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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
“INNOVATIONALIZING” GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT: JAPAN’S NEW STI POLICIES
2018.12.Abe Global Forum
Takahiro Ueyama, Ph.D.Full-time Member of the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation,
Cabinet Office, the Government of Japan
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Dr. Kazuhito HASHIMOTOPresident,
National Institute for Materials Science
Yoshihide SUGAChief Cabinet Secretary
Takuya HIRAIMinister of State for Science
and Technology Policy
Masatoshi ISHIDAMinister for Internal Affairs
and Communications
Taro ASOMinister of Finance
Masahiko SHIBAYAMAMinister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Hiroshige SEKOMinister of Economy, Trade and Industry
Dr. Motoko KOTANIProfessor,
Tohoku University
Dr. Juichi YAMAGIWA President,
Science Council of Japan
Cabinet MembersChairperson
Head of an Affiliated Organization
※ Relevant ministers are appointed as ad-hoc members when needed to attend plenary session meetings of CSTI
Administrative Structures for STI Policy in Japan Members of CSTI
Shinzo ABEPrime Minister
Mr. Masakazu TOKURA Representative Director & President,
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
Dr. Takahiro UEYAMA Former Vice President & Professor,
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
(Full-time Position)
Dr. Seiichi MATSUOPresident,
Nagoya University
Dr. Yoshimitsu KobayashiDirector of the Board & Chairperson,Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corp.
Ms. Yumiko KajiwaraCorporate Executive Officer,
Fujitsu Ltd.
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
l Serioussocietalchallenges• decliningbirthrateandrapidlyagingpopulation• GapandSeparation b/wlargeenterprisesandSMEs,urban
andruralarea• Uncertaintyforsocialandeconomicalsustainablegrowth
l HowcanJapanovercomethesechallenges?• 5thScienceandTechnologyBasicPlan(Apr.2016)• Anewconcept“Society5.0isahypotheticalsolutiontoour
serioussocietalchallenges• Making “Society 5.0” and 5th Basic Plan a reality
Societal Challenges We Should Overcome
3
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Newsociety“Society 5.0”
Society 1.0 Hunting & gathering
Society 2.0 Agricultural
Society 3.0 Industrial
Society 4.0 Information
Realize the advanced fusion of cyberspace and physical space,To balance economic advancement with the resolution of social problems,Bring about a human-centered society
What is “Society 5.0”?
4
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office ※TheseDatabasesarereferenceexamples
○ThedevelopmentofIntelligentTransportSystems(ITS),OptimizedEnergyValueChains,andNewManufacturing(monozukuri)Systemsascoresystemsof11systems,cooperatingwithothersystems,buildingplatforms tofacilitate thecreationofnewvalue
○ ConstructionandUtilizationofDatabasesasaFoundationfortheCreationofNewValuesandServices○ ReinforcingBasicTechnologies (e.g.,AI,IoT,bigdataanalysis)thatUnderlie thesePlatforms
●Promotion of intellectual property strategies and international standardization●Promotion of regulatory and institutional reforms and fostering social acceptance
●Promotion of skills development and personnel development
Databases
New Services
Energy Value
Chains
Manufacturing Systems
Smart Production
Systems
Smart Food Chain
Systems
IntegratedMaterial
Development Systems
Hospitality Systems
Comprehensive Regional Care
Systems
Disaster Prevention and
Reduction Systems
Geographical Environmental CybersecurityMedical Materials
Infrastructure Maintenance
System
Global Environment Information Platforms
Systems
Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Basic TechnologyAI, IoT, big data processing technologies,
cybersecurity, etc.
Representation ofPlatforms forRealizingSociety5.0
PlatformsforRealizing“Society5.0”asaNewSocialModeofProductivity
5
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
I
All types of data will be gathered from sensors installed throughout physical space via IoT. This Big Data will be analyzed by AI, and the results will then be fed back in physical space.② This massive amount will be accumulated in cyber space
① All types of data will be gathered from sensors installed throughout physical space
④The results will be fed back in physical space in robots, automatic-driving cars, etc.
③ Big data will be analyzed by AI that exceeds the capabilities of humansBigData
Cyberspace
AnalysisArtificial
Intelligence
high-value-added information, proposals, or equipment operating instructions, etc.
environmental information, equipment operating status, or people-related information, etc.
