Title of Paper

Globalization:Gender Inequality in Education in India and Uttar Pradesh

Shashi Bharti,

Research Scholar (SRF)

Department Of Business Administration, Faculty Of Commerce

University of Lucknow, Lucknow

contact2shashibharti@gmail.com

Address- HNO- 95, moh- Gadiyana Nigohi Road Shahjahanpur (UP)

Pin Code- 242001

Globalization: Gender Inequality in Education in India and Uttar Pradesh

Shashi Bharti*

AbstractPurpose - To identify the persons, male and female literacy rate of India and Uttar Pradesh

from year 1951 to 2011and comparison of literacy rate of India and utter Pradesh in post

independent period year 1901 to 2011, To identify the state wise and districwise male and

female literacy rate and gap of male and female literacy rate in India and Uttar Pradesh

Desine / Methodology/ Approach- Content analysis of literature has been done for

conceptualization of the paper.

Implication-.The paper adds to the existing literature of education and gender inequality.

Education is input for the growth and development of the country, as well as excellence in

life in a globalised world. Development helps to make an enabling environment for people to

enjoy long, healthy and creative lives

Conclusion- The difference between literacy rates from the last Census is seen and it could

be observed that the male and female literacy i.e. highest and lowest has a vast difference.

Karla State has highest literacy of male and the difference between male and female literacy

rate is lowest But Rajasthan have highest difference In the case of district Guatam Budh

Nagar has highest literacy of male and the difference in the same area is so much and lowest

in Shrawasti district .In case of female highest is in Ghaziabad and lowest in Shrawasti

district

Key word – Education, literacy rate, globalization, gender inequality, growth and

development

Paper type- Conceptual and theoretical paper

IntroductionEducation in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills,

and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through

teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others,

but may also be gained by oneself educational Literacy and level of education are basic

indicators of the level of development achieved by a society. Spread of literacy is generally

associated with important traits of modern civilization such as modernization, urbanization,

industrialization, communication and commerce. Literacy forms an important input in overall

development of individuals enabling them to comprehend their social, political and cultural

environment better and respond to it appropriately. Higher levels of education and literacy

lead to a greater awareness and also contributes in improvement of economic and social

conditions. "Globalization" is understood here to mean major increases in worldwide trade

and exchanges in an increasingly open, integrated, and borderless international economy.

Globalisation, as an economic, political and cultural phenomenon, has fundamental

implications for the process of development and the role of education in that process.

Literature reviewEducation Scenario in India

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” 

 Nelson Mandela

Although in the Vedic period education was accessed by all in India, but the scenario was

gradually changed as female lost the right of education. However, in the British period

emphasis was given on education. During this period, various socio religious movements led

by eminent persons like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar emphasized on

women's education in India. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Periyar and Baba Saheb Ambedkar

were leaders of the lower castes in India who took various initiatives to make education

available to the women of India.  Gandhi, Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah went for foreign

studies at that time.

Education and Development in a Global Era:

Achieving universal elementary education is expected to raise productivity and incomes and

strengthen the domestic market, which the private sector sees as a condition for continued

economic growth. The most extensive reform of school education is taking place through a

national programme called Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA or Education for All) .The SSA is

committed to ensuring that children of all ages receive an education, including overage and

underage children, dropouts, and difficult to reach children. SSA is therefore a more

ambitious and demanding programme where the commitment is that all persons – child,

youth and adult should be able to benefit from education. Many reforms have been

undertaken in global educational world

Globalization and education: policy issues and proposals

Globalization has not only intensified competition between nations on economic targets such

as trade and foreign direct investment but has also led to greater scrutiny and comparison

between nations on social development indicators such as child mortality, literacy and

education, poverty and income inequality, access to housing, drinking water and so forth.

