.html . Accessed 11 May 2013

11. Istanbul Metro (2008) T4 Edirnekapı—Streetcar Sultançiftligi. http://istanbul-metrosu.blogspot.com/2008/11/t4-edirnekap-sultaniftlii-tramvay.html . Accessed 11 May 2013

12. TSKB Real Estate Appraisal Company (2009) Extensions of Istanbul metro commissioned on January 30. http://www.tskbgd.com/images/PartDocuments/2009_January_February.pdf . Accessed 28 Apr 2013

13. Urban Rail.net (2004) Istanbul: Metro M2. http://www.urbanrail.net/as/tr/istanbul/istanbul.htm . Accessed 28 Apr 2013

14. World Bank Group Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (2010) Environmental and social review summary: Istanbul Otogar-Ikitelli Rail Transportation System. http://www.miga.org/documents/esrs_turkey_village_metro_nov16_2010.pdf . Accessed 17 May 2013

15. Yeníkapi Metro Line. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-tr/subsites/raylisistemler/pages/taksim-yenikapi.aspx . Accessed 5 May 2013

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Transportation Technologies

These resources describe plans for and implementation of traffi c management tech-nologies, such as junction signals, traffi c lights and cameras, and other computer-ized systems. Traffi c technologies in Istanbul not only ease management for municipal authorities but also allow commuters to assess traffi c conditions in real time.

1. Istanbul traffi c lights to alert poles. 2013. Haber Monitor. http://www.habermonitor.com/en/haber/detay/istanbul-traffi c-lights-to-alert-poles/46700/ . Accessed 17 May 2013

2. Ozkurt C, Camci F (2009) Automatic traffi c density estimation and vehicle clas-sifi cation for traffi c surveillance systems using neutral networks. Math Comput Appl 14(3):187–196. http://mcajournal.org/volume14/Vol14No3p187.pdf . Accessed 18 Apr 2013

3. Regional workshop about authorities responsible for urban mobility. 2011. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. http://www.sumpa-med.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/SUMPAMED-IBB-Transportation-ILICALI-Eng.pdf . Accessed 15 May 2013

4. The Use of Traffi c Signals in Developing Cities (1996) Overseas Development Administration. http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/fi learea/publications/1_710_ORN%2013.pdf . Accessed 15 May 2013

Appendix 3: Istanbul Comparative Analysis Resources

93N. Abebe et al., Bidding for Development: How the Olympic Bid Process Can Accelerate Transportation Development, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 9,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8912-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

A Activities , 31, 32–34, 38, 41–49, 52–59, 66,

69, 77, 83 Agenda 19, 21 AKP , 49 Applicant Acceptance Fees , 21 Applicant cities , 20, 22, 24, 73 Applicant phase , 21 Arat, Hasan , 50 Ataturk Airport , 49, 54, 55, 57, 87 Athens, Greece , 54 Atlanta, Georgia , 3, 18 Austerity Games , 9

B Barcelona Model , 8 Barcelona, Spain , 3, 8 Beijing, China , 6, 8 Belgrade, Serbia , 4 Berlin, Germany , 9 Bernstein, Sir Howard , 39, 47 Bid Book , 10, 18, 19, 22, 30, 37, 42–44,

53–56, 59, 73, 77, 83 Bid Champion , 10, 11, 31, 69 Bid Framework , 5, 29–35, 37–59, 64–67, 70 Bid Losers , 3, 9, 17, 23, 25, 36 Bird’s Nest , 17, 66 Bosphorus , 54, 58, 88, 89 Brazil , 63, 64, 69 Budget , 2, 9, 15, 21, 32, 33, 67

C Candidate phase , 21 Candidature fees , 21

Candidature Questionnaire , 24, 65, 74 Channel Tunnel , 43, 44, 47 Chicago, Illinois , 3 China , 8 City Center Management

Company , 40 Commonwealth Games , 40, 42, 47, 48

D Doctoroff, Daniel , 10

E East Manchester , 40, 43, 46, 78 Economic growth , 8, 9, 31, 34, 35, 46, 48, 51,

52, 64

F Funding , 4, 10, 11, 21, 31, 32, 35, 37, 40–41,

46, 51–52, 54, 66–68

G 2020 Games , 3, 38, 52, 63,

64, 68, 88 GDP. See Gross Domestic Product Golden Horn , 54, 57, 58, 83, 87 Greater Municipality of Istanbul , 49 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , 52,

