Antimicrobial activity of Ficus

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International Research Journal of Plant Science (ISSN: 2141-5447) Vol. 2(11) pp. 332-337, November 2011Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJPSCopyright © 2011 International Research Journals

Full length Research Paper

Antimicrobial activity nutritional profile and quantitativestudy of different fractions of ficus palmata

Sarla Saklani1 and Subhash Chandra1*

1Department of Pharmaceutical Science, H. N. B. G. U. (Central University), Srinagar Garhwal Uttarakhand India

Accepted 30 August, 2011

The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone,methanolic, ethanolic and water extracts of Ficus palmata were tested against ten bacterial strains andthree fungal strains by disc diffusion method. The ethanolic bark extracts of Ficus palmata showedsignificant activity (18 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The medicinal plant fruit contain ash value,

(total ash) moisture; crude fat and crude fiber, extractive values were studied fresh part weight. Thepreliminary phytochemical analysis test showed the presence of carbohydrates and glycosides,alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, unsaturated triterpenoids and sterol, resin.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, nutritional value, and phytochemical screening.

INTRODUCTION

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care knownto mankind. Herbs have been used by all culturesthroughout the history and they constitute an integral partof the development of modern civilization. Medicinal and

aromatic plants and their derived are rich in antibacterialcompounds which could be an alternate way to combatbacterial diseases even against some bacteria which arebecoming resistant to certain synthetic medicines(Ahmad et al., 1998; Aswal et al., 1996). In recent years,multiple drug/chemical resistance in both human andplant pathogenic microorganisms have been developeddue to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobialdrugs/chemical commonly used in the treatment ofinfectious diseases. This situation has forced scientists tosearch new antimicrobial substances in various sources(Kumar et al., 2006). The present study aimed atevaluating the antimicrobial activity of plant Ficus palmata

extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negativebacterial strains isolated from human infections. Furtheracquaintance with different ethnic groups has

*Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected]

ABBREVIATIONS:

MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.

contributed to the development of research on naturaproducts, to the increase in knowledge about the closerelationship between the antimicrobial activity of a certaincompound and its biological properties, In terms of using

plant materials for traditional medicinal plants, which formthe backbone of traditional medicine, have in the last fewdecades been the subject for very intensepharmacological studies (Anonymous et al., 1994; Aroraet al., 1997). For these reasons, medicinal plants areimportant substances for the study of their traditionauses through the verification of pharmacological effectsand can be natural composite sources that act as newanti-infectious agents.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plant Material

The fresh parts of fruit, bark, root and leaf of Ficuspalmata, was collected from adjoining area of Ghat city(Dist- Chamoli, Uttarakhand) in the month of August. Theplant was authenticated by botanist Dr. R. D. GuarDepartment of Botany; H. N. B. G. U. Srinagar Garhwal.

Preparation of plant Extract

The plant material was separated into its selected parts(bark, leaf, root and fruit) air dried ground to moderately



fine powder and Soxhlet extracted with increasing polaritysolvent (Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate,acetone, methanolic, ethanolic and water) (LIN et al.,1999). Each extract was evaporated to dryness underreduce pressure using rotary evaporator. The coarsepowder of fruit bark and root was subjected to successivehot continuous extraction with various solvent each time

before extracting with next solvent the powdered materialwill be air dried (weight of crude extract 100gm). Thevarious concentrated extracts were stored in air tightcontainer for further studies.

Media

Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, Muller Hinton agar, Maltextract broth and Sabouraud dextrose agar, Alcohol,Hydrochloric acid, alcohol, and sulphuric acid, Distilledwater etc all product of Himedia Laboratories Mumbai(India) were used in this study.

Bacterial Strains

Ten bacterial strains were used namely Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter gergoviae,salmonella entericatyphim, shigella flexneri, Staphyloccusaureus, staphyloccus epidermidis, streptococcuspyogenes, and Bacillus cereus, The bacterial strainswere supplied by the Microbial Type Culture Collectionand Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial Technology,Chandigarh, India. (Customer no. 3921)

Fungal Strains

Three fungal strains were used namely Candida albicans,Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Thefungal strains were supplied by the Microbial TypeCulture Collection and Gene Bank, Institute of MicrobialTechnology, Chandigarh, India.