AutomaticDriving
Robots AutomaticDelivery
=SensorsPhysicalspace
AdvancedFusionofCyberspaceandPhysicalSpace
6
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Policy challenges we should address
1. Need to make the concept of Society 5.0 into a reality
2. Need to recover from the downward trend of Japan’s research capability during the recent decade
2. Need to expand the STI related investment in the Government Budget
3. Need to make our own policy initiatives which in order to hook up S&I into innovation process
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
l NeedtoexpandtheGovernmentR&DInvestment
undertheSeriousFinancialConstraints
• Seriousnationaldebtandfinancialdeficit
• Socialsecurityexpenditurecontinuestoriseby1trillionyen
everyyear
• Promise:CombinedpublicandprivatesectorR&Dinvestment
ofatleast4%ofGDP;governmentR&Dinvestmentofatleast
1%ofGDP
Financial Challenges We Should Overcome
8
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, February 2018.
1.10
1.70
1.96
2.07
2.10
2.22
2.38
2.79
2.93
3.29
4.23
0.76
0.48
0.64
0.44
0.67
0.77
0.62
0.67
0.82
0.51
1.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
RussianFederation
UnitedKingdom
EuropeanUnion(28)
China
EuropeanUnion(15)
France
OECDTotal
UnitedStates
Germany
Japan
Korea
R&DIntensitybyGovernment(%) R&DIntensityTotal(%)
R&D intensity (R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP)
Current Status related to STI: R&D Intensity
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
(estimated by the Cabinet Office)
Required level of budget (initially)
900 billion yen(300 billion yen/fiscal year)
Budget for local governments (the same level as FY2017)
Supplementary Budget (Largest in the past 10 years)
Government R&D
investment
︵trillion yen
︶ FY 2016
3.5 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
1.1
4.4 Trillion yen
Targeted government R&D investment in FY2020= 6 Trillion yen
FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY2020 (fiscal year)
Need to increase S&T-related budget by 900 billion yen over 3 years (300 billion yen per year) in order to meet the government R&D investment targets (1% of GDP, 6 trillion yen) by FY2020 (the final year of the 5th Basic Plan)
Need a significant increase in S&T-related Budget!
Budget Level: Government R&D Investment=1% of GDP
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
v Definition and identification of “STI budget” within all governmental programs and projects
v Cross-ministerial (cross-departmental) approach of government’s budget- Considering STI within the whole GB- Securing the necessary budget to create the innovation ecosystem via government’s investment
v Exploring research structure of national institutions- Collecting all financial and personnel data of national universities and national institutes- Institutional Research Environment
Evidence-Based Policy Making
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
1Sinceitrepresents acompilation ofthepreliminary reported valuesfromeachministryandagencyexcludestheportion ofpublicworksexpensesthatiscurrentlyundetermined(recorded intheSpecialAccountforSocialCapitalDevelopmentProjects toFY2013),thissummarywillbesubjecttochangewith futureexamination.
2 Valuesinparentheses ()represent initial budgetfiguresforFY2016.3Foruniversities,etc.subsidiesforadministrativeexpensesforprivateuniversitiesandthelikeareconsidered tobeincluded inoperatingexpensegrantsfromFY2015.
Japan’sR&DInvestment
JPY18,133,600million=18trillion
(FY2011)MIC“SurveyofResearchand
Development”
Contents and portfolios need to be constructed in order that government investment in R&D will prime the pump for R&D investment throughout the entire country.Through the use measures such as administrative project review sheets, we should confirm a concrete overall picture of STI policy with the aim of both maximizing the effects of investment and enhancing policy objectives and sectors deserving of expansion.For science and technology-related budgets for universities etc. (which account for two-thirds of the total), we should consider collecting necessary information specific to individual policy objectives and sectors.