Research by Indian economists on education, and its role in national development, has been

scarce. The domestic corporate sector has also become a vocal advocate for increasing

expenditure for elementary education. Written by leading industrialists in the country, the

Birla-Ambani report (as it is popularly known) affirms the new wisdom: We have to

fundamentally change our mindset from seeing education as a component of social

development to realizing that it is a means of creating a new information society, resplendent

with knowledge, research, creativity and innovation. It is not a social expenditure but an

investment in India’s future.

In India literacy rate is calculated if the person is able to read and write but the actual

scenario is totally different because literacy is not just reading and writing but one should be

able to understand all perspectives. The literacy rate of India for the year 2011 according to

Census is 74.04 percent out of which 82.14 percent males and 65.46 percent females are

literate

Literacy

The term 'literacy' referred solely to the ability to read and write. The United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) define literacy as the "Ability

to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate compute and use printed and written

materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in

enabling individuals to achieve their goals to develop their knowledge and potential, and to

participate fully in their community and wider society." Literate societies interact &

contribute in development. Literacy level and educational attainment are vital indicators of

development in a society .Higher level of Literacy and educational development lead to

greater awareness on the hand and help people in acquiring new skills on the other.

Literacy after Independence

The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-15

was an appreciated nationwide ideal and had been given prime priority by incorporation as a

directive policy in the constitution but it is still to be achieved more than half a century since

the Constitution was adopted in 1949. Parliament has passed the Constitution 86th

Amendment Act-2002, to make elementary education fundamental rights for children in the

age group of 6-14 years. The literacy rate grew from 18.33 per cent in 1951, to 28.30 per cent

in 1961, 34.45 per cent in 1971, 43.57 per cent in 1981, 52.21 per cent in 1991, 64.84 per

cent in 2001 and 74.04 per cent in 2011

Objective of the study1. To identify the persons , male and female literacy rate of India in post independent

period year 1901 to 2011

2. To identify the state wise male and female literacy rate and gap of male and female

literacy rate in India

3. To identify the persons , male and female literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh from year

1951 to 2011

4. Explain the district-wise Males and Females literacy rat and gap of male and female

literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh

5. Explain the comparison of literacy rate of India and Uttar Pradesh in post independent

period year 1901 to 2011

Research methodologyContent analysis of literature has been done for conceptualization of the paper and is to

define the literacy rate of male and female in India in post independent period year 1901 to

2011 and the literacy rate of male and female in Uttar Pradesh in year 1951 to 2011, define

the State-wise and district- wise male and female literacy rate and Gap of the Males and

Females literacy rate.

DiscussionProspects and challenges of Education

Education is necessary because if a human being is educated then one would be able to

empower oneself for their rights, fight against discrimination, able to take decision

concerning oneself, contribute to economic growth of nation, will be able to face all scientific

and technological changes and will participate in world politics. In spite of all these

knowledge and different programs running at Central and State level the Literacy Growth is

not up to the mark in Uttar Pradesh as per the rules of National Planning Commission. In

India literacy rate is calculated if the person is able to read and write but the actual scenario is

totally different because literacy is not just reading and writing but one should be able to

understand all perspectives. The literacy rate of India for the year 2011 according to Census

is 74.04 percent out of which 82.14 percent males and 65.46 percent females are literate .In

Uttar Pradesh the literacy rate is 67.68 percent out of which 77.28 percent of male are literate

as compared to female is 57.18 percent.

TABLE-1 LITERACY RATE IN INDIA AND UTTAR PRADESH FROM 1901-

2011(PERCENT WISE)

YEAR INDIA UTTAR PRADESH

1901 5.3 NA

1911 5.9 NA

1921 7.2 NA

1931 9.5 NA

1941 16.1 NA

1951 16.7 12.0

1961 24.0 20.9

1971 29.5 24.0

1981 36.2 32.6

1991 52.1 40.7

2001 65.38 56.3

2011 74.04 67.7

Source: Different sources

Note: The Data of Uttar Pradesh is not available before 1951 as it came into being in 1950. The

literacy rate for year before 1981 was calculated for aged 5 year and above and from 1981 to 2011 it

was calculated for 7 year and above.

