AP Human Geography Chapter 9 and Latin America Test Review

8/18/2019 AP Human Geography Chapter 9 and Latin America Test Review

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Chapter 9 and Latin America Test Review

HDI- Who designed it, Why, How it works

-Human Development Index

-Created by the UN in 1990 and computes HDI’s yearly for every country

-The highest HDI possible is 1.0 or 100%

-It considers development to be a function of 3 factors:

1. Decent standard of living2. Long healthy life

3. Access to knowledge

-Countries are grouped into 4 categories: very high, developed, medium high, low

-Also looks at: happiness, living conditions, economic well being and GDP

-Highest is Norway

GNI

-Gross National Income

-Value of output of goods and services in a country, in a year including money leaving and entering the country

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

-Taking countries currencies into standard currencies to see what they could buy at a global market.

-The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

-PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods

Primary Sector

-Extracting materials from earth: mining, fishing, forestry

Secondary Sector

-Manufacturing, transforming, and assembling raw materials into products and fabricate manufacturing goods

into consumer goods

Tertiary Sector

-The provision of goods and services to people in exchange of payment: banking, law, education, gov, retailing

Productivity

-The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

-Can be measured by value added

Value Added

-Used in manufacturing

-The gross value of a product minus the cost of the raw materials and energy

Inequality Adjusted HDI

-An indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country

-Same HDI and IHDI= perfect equality

-IHDI lower than HDI= some equality

-Greater difference between IHDI and HDI= the greater inequality

-Lower income, less education= lower IHDI


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Access to Knowledge

-Decides whether or not a child can compete in the real world

-Better knowledge = Better life

-Literacy Rate

-Type of schooling

Quantity of Schooling

-years an expected years of schooling-Average of 5 years

-Global= 7 MDC= 11 LDC= 6

Quality of Schooling

-Pupil to teacher ratio

-Improved education is the goal in many developing countries

Literacy Rate (what it is and why it's important)

-Percentage of people who can read and write in a country

Gender Inequality Index (what it is and why it's important)

-Measures the extent of a country's gender inequality(empowerment, labor, reproductive health)

-Higher the GII, the greater the inequality

-0= men and women are equal

-1.0= men and women are as far apart as possible

-Countries with high HDI’s have low GII;s and vise versa

Female Labor Force Participation Rate

-Percentage of women with full time jobs for every 100 men

Developing: 65

Developed: 75

Southwest Asia in North Africa: 35

Energy-

● Coal

○ Leading source in North America and Europe

● Natural Gas

○ Heat homes and electricity

● Petroleum Supply

○ Motor vehicles

Demand

-The quantity that consumers are willing/ able to buy

-China consumes the most

- North America has the highest per capita consumption

Supply

-The quantity of something that producers have available for sale


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Stimulus

-Government should spend more money THEN collect tax

-People work by building and hard jobs and once the economy recovers, people will be able to pay more taxes

and off their debt.

● Pro- more jobs

● Con- increase taxes

Austerity-Sharply reduce the taxes so that the economy will revive because people can spend their money they saved

on taxes.

● Pro- Reduced taxes

● Con- Less helping those in need

Fair Trade

-Products made and traded at standard price

-An alternative to international trade which products are produced according to standards that protect workers

and small businesses in less developed countries

Microfinance (microcredit)

-program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small

businesses

Millennium Development Goals- who/have the goals been met?

-Goals that all members agreed to achieve by 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing

countries, not met at 2015

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal/primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

Wallerstein’s World System Model

-illuminated by his three- tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably

linked to the economic activities of the developed world; core and periphery theory

Core/Periphery-Relationship between developing and developed countries often described as a north/south split

-Developed countries: often north of the equator- “core”

-Developing countries: often south of the equator- “periphery”

Maquiladoras

-the term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market.

-The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw

materials and then export finished good

-On U.S Mexico border for easy access to the U.S


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Venezuela’s Oil

-Prices are going up to help pay their debt

-Went from .07 Boliver to 1 Boliver

- .15 cents in the us dollar

Child Labor

-High in less developed countries

-Keeps children in poverty-Stops children from a better life and education

Documents

AP Human Geography Chapter 9 and Latin America Test Review