Antibiotic - Y. Pradeep

8/9/2019 Antibiotic - Y. Pradeep

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Name :YEDLA PRADEEP

KUMAR

College: CHALAPTHI

INSTITUTE OF

PHARMACEUTICAL

SCIENCES

Year: 3RD YEAR

E mail id:

[email protected]

Profile link:

http;//www.pharmainfo.net/yed

la pradeep kumar

Name: - S.S.MANIKIRAN-

GUIDE

DESIGNATION:

Asst.professor

College:. CHALAPTHI

INSTITUTE OF

PHARMACEUTICALSCIENCES

Email id:

[email protected]

Profile link:

http;//www.pharmainfo.net/manikiran

ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE &DRUG

RESISTANCE


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Antibiotic resistance is a specific type ofdrug

resistance when a microorganism has the

ability of withstanding the effects ofantibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural

selection acting upon random mutation

The widespread use of antibiotics both inside

and outside of medicine is playing a significant

role in the emergence of resistant bacteria

The volume of antibiotic prescribed is the

major factor in increasing rates or bacterial

resistance rather than compliance with

antibiotics. Inappropriate prescribing of

antibiotics has been attributed to a number of

causes including: people who insist onantibiotics,


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OBJECTIVES

To make aware of the threats that are

caused due to misuse of antibiotics

Give information about various causes of

antibiotic resistance

To educate on proper use of antibiotics


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What are

Antibiotics?

Powerful medicines with one very important job: to

fight disease-causingbacteria.

When used properly, antibiotics can save lives.


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Antibiotic ResistantBacteria Are:

Bacteria that mutate and are able to resist

the antibiotics that are meant to kill them.

This is a normal process speeded up by

the overuse and misuse of antibiotics.


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What is Antibiotic Misuse?

Taking antibiotics when they are not needed:

for viral infections

When needed, taking antibiotics incorrectly:

stopping the medicine when you feel better - not

finishing the prescription

saving antibiotics for a future illness

sharing or using someone elses medicine


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Why is Antibiotic Misuse

a Problem?1. Antibiotics become less effective and may not

work the next time you use them.

2. Improper use of antibiotics leads to more

antibiotic resistant bacteria.

3. Antibiotic resistant bacteria can be spread

throughout the community and from person toperson.


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percentage ofunnecessary prescriptions

TYPE TOTAL NO OF

PRESCRIPTIONS(

MILLIONS)

PERCENTAGE OF

UN NECESSARY

PRESCRIPTIONSEARINFECTION 23 30

COMMON COLD 18 100

BRONCHITIS 16 80

SORE THROAT 13 50

SINUSITIS 13 50


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Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

Require stronger antibiotics

Are more common in people who recently

used antibiotics* Can be spread within a family or a

community

Can affect anyone

Are becoming more common


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Mechanisms of

resistance

Penicillins,

Cephalosporins

Tetracycline

Streptococcus

neumoniaeresistance to

penicillins

MRSA

penicillin

binding protein

PBP2A

Imipenemresistant

Pseudomonas

aeruginosae


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Evolution of resistance

Antibiotic use represents a strongselection pressure

If a population of bacteria with a fewresistant individuals is exposed to alethal antibiotic, the susceptible bacteriawill die, but the resistant bacteria willsurvive

In an environment with a lot ofantibiotic use, resistance alleles spreadrapidly

he problem is compounded byhorizontal gene transfer and by cross-

resistance


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Horizontal transfer

Simpleselectionisnt the

onlymeans

forresistance alleles

to spread

Bacteria

canacquireresistance genes

bytransformation,when

they pickup DNAfrom theenviron

ment

They can

also getresistance genes

byconjugat

ion:bacterial

sex,whenthey

exchange

plasmids

Plasmidscan havemultipleresistance genes,conferrin

gmultiresi

stance


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Antibiotics promote

resistanceIf a patient taking a course of antibiotictreatment does not complete it

or forgets to take the doses regularly,

Then resistant strains get a chance to build up

The antibiotics also kill innocent bystandersbacteria which are non-pathogens

This reduces the competition for the resistantpathogens

The use of antibiotics also promotes antibioticresistance in non-pathogens too

These non-pathogens may later pass theirresistance genes on to pathogens


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Myths and Facts

Myth: Taking antibiotics means I or my child can return to work or childcaresooner

Fact: Antibiotics do not shorten the duration of viral illnesses

Everyone should stay home until they are fever-free and well enough to

participate in activities whether they have a viral or bacterial illness.

Myth: Cold and flu symptoms will feel better or get better faster onantibiotics

Fact: Antibiotics cannot ease the symptoms of viral illnesses; these

infections resolve on their own

Children and adults need extra rest and care, extra fluidsnot

antibiotics, symptomatic relief is helpful

Myth: Illnesses with the same symptoms require antibiotics

Fact: Illnesses with similar symptoms can be caused by different

germs

Let a healthcare provider decide if the illness is caused by a

virus orbacteria - and if antibiotics are needed


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Points to note when taking

antibiotics

Antibiotics should onlybe taken at yourdoctors prescription.

To ensure that theinfection is totally

under control, confirm

the number of days oftreatment regimen withyour doctor or

pharmacist andcomplete the wholecourse accordingly.

If you miss one dose,take it as soon as youremember but nevertake a double dose.

Complete the wholecourse by following

doctors prescription totake antibiotics on theright time at the right

dose.


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APPLICATIONSOF

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCELast but not the least despite of the threats due to

antibiotic resistance, it finds use in genetic

engineeringAntibiotic resistant genes can be incorporated into

the microorganisms along with the desired genes ,

so that the genitically transformed cells can be

isolated from the normal cells by the applicationof antibiotics


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` Writing this acknowledgement has provided me with the great

opportunity to note the enormous help & guidance given by variouspersons whose work was note worthy & cant be diminished frommy mind & soul.

` I would like to thankwww.pharmainfo.net to give me opportunityof presenting power point presentation regarding my interestedtopic.

` I would like to thank our principal Nadendla Rama Rao & otherfaculty members who encouraged me for this purpose.

` I would also like to thank librarian of my institute for giving mepermission to utilize our library resources.

Finally, I would like to mention a very special thank to my guide(s.s.Manikiran) who give me his valuable time, support and constant

guidance with continuous suggestions to make this presentation veryeffective.

` .


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REFERENCESHarrison JW, Svec TA (April 1998).

^ Lautenbach E, Larosa LA, Kasbekar N, Peng HP, ManigliaRJ, Fishman NO (March 2003). use "Fluoroqu

^Pickering, TD.; Gurwitz, JH.; Zaleznik, D.; Noonan, JP.;Avorn, J. (Jan 1994).

^Beringer, PM.; Wong-Beringer, A.; Rho, JP. (Jan 1998).

^ James R. Roberts (October 2008). "

^Galatti L, Giustini SE, Sessa A, et al. (March 2005)."Neuropsychiatric reactions to drugs: an analysis ofspontaneous reports from general practitioners in Italy". ^Froom J, Culpepper L, Jacobs M, et al. (July 1997)."Antimicrobials for acute otitis media?). BMJ 315 (7100): 98102. PMID 9240050. PMC 2127061.


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CONCLUSION

Antibiotics is effective for treating bacterialinfections only but it is not a panacea.

Antibiotics must be taken underdoctorsprescription.

Follow doctors or pharmacists instruction strictlyin completing the whole course of antibiotics atthe right time at the right dose.

While taking antibiotics, personal hygiene must bestrengthened.

If feeling unwell after taking antibiotics, contactyourdoctor immediately.


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Antibiotic - Y. Pradeep