As we know that Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state of India and it is clearly observed

by the table that to literacy rate of U.P is far below as compared to India so lot of action is to

be taken for its development so that the desired position could be achieved. The increase in

literacy rate is fast as compared from the previous data of Uttar Pradesh but yet it is below the

average literacy rate directed by National Planning Commission.

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20110

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Literacy Rate Comparison of India and Uttar Pradesh

INDIAUTTAR PRADESH

Year

Perc

ent

TABLE -1 LITERACY RATE IN INDIA

Year Persons Males Females1901 5.3 9.8 0.71911 5.9 10.6 1.11921 7.2 12.2 1.81931 9.5 15.6 2.91941 16.1 24.9 7.31951 16.7 24.9 7.31961 24.0 34.4 13.01971 29.5 39.5 18.7

1981 36.2 46.9 24.81991 52.1 63.9 39.22001 65.38 76.0 54.02011 74.04 82.14 65.46

Source: Census of India (2011)

Note: The literacy rate for year before 1901 was calculated for aged 12 year and above and

from 1901 to 2011 it is calculated above.

The above Table shows that difference between male and female literacy rate from year 1901

to year 2011. The gap between male and female literacy rate have been clearly seen In total

literacy rate from 1901 to 2011 .The increase in male percentage is just 4 times which as

compared to female is low because female percentage has risen continuous which is a good

sign but yet it’s below male percentage. This shows that still many females are unable to go

to school i.e. the thought of gender inequality is there. So to bring equality for the developed

India lot of work is to be done

Figure 1Difference between male and female literacy rate in India

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20110

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Persons Males Females

Table 2: Census of 2011 State-wise and Gap in Male female literacy

Sl. No. Name of the State Male Literacy Female Literacy Gap between Male and Female Literacy

1 Andhra Pradesh 75.56% 59.7% 15.86%2 Arunachal Pradesh 73.69% 59.6% 14.09%3 Assam 78.81% 67.3% 11.51%4 Bihar 73.39% 53.3% 20.09%5 Chattisgarh 81.45% 60.6% 20.85%6 Delhi 91.03% 80.9% 10.13%7 Goa 92.81% 81.8% 11.01%8 Gujarat 87.23% 70.7% 16.53%9 Haryana 85.38% 66.8% 18.58%10 Himachal Pradesh 90.83% 76.6% 14.23%11 Jammu and Kashmir 78.26% 58.0% 20.26%12 Jharkhand 78.45% 56.2% 22.25%13 Karnataka 82.85% 68.1% 14.75%14 Kerala 96.02% 92.0% 4.02%15 Madhya Pradesh 80.43% 60.0% 20.43%16 Maharashtra 89.82% 75.5% 14.32%17 Manipur 86.49% 73.2% 13.29%18 Meghalaya 77.17% 73.8% 2.37%19 Mizoram 93.72% 89.4% 4.32%20 Nagaland 83.29% 76.7% 6.9%21 Orissa 82.40% 64.4% 18.00%22 Punjab 81.48% 71.3% 10.18%23 Rajasthan 80.51% 52.7% 27.81%24 Sikkim 87.29% 76.4% 10.89%25 Tamil Nadu 86.81% 73.9% 12.91%26 Tripura 92.18% 83.1% 9.08%27 Uttar Pradesh 79.24% 59.3% 19.94%28 Uttarakhand 88.33% 70.7% 17.63%29 West Bengal 82.67% 71.16% 11.51%

Union Territories

1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands

90.11% 81.8% 7.31%

2 Chandigarh 90.54% 81.4% 9.14%3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 86.46% 65.9% 20.56%4 Daman & Diu 91.48% 79.6% 11.88%5 Lakshadweep 96.11% 88.2% 7.91%6 Pondicherry 92.12% 81.2% 10.92%

All India 82.14% 65.46% 16.68%

Source:http://updateox.com/india/state-wise-male-female-literacy-rate-in-india-2011-census/

22nd Aug 2014 time: 8:16 P.M

The above table shows that male and female literacy rate in state wise and gap between male

and female literacy rate have been calculated in percentage. There is a vast difference

between the male female literacy rates in states and if this rate is analyzed on the basis of

urban and rural population is would be looked that female literacy is very low in rural areas.