Overseas Overseas
Private Universities
JapaneseGovernment
Industry
34%
30%
3… 1.18TrillionYen(95.0BillionEuro)
1.05TrillionYen(84.3BillionEURO)
1.26TrillionYen(101.9BillionUS$)
FY2017Budget:Total3.84Trillionyen(US$34.9Billion)
ImplementeddirectlybyMinistries
ResearchInstitutesandFundingagencies
Universities
Investment in Japanese R&D and Government Investment in R&D
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Current Status related to STI in Japan S&T Budgets distributed to Ministries
64.615.6
3.53.13.0 2.5
2.1 1.81.6 1.4 0.5 0.4
MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnology(MEXT)
MinistryofEconomy,Trade
andIndustry(METI)
MinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfare
(MHLE)
MinistryofDefense
MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry
andFisheries(MAFF)
CabinetOffice
Source: Bureau of Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office (2017)
FY2017Budget:Total3.49Trillionyen(EURO28.1Billion)
It is necessary to know details of budgets distributed to ministriesIn order to analyze effectiveness of each STI policy
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Image of government activities in view of R&D and innovation
<Fixed and certain activities>
Provision of fixed administration services
<New and uncertain activities>
Research, Development,Investigation
Implementation, ndustrialization,Intellectual property, Standard et
al.
1
2
8
4 5 63 7
Activities which utilizes the outcome of science and technology
DiffusingSpreadingIntroducingIntroducing
PublicrelationsCommon
Knowledge
Procurementof
Capital Goods
expendablesand
capital goods
TrainingProcurement,
ofhuman resources
Equipmentof
organization
Estimation
Back officeduties
Managementand operation
OperatonalBasic Budget For Universiy
Activities related with implementation of knowledge or method new to the subjects
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
v Classification of S&T Budget based on FRASCATI and OSLO Manual of the OECD v Scrutinized over 5000 Programs and Project of all Ministries using “administrative project review sheets
v IdentifyingthetotalnationalinvestmentonS&Tbyusingcomprehensivedataofgovernment’sbudgetv Identifying“innovationrelatedprograms”whichwillenhance thediffusionandimplementationof
scientifictechnologiesinthesociety.v Identifyingpolicytargetstoaccelerate “IntegratedNationalInnovationStrategy”
Category of S&T Budget
Content S&T Budget
AResearch & Development, Projects for Implementation, Intellectual Property,
StandardizationApplicable
B Budget related to University, R&D, Implementation, Commercialization, etc. Applicable
C
Preparatory Programs for Research, Investigation, R&D, Standardization, Implementation, etc.
Standardization for Measurement, Regulation, and Fact-finding: Collection of Data, Creating Database
Applicable
D1 Programs which promote new scientific technologies (hitherto not well utilized) Applicable
D2 Programs which promote new methods (hitherto not well utilized) excluding S&T N/A
E Programs which promote already known but not yet well implemented N/A
F Others N/A
Redefinition of Government Budget for Science and Technology
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office 16
Policy Target to Implement the Basic Plan for STI
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office 17
Policy Target to Implement the STI for SDGs
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Conceptual Challenges of CSTI policies
vRedefinition of Innovation as STI concept
- Innovation: not directly connected to economic value
vWhat the government can do
- keeping potential seeds of innovation, disseminating and diffusing its outcome and leading to economic value
- Policies for intellectual property
- Policy for Government procurement
- Standardization both of concept and research seeds
- “Innovationalization” of government budget
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
l CreationofOptimalSocioeconomicStructureforSociety5.0Ø Currentrigidstructure⇒ flexibleandagilestructure
l TotalrenovationonSTIPoliciesØ Background:GlobalgamechangeofinnovationmechanismØ Wayforward:BreakawayfrompasttrajectoryofSTIpolicies
cf.’The5thScienceandTechnologyBasicPlan’,‘ComprehensiveStrategyonSTI2017’
Keyconcept=IntegrationofSTIpoliciesex.- comprehensivestrategiesSourceofInnovation⇒CreationofInnovation⇒ Implementation⇒Globaldeployment- Coordinationamongrelatedcontroltowerscf.CSTI,IT,Space,Ocean,Health,etc.
2018 Integrated Innovation Strategy - Basic Concepts
19
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
2018 Integrated Innovation Strategy – Action 1:Renovating Innovation Ecosystem
l Renovating“Knowledge-IntensiveCluster”“RenovationofR&Dmanagement“
Ø UniversityreformasthecoreforK/Icluster• Re-definitionofNationalUniversities
• Universities as“centralhubs”forinnovation,businesscreation, social-contribution
• Modificationofuniversityconcept cf.“investment target”• IntroductionofERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)
cf.NationalUniversities=86, NationalResearch Institutions=27
• Thegovernanceandmanagementofuniversity• Enhancingtalentedhumanresources• Institutionalfundingtothebasicfinanceofuniversity• Challengesbeyondbordersex.large-scaleacademia-private
collaboration,internationalR&Dcollaborations20
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
○ A new system was developed for distributing part of the management expenses grants to National Universities to support the universitiesʼ efforts to further strengthen their strong points in the following three areas.
