Apes Chapt 1

7/27/2019 Apes Chapt 1

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Chapter 1

Environmental Problems,Their Causes, andSustainability


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Figure 1-2

Earths Life Support System Human Culturesphere


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The goals of environmental science How nature works.

How the nv ronm ntaffects us.

How we affect the environment.

How we can live more sustainably withoutdegrading our life-support system.


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Fig. 1-1, p. 6

Industrial

Revolution

?

Agricultural revolutionHunting and

Gathering

Time

Black Death

the Plague

The Population Dilemma exponential growth


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The Rule of 70

Doubling Time (t) = 70 / Growth Rate (r)

Ex Problem: In 2006 the population grewby 1.23 %. It this rate would continue theworlds population will double in how manyyears and in what year?

Akey: double 57 years. Year 2063.

Practice rule of 70 WS


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Fig. 1-3, p. 8

Sound Science

A Path toSustainabilityIndividuals

MatterTrade-OffsSolutionsNaturalCapital

DegradationNatural Capital

Sustainability: The Integrative Theme

Living sustainably - satisfying peoples needsof thepresent, without depleting natural resources to meet theneeds of future generations


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Video Sustainability


8/34Fig. 1-4, p. 9

+=NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES

NATURAL CAPITAL NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL SERVICES

Air Air purification

Water purification

Water storage

Soil renewal

Nutrient recycling

Food productionConservation ofbiodiversity

Wildlife habitat

Grassland andforest renewal

Waste treatment

Climate control

Population control(species interactions

Pest Control

NATURAL

CAPITAL

= +

Water

Soil

Land

Nonrenewableminerals(iron, sand)

Life (Biodiversity)

Renewable energysun, wind, waterflows

Nonrenewableenergy (fossil fuels,nuclear power)

RESOURCES SERVICES

Environmentally Sustainable Societies


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Percentage of World's

Population

Developing countriesDeveloped countries

Pollution

and waste

Resource

use

Wealth andIncome

Population

Growth

18

82

0.1

1.5

85

15

12

75

25

88


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IncreasingLevel ofPoverty


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GDP: Gross Domestic Product - the annual marketvalue of all goods and services produced by allfirms/organizations operating within a country.


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TYPES OF RESOURCES Perpetual:Onahumantimescalearecontinuous.

Ex:SunandWind

Renewable:Onahumantimescalecanbe

replenishedrapidly(e.g.hourstoseveraldecades). Ex:Plants,trees,animals,water,aluminumetc.

Nonrenewable:Onahumantimescaleareinfixedsupply.

Ex:FossilFuelsetc.


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Nonrenewable Resources

Exist as fixed quantity Recycling reusing extendssupply

Figure 1-8

T d f h C


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Tragedy of the Commons

1968 Book by Garrett Hardin

Renewable resources that are freelyavailable to everyone can be degraded.

If I dont use it someone else will.

Website Article about the Tragedy of the commons:

http://www.planetseed.com/node/15246
http://www.planetseed.com/node/15246http://www.planetseed.com/files/flash/science/features/earth/climate/en/toc/index.htm?width=750&height=580&popup=truehttp://www.planetseed.com/node/15246


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Numberof

Earths

Earths

EcologicalCapacity

Year


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Total Footprint (million hectares) and

Share of Global Ecological Capacity (%)

United States2,810 (25%)

European Union

2,160 (19%)

China2,050 (18%)

India 780 (7%)

Japan 540 (5%)


17/34Fig. 1-7b, p. 13

Footprint Per Person

(hectares per person)

United States 9.7

4.7European Union

1.6China

India

Japan

0.8

4.8


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POLLUTIONWater

Air

Indoor Air Thermal


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Environmental ProblemsCauses and Connections Major Causes

Population growth Should know world population is about 7.0 Billion US Population is about 300,000,000

Wasteful resource use Poverty Poor environmental accounting Ecological ignorance


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Depletion ofnonrenewables

SOLAR

CAPITAL

Human CapitalHuman

Economic

and

Cultural

Systems

Pollution and waste

Degradation ofrenewables

Heat

Goods and services

Natural Capital

EARTH


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Causes of Environmental Problems

IgnoranceEnvironmentalcosts not includedPoverty

Unsustainable

resource use

Population

growth

Natural capital degradation

Of these five, which is the number one problem?


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Poverty and Environmental Problems

1 of 3 children under 5,suffer from severemalnutrition.

Why should we care?

Figure 1-12 and 1-13

N b f lL k f


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Fig. 1-12, p. 18

1.1 billion (17%)

1.1 billion (17%)

1.1 billion (17%)

Enough food

for good health

Adequate

health care

Clean drinking

Water

Enough fuel for

heating and

cooking

Electricity

Adequate

Sanitation

Number of people

(% of world's population)

Lack of

access to

1.6 billion (25%)

2 billion (31%)

2.4 billion (37%)


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Consumption Environmental Problems Underconsumption: Consumption

of less than is produced. Issues?Overconsumption: resource-use

has outpaced the sustainablecapacity of the ecosystemAffluenza: Affluent/wealthyconsumersoverconsumptionofmaterialsatanunsustainablelevel.


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Fig. 1-14, p. 20

Developing Countries

Population (P) Consumptionper person(affluence, A)

Technologicalimpact per unit ofconsumption (T)

Environmentalimpact ofpopulation (I)

Developed Countries

Connections between problems and causes

The 3 Factor Model

Trade-Offs


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Fig. 1-15, p. 21

Trade-Offs

Industrial-Medical Revolution

Advantages DIsadvantages

Mass production of useful

and affordable products

Higher standard of living

for many

Greatly increasedagricultural production

Lower infant mortality

Longer life expectancy

Increased urbanization

Lower rate of

population growth

Increased air pollution

Increased waste pollution

Soil depletion and

degradation

Groundwater depletion

Habitat destruction and

degradation

Biodiversity depletion

Increased water pollution


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SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENTALWORLDVIEWS

Technological optimists: Over state the situation

Ex: Dont Worry Be Happy

Environmental pessimists: Over state the problems to the point where everysituation is hopeless.

Are you one of these two?


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How Would You Vote? Is our society on an unsustainable path?

If it is or isnt, how would you know it?


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Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability(Learning From Nature) Reliance on Solar Energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling

Figure 1-16


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Fig. 1-16, p. 24

Reliance on

Solar Energy

Population ControlNutrient Recycling

Biodiversity

Four Principles of Sustainability


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ldo Leopolds Land Ethic the individual is a member of acommunity of interdependent parts that land is to be loved andrespected is an extension of ethics. We abuse land because we regardit as a commodity belonging to us

Figure 1-A

W ld Vi Y V l / Ethi


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World Views: Your Values / Ethics

Planetary Management World View

Nature exists mainly to meet our needs and desires. We can use our ingenuity and technology to

manage the Earths life support system.

Stewardship World View Manage the Earth for our benefit

Ethical responsibility or STEWARDS of the Earth

Environmental Wisdom World View We are part of and totally dependent on nature

Nature exists for all species, not just for us.


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Fig. 1-18, p. 25

Shiftsneededto

bringaboutsustainable

revolution

Vid Th St f St ff
http://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.movhttp://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.mov


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Video: The Story of Stuff
http://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.movhttp://localhost/Users/croninp/Desktop/Environmental/APES%2011_12/1%20APES%20Intro%201,24,25,26%20/Notes%20Unit%201/The%20Story%20of%20Stuff.mov

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Apes Chapt 1