Karla has highest literacy of male i.e 96.02 percent and the female literacy there is 92.02

percent, the difference is lowest i.e 4.04 percent. But Rajasthan have highest difference i.e

27.81percent and female literacy is 58.7 percent, male literacy is 80.51percent the difference

is too much

Name of the State

Andhra Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chattisgarh

Delhi

Goa

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu and Kashmir

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Sikkim

Tamil Nadu

Tripura

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Chandigarh

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Daman & Diu

Lakshadweep

Pondicherry

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

TABLE 1 - LITERACY RATE OF UTTAR PRADESH (PERCENTAGE-WISE)

YEAR PERSONS MALE FEMALE

1951 12.02 19.2 4.1

1961 20.87 32.1 8.4

1971 23.99 35.0 11.2

1981 32.65 46.7 16.7

1991 40.71 54.8 24.4

2001 56.27 70.2 43.0

2011 67.68 77.3 57.2

Source: 1) Census info India 2011

2) http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-demographics.html dated: 22nd February 2014 at

2:34 A.M

3) http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html 22rd February 2014

5:10 p.m

Note: The literacy rate for year 1951, 1961 and 1971 was calculated for aged 5 year and

above and from 1981 to 2011 it was calculated for 7 year and above.

The above Table shows that how the literacy rate had been increased from 12.2 percent to 56.27

percent which is nearly 5 times increment but yet it is not up to the mark. The increase in male

percentage is just 4 times which as compared to female is low because female percentage has risen

from 4 to 57 which is a good sign but yet it’s below male percentage. This shows that still many

females are unable to go to school i.e. the thought of gender inequality is there. So education of

women should be promoted so that they should be empowered.