Allocation for FY2017
This funding framework will support the reforms of theuniversities and accelerate the speed of the reforms.
Category 1 : Contribute to regional areas (55 univ.)
Category 2 : Specialize in specific fields (15 univ.)
Category 3 : Perform outstanding educational and research activities at world-class standards (16 univ.)
○ Each national university selected one area for which they wished to receive extra funding, and set out their visions, strategies, and KPIs accordingly.
○ Overall, 298 strategies were made and over 2,000 KPIs were set in order to evaluate the processes leading to the reform of 86 national universities.
○ The outcomes of the KPIs will be evaluated annually to determine the amount of the funding for each year.
○ Based on the evaluation results of the KPIs, the amount of funds allocated to each university were increased or decreased by the percentages as shown in the table.
+10% or more
+0-10% -0-10% -10-20% -20% ormore
Category 1 3 univ. 25 univ. 22 univ. 5 univ. 0 univ.
Category 2 1 univ. 5 univ. 7 univ. 1 univ. 1 univ.
Category 3 0 univ. 7 univ. 6 univ. 3 univ. 0 univ.
For example, among the 55 universities that selected Category 1, 3 received the highest evaluation and their funding was increased by 10%.
New Framework for Funding National Universities (2016-2021)
21
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
2018 Integrated Innovation Strategy – Action 2 : Identifying the Path of Knowledge Creation
l 3pillarmodelcf.“Datafusion”=“SourceofInnovation“
Ø SocialData=PlatformforSociety5.0• Comprehensive architecture designon“cross-field” and“field-
specific”datalinkageplatformscf.data-interface, semanticdata,applications,datamarket, cybersecurity,privacy, related inter/intradiscipline,etc.)
• Globallinkagecf.NIEM(US),FIWARE (EU)
Ø AcademicData=Promotionofopen(closed)science• Ex.Dataadministrationguideline formachine/AI-readable research
data⇒“reverse MI”,“datadrivenbioresearch”
Ø OfficialData=quasi-UtilityFunctionmodel• Ex.Evidence,basedoncomprehensive analysesonR&Dfundsand
outputs fromgovernmental STIprojects,etc.
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Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Data Infrastructure as a Source of Innovation
Physical Space Data Infra.
農業データ
自動運転データ
センサーデータ
エネルギー物流・商流インフラ防災地球環境海洋、宇宙
健康・医療・介護データ
ものづくりデータ
・物流・農業・建設
・インフラ・防災・減災
・健康・医療・介護
Society 5 . 0実装イメージ
人生100年時代安全・安心 生産性革命
分野間データ連携基盤
サービスポータル機能(検索, プライバシー保護等)
共通管理機能(語彙,カタログ等)
分野横断連携機能(認証認可, データ接続等)
分野毎データ連携基盤
当面、11分野で整備を進め、相互運用性を確保
Research Data Infra.
論⽂
エビデンスデータベース
EBPM Infra.
公的統計等データ
論⽂、特許等書誌データ
国⼤・研発⽣データ
レビューシート
データクリーニング・機微情報加⼯
基幹業務システム
アプリケーション
EBPM、EBMgt
Private Company
Researchers Gov. Univ. Insti.
データ連携 データ連携
エビデンスに基づく政策⽴案、法⼈運営の促進
財務会計 ⼈事給与業績管理・助成⾦管理
Social Data Academic Data Public Data
公開・蓄積管理・保存
検索・利用
データ公開基盤
データ検索基盤
データ管理基盤
長期保存対応ストレージ領域
研究データ(実験・観測データ
等)大学
Creating and Sharing Grand Design of Data Policy: Standardization and Confirmation
新たな研究の創発・異分野連携・研究不正防⽌
研究
機関
研究
助成機関
学会等
23
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
l Scrutinize all of the Government Program
l Converting the non-STI programs to STI-related ones
- Introduction of advanced technology to the conventional government programs- government procurement of goods, services, and constructions by government agencies- Introduction of the viewpoint of science and technology innovation
for human resource development project
Convention policies for STI programs
l CSTI certifies the converted programs for STI that each ministry registered to the Cabinet Office
l The CSTI supports the certified projects in budget assessment process in cooperation with the Ministry of Finance
Conversion Policy of Science, Technology and Innovation: A way of “Innovationalizing” Government Budget
24
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
①)Introducing state of art technology into the public works
④)Creation of Medical Information Infrastructure
Government
MecicalBig
Data
Pharma
ResearchesSensor
③)Diffusion of new technologies in private sectors
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Encouraging the Robotics, ICT technologies, etc.