Antibacterial assay

The disc diffusion assay methods were used to determinethe growth inhibition of bacteria by plant extracts(Iennette et al., 1985, Rosoanaivo and Ratsimanaga1993). Diluted bacterial culture (100µl) was spread overnutrient agar plates with a sterile glass L-rod. 10mg/ml

and 50mg/ml of the each extracts were applied to eachfilter paper disc (Whatman No. 1, 5 mm diam.) andallowed to dry before being placed on the agar plate.Each extract was tested in triplicate (3 discs/ plate) andthe plates were inoculated at 37°C for 24 h. Afterincubation, the diameter of inhibition zones wasmeasured with a caliper.

Antifungal assay

The antifungal activity was tested by disc diffusion

Saklani and Chandra 333

method (Taylo et al., 1995; Espinel Ingroff, 2002). TheSabouraud dextrose agar plates were each similarlyseeded with each fungal strain The 24 hrs. broth cultureof each bacterium and 7 days inoculated fungus culturewere used to seed sterile Sabouraud dextrose agar a45°C respectively, and fungal plates were incubated at25-28°C for 7 days after which diameter of zones of

inhibition were measured. Each disc filled with extract.

Nutritional and Mineral assay

The number of water molecule is contain % of moisturePt. ether and hexane soluble part is called crude fat andthe non soluble part of acid- base medium is called crudefibre (cellulose and lignin), and mineral estimated byflame photometry (Gaur et al 1999, and Badoni 1994).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Plants are important source of potentially usefu

structures for the development of new chemotherapeuticagents. The first step towards this goal is the in vitroantimicrobial activity assay (Tona et al., 1998). Theresults of antibacterial, antifungal, nutritional value andphytochemical screening activity, table 1, 2, 3, and 4reveals that antibacterial, antifungal, nutritional, andphytochemical screening activity of bark and fruiexplants of Ficus palmata was evaluated against tenbacterial and three fungal pathogenic strains.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of this investigation revealedthat antimicrobial and antifungal activity against selectedbacterial and fungal strains. The differentiating activitiesagainst variety of microorganisms of these five fractionencourage developing a novel broad spectrumantimicrobial formulation in future. Now our research wilbe directed to develop a broad spectrum antimicrobiaherbal formulation with this plant. Even at lowconcentrations, these species showed high antimicrobiaand antifungal activity nearly equal to that of thecommercial fungicide used as a positive control. Furthestudies are needed to determine the chemical identity ofthe bioactive compounds responsible for the observedantimicrobial and antifungal activity. Natural plant-derived

fungicides may be a source of new alternative activecompounds, they can be used in the treatment oinfectious diseases caused by resistant microbes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to the UCOST, Dehradun fofinancial support and the institute of microbial technologysector 39-A, Chandigarh India, for providing bacterial andfungal chemicals.



334 Int. Res. J. Plant Sci.

Table1. Antibacterial activity of ten bacterial strains against Ficus palmata plant extract. Disc size, 5 mm, Inhibitory zone size±1 mm, mm means (millimetres) and – indicate (NIZ) No inhibitory zone.

Bacterial Name

Petroleumether Extract

Chloroform

Extract

Ethyl acetate

Extract

Acetone

Extract

Methanol

Extract

Ethanol

Extract

Water

Extract

Genus/Species/Subspe.