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20110

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

LITERACY RATE

PERSONSMALEFEMALE

YEAR

PER

CE

NT

AG

E

TABLE-3: DISTRICT WISE MALE AND FEMALE LITERACY IN UTTAR PRADESH AS

PER 2011 CENSUS

SL.NO DISTRICT MALE LITERACY FEMALE LITERACy Gap between Male &

Female literacy rate

1 Saharanpur 79.77% 63.30% 16.47%

2 Muzaffarnagar 79.11% 60.00% 19.11%

3 Bijnor 78.70% 61.45% 17.25%

4 Moradabad 66.83% 49.63% 17.20%

5 Rampur 63.10% 46.19% 16.91%

6 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 76.53% 53.77% 22.76%

7 Meerut 82.91% 65.69% 17.22%

8 Baghpat 84.17% 61.22% 22.95%

9 Ghaziabad 88.16% 81.42% 6.74%

10 Gautam Buddha Nagar 90.23% 72.78% 17.45%

11 Bulandshahr 82.52% 56.60% 25.92%

12 Aligarh 80.24% 57.48% 22.76%

13 Mahamaya Nagar 83.83% 60.79% 23.04%

14 Mathura 84.39% 58.93% 25.46%

15 Agra 78.32% 59.16% 19.16%

16 Firozabad 83.08% 64.80% 18.28%

17 Mainpuri 86.93% 68.35% 18.58%

18 Budaun 62.39% 41.76% 20.63%

19 Bareilly 69.47% 50.35% 19.12%

20 Pilibhit 73.46% 52.43% 21.03%

21 Shahjahanpur 70.09% 51.73% 18.36%

22 Kheri 71.58% 52.62% 18.78%

23 Sitapur 72.61% 52.80% 19.81%

24 Hardoi 77.20% 59.17% 18.03%

25 Unnao 77.06% 58.54% 18.52%

26 Lucknow 84.27% 73.88% 10.39%

27 Rae Bareli 79.39% 58.06% 21.33%

28 Farrukhabad 79.34% 60.51% 18.83%

29 Kannauj 82.36% 64.46% 17.90%

30 Etawah 87.64% 71.16% 16.48%

31 Auraiya 87.37% 71.97% 15.40%

32 Kanpur Dehat 85.27% 68.48% 16.79%

33 Kanpur Nagar 85.07% 76.89% 8.18%

34 Jalaun 84.89% 63.88% 21.01%

35 Jhansi 86.58% 64.88% 20.70%

36 Lalitpur 76.41% 52.26% 24.15%

37 Hamirpur 81.27% 57.19% 24.08%

38 Mahoba 77.72% 54.65% 23.07%

39 Banda 79.38% 54.95% 24.43%

40 Chitrakoot 77.42% 54.03% 23.39%

41 Fatehpur 78.69% 57.76% 20.93%

42 Pratapgarh 85.29% 60.99% 24.30%

43 Kaushambi 75.35% 50.76% 24.59%

44 Allahabad 85.00% 62.67% 22.33%

45 Bara Banki 72.49% 54.10% 18.39%

46 Faizabad 80.21% 60.72% 19.49%

47 Ambedkar Nagar 83.95% 64.62% 25.46%

48 Sultanpur 81.99% 60.17% 21.82%

49 Bahraich 60.23% 40.76% 19.47%

50 Shrawasti 59.55% 37.07% 22.48%

51 Balrampur 61.66% 40.92% 20.74%

52 Gonda 72.23% 49.13% 23.10%

53 Siddharthnagar 73.79% 49.61% 24.18%

54 Basti 80.65% 58.35% 22.30%

55 Sant Kabir Nagar 80.72% 56.99% 23.73%

56 Mahrajganj 77.62% 50.14% 27.48%

57 Gorakhpur 84.38% 61.54% 22.84%

58 Kushinagar 80.10% 54.74% 25.36%

59 Deoria 86.07% 61.34% 24.73%

60 Azamgarh 83.08% 62.65% 20.43%

61 Mau 84.61% 65.59% 19.02%

62 Ballia 85.19% 61.72% 23.47%

63 Jaunpur 86.06% 61.70% 24.36%

64 Ghazipur 85.77% 62.29% 23.48%

65 Chandauli 83.58% 63.07% 20.51%

66 Varanasi 85.12% 68.20% 16.92%

67 Sant Ravidas Nagar

(Bhadohi)

83.87% 57.79% 26.08%

68 Mirzapur 80.83% 58.77% 22.06%

69 Sonbhadra 77.19% 54.11% 23.08%

70 Etah 83.21% 61.72% 21.49%

71 Kanshiram Nagar 72.91% 50.20% 22.71%

Source: http://updateox.com/india/district-wise-male-female-literacy-rate-in-india-2011-census/

22nd February 2014 time: 8:16 P.M

The above table shows that there is a vast difference between the male female literacy rates of

U.P and if this rate is analyzed on the basis of urban and rural population is would be looked

that female literacy is very low in rural areas. Guatam Budh Nagar has highest literacy of

male i.e nerly 90 percent and the female literacy there is 72 percent, the difference in the

same area is so much and lowest in Shrawasti district which is 60 percent and there female

literacy is 37 percent, the difference is too much. In case of female highest is in Ghaziabad

i.e. 81 percent and there male literacy is 88 percent and lowest in Shrawasti district where

female literacy 37 percent and male literacy 60 percent hence it could be seen that the

difference is vast which arises the case of gender inequality.