Big Data
Agricultural Robots
②)Introducing advanced technology in Government programs
業の内容を⾒直し、先進技術を導⼊、実証。これにより事業の効果・効率性が向上するとともに、先進技術の普及を後押し。例えば、総務省ではビッグデータ等を活⽤し、⽕災延焼シミュレーションを⾼度化。科学的検証に基づく⽕災延焼予測を実施可能に。
◎Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport:”i-Construction”
実験や過去の⽕災データ
Big Data
シミュレーションを活⽤した⽕災防ぎょ計画の策定
リアルタイムでの⽕災リスク予報気象データ3次元設計データ等により、ICT建設機械を⾃動制御し、建設現場をIoT化。
Public works i-Construction
Medical Information Database of electrical medical records etc. as the basis of Big Data Medical Infrastructure
Examples of Conversion Policy for STI
25
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
2018 Integrated Innovation Strategy – Action 32pillars:“Privatesector”cf.Startups,“PublicSector”reforml Privatesector
Ø Original/UniqueR&Dstartupecosystems• Globallevelprivateenterprises cf.affordable funds,knowhow,
networks.• Strengthinbasicscience• public-private collaborationtradition,diligentculture,etc.
Ø ComprehensiveEcosystem:Seeds/PoC/launchi/Expand/Exit, etc.University/Riken/Sansoken⇒NEDO/JST⇒INCJ/A-FIVED⇒Private fund/Global Enterprises⇒IoP/Buyout
Ø “Moonshot”projectcf.awardssystem/R&D/commercialization
l PublicSector :innovationingovernmentprojectsandadministrationsØ GovernmentProcurementGuidelinecf.i-ConstructionØ InstitutionalReformex.Medicinepricing/medicalpayment
system26
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Integrated Innovation Strategy – Prioritized Fields (1/3)
l AITechnology=5pillars:R&D/HR/BIGData/Venture&Implementation/EthicsØ Humanresourcesdevelopmentinalllevels
• AIasbasiccommunicationtoolas‘reading,writing,arithmetic’,with‘nooneleftbehind’basis
Ø R&D: Humaninterface,minutedataAI,accountableAI,combinationwithRobots
Ø BIGData:Society5.0dataarchitecture/academic datapool/etc.
Ø “Human-centeredAIsocialdiscipline”cf.G20in2019l Biotechnology
Ø FormulationofnewBiotechnologystrategybysummer2019• Key=Shiftfromdeductive toinductiveapproaches withAIandbig
data• Strength:3TOPAIcenters/abundantbio-resources/advanced
fermentation technology,etc.27
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Integrated Innovation Strategy – Prioritized Fields (2/3)
l SafetyandSecurity
ØKey:increasingseverityofnationaldisaster/FukushimaExperience
ØNationalResiliencePlan2018cf.45probablecases/techsolutionpossibility
ØUtilizingwiderangeofJapan’sSTI• earlydetectionandwarningsystemofthetorrential
heavyrainfallandinundation,cross-ministerialdisasterinformationsharingplatform,etc.
• predictionandmitigationofEarthquake,Tsunami,typhoon,landslide,volcaniceruption,etc.
28
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Integrated Innovation Strategy – Prioritized Fields (3/3)
l AgricultureØ OpenValuePlatformonAgriculture
Developmentofsmartagriculture,anddeploymentofsmartfoodchainsystems,domesticallyandinternationally
Ø AdvancedAgriculturePolicy:Protection⇒Export⇒ForeignInvestment
l EnvironmentandEnergyØ Key:GlobalgamechangeafterParisAccordØ Priorityare
-Comprehensive energymanagement systems=‘EnergyInternet’- Unique thehydrogensocietyex.utilizationofammonia- Competitive Renewable energy=equivalentcostwithfossilfuel
l OtherimportantfieldsØ PromotionofSIPprogram,especiallyinthefieldsoflight
quantum,medicine,oceanic,space,etc.29
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Cabinet Office
Thank you for your attention!
30