MTCC

(Code)

10

Mg/

ml

50

Mg/

ml

10

Mg

/ml

50

Mg

/ml

10

Mg/

Ml

50

Mg/

ml

10

Mg/

ml

50

Mg/ml

10

Mg/ml

50

Mg/ml

10

Mg/ml

50

Mg/ml

10

Mg/ml

50

Mg/ml

Bacillus cereus 1272 - - - 9 - 11 - - - 11 6 16 - 9

Escherichia coli 729 - - - 8 - 11 - 8 - 11 7 10 - 9

Enterobactergergoviae

621 - - - 7 - 14 7 - - 12 8 13 - 8

Klebsiellapneumonia

432 - - - 8 - 14 - - 9 11 6 12 - 7

Salmonellaentericatyphim

98 - - - 8 - 11 - 7 - 12 8 14 - 9

Shigella flexneri 1457 - 7 - 10 - 11 - 7 - 12 7 13 - 8

Staphyloccusaureus

902 - - 7 9 6 16 - - - 17 8 18 7 9

Staphyloccusepidermidis

435 - - 7 9 - 14 - - - 16 7 11 - 7

Streptococcuspyogenes

1925 - - 8 8 - 11 7 - - 14 6 12 - 8

Escherichia coli 443 - - 10 9 - 13 - - - 14 6 15 - 9

Table 2. Fungal activity of three fungal strains against Ficus palmata plant extract. Disc size, 5 Mm, Inhibitory zonesize ±1 Mm, Mm means (millimetres) and – indicate (NIZ) No inhibitory zone.

Fungal Name

PetroleumetherExtract

Chloroform

Extract

Ethylacetate

Extract

Acetone

Extract

Methanol

Extract

Ethanol

Extract

Water

Extract

Genus/Species/Subspe.

MTCC

(Code)

10

Mg/

ml

50

Mg/ml

10

Mg

/ml

50

Mg

/ml

10

Mg/

ml

50

Mg/

Ml

10

Mg/ml

50

Mg/

ml

10

Mg/

ml

50

Mg/ml

10

Mg/ml

50

Mg/

ml

10

Mg/ml

50

Mg/ml

Candidaalbicans

3017 - - - - - - - - - 8 - 8 - -

Aspergillusflavus

2798 - - - - - - - - - 7 - 7 - -

Aspergillusparasiticus

2796 - - - - - - - - - 7 - 8 - -




Table 3. Nutritional value of Ficus palmata fruit.

Nutrients Value

Moisture (%) 48.20 ± 0.15

Ash (%) 4.06 ± 0.08

Total nitrogen (%) 0.73 ± 0.07

Total protein (%) 4.06 ± 0.04

Crude fat (%) 4.71 ± 0.25

Crude fibre (%) 17.65 ± 0.09

Carbohydrate 20.78± 0.16

Organic matter 95.90± 0.22

Ascorbic acid 0.83± 0.15

Energy value K Cal 107.37± 0.15

N (Mg/100gm) 0.73± 0.12

Ca (Mg/100gm) 1.54 ± 0.13

Mg (Mg/100gm) 0.92± 0.15

K (Mg/100gm) 1.58± 0.25

P (Mg/100gm) 1.88 ± 0.20

Fe (Mg/100gm) 0.018 ± 0.02

Table 4. Phytochemical screening of wild edible fruits F. P – Ficus palmata, (F – Fruit, B – Bark, R – Root,) (+) – Present, (-) – Absent,

Test FPF FPB FPRCarbohydrates/ glycosides

Molish test

Fehling test

Benedict test

(+)(+)(+)

(+)(+)(+)

(+)(+)(+)

Alkaloid

Mayer’s test

Dragondroff test

(-)

(+)

(+)(+)

(-)

(-)

Flavonoids (+) (+) (-)

Saponins (-) (+) (-)

Tannins

Pyrogoll & catechol

Gallic acid

(-)

(-)

(+)

(+)

(+)(+)

Unsaturated sterol/triterpenes

Liebermann Burchard test

Salkowiskis test

(+)(-)

(+)(+)

(+)(+)

Resin (-) (+) (+)



336 Int. Res. J. Plant Sci.

Figure 1 and 2. Antimicrobial activity of ten bacterial strains and three fungal strainsAgainst Ficus palmata plant extract

Figure 3. Comparison of per day intake of nutrients by Adults with the nutrients present inthe fruits of Ficus palmata.




Figure 4. Comparison of per day intake of minerals by Adults with the mineral present in thefruits of Ficus palmata.

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Antimicrobial activity of Ficus