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Announcements. Scores from the fourth exam are available on WebCT. Final exam is Monday, May 9, at 7:30 am. Students with last names A-K go to 225 CB. Students with last names L-Z go to 300 CB. All students must bring their ID. Iowa Book and Supply will buy back textbooks and PRS units. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Announcements
• Scores from the fourth exam are available on WebCT.
• Final exam is Monday, May 9, at 7:30 am. – Students with last names A-K go to 225 CB. – Students with last names L-Z go to 300 CB.– All students must bring their ID.
• Iowa Book and Supply will buy back textbooks and PRS units
Expansion of the Universe and Curved Spacetime
• Expansion of the Universe
• Geometry
• Non-Euclidean geometry
• Geometry of the Universe
Hubble expansion v = H0d
Expansion of the Universe
Motion at constant velocity
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time [s]
Dis
tan
ce [
cm]
distance = velocity time velocity = 0.5 cm/s
time = distance / velocity = 3 cm/(0.5 cm/s) = 6 s
Receding galaxy
01
23
45
67
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time [Gyr]
Dis
tan
ce [
Mp
c]
When were galaxies in the same place?
time = distance / velocity = 7 Mpc/(0.508 Mpc/Gyr)
= 13.8 Gyr ago
Velocity =
= 500 km/s
= 0.508 Mpc/Gyr
Hubble expansion v = H0d
Time = distance/velocity
= d/H0d
= 1/H0
= 1/(71 km/s/Mpc)
= 13.8 Gyr
An observer at a distance of 3 billion light years from us looking in our general direction would see
1. most of the galaxies approaching her.2. the same Hubble’s law that we see.3. about equal numbers of red and blue shifted
galaxies.4. everything rushing away from a point near
the Milky Way galaxy.
Two dimensional geometry
• Only two directions: up/down and left/right
: north/south and east/west
• All motion of particles, light confined to two dimensions
• Examples: black board, piece of paper, surface of sphere, surface of donut, surface of saddle
Geometry
• How are the diameter and circumference of a circle related?
• What is the sum of all of the angles in a triangle?
Geometry in flat space
• Circumference = 2 radius
= 3.1415926… 2 = 6.28…
• The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180º
Non-Euclidean Geometry
• How about in a curved space?
• Do demo 8C10.50
Geometry in positively curved space
• Circumference < 2 radius
• The sum of the angles in a triangle > 180º
Properties of positively curved space• Finite
• Unbounded
• No center
How do the properties of positively curved space differ from flat space?
Geometry in negatively curved space
• Circumference > 2 radius
• The sum of the angles in a triangle < 180º
Review questions
• Suppose it was discovered that the Hubble constant is twice the value that it is currently thought to be, how would this change our estimate of the age of the Universe?
• Compare a flat universe with a positively curved universe as to whether they are finite, bounded, and have a center.