H Haliç Bridge , 57 Hunters Point , 3

Index

94

I ICAO. See International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) IF , 23 Impact of Olympics on Community

Coalition , 69 Impacts , 2–5, 8, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23–25, 32,

34–36, 41, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56, 64–67, 69, 70, 73, 81

Inputs , 31–33, 35, 39, 47–49, 52, 65, 66, 68 International Civil Aviation Organization

(ICAO) , 55 International Olympic Committee (IOC) , 1, 2,

5, 7, 9–11, 15–25, 29–33, 35, 37, 40–43, 45, 47, 50–51, 56, 63, 65–70, 73–75, 89

International Sports Federations , 47 IOC. See International Olympic Committee

(IOC) IOCC. See Impact of Olympics on Community

Coalition (IOCC) IOC Executive Commission , 24 Irish Republican Army (IRA) , 47 Istanbul Transportation Master Plan , 51, 57

K Kiliç, Suat , 50 Kurtköy Sabiha Gökcen International Airport ,

55, 84

L London, England , 1, 3, 20, 47, 81

M Manchester City Council , 39, 40, 47 Manchester International Airport , 43, 44, 47 Manchester Olympic Bid Committee

(MOBC) , 39, 43 Marmaray Project , 57–59, 89 Mayor Bloomberg , 10 Mega-event , 1–3, 8, 16, 19, 29, 30, 36, 49, 63,

64, 68 Metrolink , 43–48, 78–80 MOBC. See Manchester Olympic Bid

Committee (MOBC)

N National Olympic Committee (NOC) , 20, 32,

50, 65–66, 84

National Olympic Committee of Turkey (NOCT) , 50, 51, 56, 84

New York City , 10, 11 NOC. See National Olympic Committee

(NOC) NOCT. See National Olympic Committee of

Turkey (NOCT)

O OCOG. See Organizing Committee for the

Olympic Games (OCOG) OGGI OGI. See Olympic Games Impact

Project (OGI) OGKS. See Olympic Games Knowledge

Services (OGKS) Olympic Charter , 15, 16, 22, 23 Olympic Games Impact Project (OGI) ,

20, 23 Olympic Games Knowledge Services

(OGKS) , 21 Olympic legacy , 1, 2, 5, 8, 15–25, 65 Olympic Legacy Guide , 22, 23 Olympic movement , 15, 16, 19, 20, 23 Organizing Committee for the Olympic

Games (OCOG) , 16, 21, 23 Outcomes , 2, 3, 17, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38,

41, 45, 48, 64, 70 Outputs , 31, 32, 33, 48, 52

P Paralympics , 19, 24, 73 Paris , 3 Pound Commission , 17 Pound, Richard , 2, 17 Prost, Henri , 49

Q Quality Bus Corridors , 45, 79

R Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , 50 Request for proposal (RFP) , 21 Rio de Janeiro , 66 Riot , 64 Risks , 2, 3, 64 Rogge, Jacques , 15, 17, 47 Rousseff, Dilma , 64 Rule 2.13 , 16

Index

95

S Scott, Sir Bob , 10, 39, 40 Serial bidders , 70 Signal , 7, 8, 34, 39–40, 42, 48–50, 56, 83, 90 Sochi , 20, 63 Social impact , 8 Social welfare , 8, 34, 52 Summer Games , 9, 18, 19, 63 Sustainability , 8, 15, 17, 19–20, 24, 49, 52, 67 Sydney , 19, 20

T TEM. See Trans-European Motorway (TEM) Theme 5, 73, 74 Theme 13, 24, 73, 74 3 to 1 Rule , 7 TMT. See Traffi c Monitoring Technologies

(TMT) TOK. See Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) Tokyo , 63 Traffi c Monitoring Technologies (TMT) , 45,

53, 54

Trans-European Motorway (TEM) , 54, 84

Transfer of Knowledge (TOK) , 21 Turkish Airlines , 52, 57 Turkish Justice and Development

Party , 49 Turkish Olympic Law , 49, 50 Turkish Prime Minister , 50

U United Nations , 19 United Nations Conference on Environment

and development (UNCED) , 19

V Vancouver , 20, 69

W White elephant , 17, 35 World Cup , 63, 64

Index