Sahara

npur

Moradab

ad

Meerut

Gautam

Buddha Nag

ar

Maham

aya Naga

r

Firozab

ad

Bareilly

Kheri

Unnao

Farru

khab

ad

Auraiya

Jalau

n

Hamirp

ur

Chitrako

ot

Kaush

ambi

Faizab

ad

Bahrai

chGonda

Sant K

abir N

agar

Kushinaga

rMau

Ghazipur

Sant R

avidas

Nagar

(Bhadohi)

Etah

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%

100.00%

Literacy Gap in Male and Female District wise(2011 Census)

Male Female

Conclusion

India is working with a high pace to reach the height of developed nation till year 2020. India

is well positioned as an emerging economy with high growth potential in globalized world.

The challenge facing the country is to move from a position of an emerging economy to a

developed economy in which growth is more even across sectors and the opportunities and

benefits enjoyed by a tiny middle class are extended to the lower middle classes and the poor.

In order to achieve this, quality basic education for all must become a reality while also

building on the accomplishments of the tertiary system. The Table illustrated in the paper

shows that male and female literacy rate in India and Uttar Pradesh, gap of male and female

literacy rate of states and district in India, yet the government has started many schemes for

the up liftmen of the literacy rate but yet they are not supporting that well to reach the vision.

The difference between literacy rates from the last Census is seen and it could be observed

that the male and female literacy i.e. highest and lowest has a vast difference and Karla State

has highest literacy of male and the difference between male and female literacy rate is

lowest But Rajasthan have highest difference In the case of district Guatam Budh Nagar has

highest literacy of male and the difference in the same area is so much and lowest in

Shrawasti district .In case of female highest is in Ghaziabad and lowest in Shrawasti

district ,So to run in the race the process followed is slow. Lot many work has to be carried

out so that we should be able to participate in the race and reach to the level what is to be

achieved in the era of globalization.

References

Chakrabarty, C. K. “Indian education system – issues and challenges” Address by Dr K C

Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the JRE School of

Management, Greater Noida, 5 August 2011.

DREZE, J. and SEN, A. (2005) India: Development and Participation, New Delhi: OUP.

Edwards Barclay Ryan. Gender inequality and socioeconomic development. February 2010

klasen, s. j. (1994). “Gender Inequality and Survival: Excess Female Mortality Past and

Present”. Ph.D., Harvard University

Green, Andy., Little, W. Angela., Kamat, G. Sangeeta., Oketch, Moses., Vickers, Edward.,

(2007)Education and Development in a Global Era: Strategies for ‘Successful

Globalisation’ Department for International Development: Educational Papers

JHINGRA (2004) ‘Beyond Resources’, Seminar 536, March (www.india-seminar.com).

Kishor ,Sunita .Gupta ,Kamla (2009). “gender equality and women’s empowerment in India” national family health survey; August (nfhs-3) India 2005-06

Klasen, s j. (1994) Gender Inequality and Survival: Excess Female Mortality Past and Present. Ph.D.; Harvard University

MANSURI, G. RAO, V. (2004) ‘Community Based and Driven Development: A Critical

Review’, The World Bank Observer, 19 (1), Washington D.C.: World Bank.

NARAYANA, D. (2005) Institutional Change and Its Impact on The Poor And Excluded:

The Indian Decentralisation Experience, Working Paper 242. Geneva: OECD and ILO.

RAMACHANDRAN, V. and SAIHJEE, A. (2004) ‘The New Segregation: Reflections on

Gender and Equity in Primary Education’, Economic and Political Weekly of India, April:

1600-1613.

Uttar Pradesh: The State Profile, December 2011, PHD Chamber Of Commerce and

Industry

http://updateox.com/india/district-wise-male-female-literacy-rate-in-india-2011-census/

dated: 22nd February 2014,8:16 P.M

http://www.upefa.com/upefaweb/indexmain.php?do=menu2&lmid=3 dated: 23rd

February 2014, 11:12 A.M

http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-demographics.html dated: 22nd February 2014 at

2:34 A.M

http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html, dated: 23rd February

2014, 5:10 P.M

http://www.womenempowermentinindia.com/ dated: 19th February 2014, 6:30 P.M

www.results.org dated 7th March 2014, 2:35 P.M