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ANESTESI UMUM
Aria DP
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WHAT DOES ANESTHESIA
MEAN?The word anaesthesia is derived from
the Greek: meanin insensi!"e or
witho#t fee"in$The ad%e&tive wi"" !e ANAESTHETI' $
The means em("o)ed wo#"d (ro(er")
!e &a""ed the anti*aestheti& aent !#tit is a""owa!"e to sa) anaestheti& orin Ameri&an anestheti&
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Surgery Before Anesthesia
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+#n and +ro"i&s "ed to Ear") Anesthesia
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De,nition of Anaesthesia
Insensi!"e does not ne&essar) im(")"oss of &ons&io#sness$
So Genera" Anaesthesia &an !e de,nedas :
Tota"") -eversi!"e Ind#&ed
Pharma&o"oi&a" t)(e of.n&ons&io#sness so it &an !edi/erentiated from s"ee(0 head
in%#r)0 h)(nosis0 dr# (oisonin 0
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'OMPONENTS O+ANAESTHESIA
The famo#s &om(onents of enera" anaesthesia are
T-IAD1$.N'OS'O.SNESS$
2$ANA3GESIA4$M.S'3E -E3A5ATION$6#t those triad are #nder modi,&ations.n&ons&io#sness re("a&ed !) amnesia or "oss of
awarenessAna"esia re("a&ed !) no stress a#tonomi& res(onseM#s&"e re"a7ation re("a&ed !) no movement in
res(onse to s#ri&a" stim#"i
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-O3E O+
ANAESTHESIO3OGISTSo we &an s#mmari8e the ro"e of anaesthesio"oist
in:1$ 9nowin (h)sio"o) of !od) we""$
2$ 9nowin the (atho"o) of (atient disease and &o*e7istin disease4$ St#d) we"" the (harma&o"o) of anaestheti&
dr#s and other dr#s whi&h ma) !e #sed intra*o(erative")$
$ .se anaestheti&s in the wa) and doses whi&h isade;#ate to (atient &ondition and not modi,ed!) (atient (atho"o) with no dr# to7i&it)$
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APP-OA'H TO ANAESTHESIA
The em(iri&a" a((roa&h to anaestheti&dr# administration &onsists of
se"e&tin an initia" anaestheti& dose=or dr#> and then titratins#!se;#ent dose !ased on the&"ini&a" res(onses of (atients0 witho#t
rea&hin to7i& doses$The a!i"it) of anaesthesio"oist to
(redi&t &"ini&a" res(onse and hen&e
to se"e&t o(tima" doses is the art ofanaesthesia
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TOO3S O+ ANAESTHESIA
9nowin (h)sio"o)0 (atho"o) 0and(harma&o"o) is not eno#h to
&omm#ni&ate safe anesthesia6#t there is need for two im(ortanttoo"s:
1.Anaestheti& ma&hine.2.Monitorin s)stem.
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ANAESTHETI' MA'HINE
1$O7)en as s#((")$2$Nitro#s o7ide as s#((")$
4$+"ow meter$a(ori8er s(e&i,& for ever) aent
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MONITO-ING
1$P#"se0 E'G2$6"ood (ress#re
4$O7)en sat#ration$$End tida" 'O2
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HOW 'AN WE A'HIEE
ANAESTHESIA?1$ Genera" anaesthesia
a Inha"ationa": !) as or va(or
! I 0IM or PB-2$ -eiona" anaesthesia
4$ 3o&a" anaesthesia
Or to &om!ine !etween them
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INHA3ATIONA3 ANAESTHESIA
*Inha"ationa" anaesthesia is a&hievedthro#h airwa) tra&t !) fa&emask0
"ar)nea" mask or endotra&hea" t#!e$*The aent #sed is a as "ike nitro#s
o7ide or vo"ati"e va(or "ike&h"oroform0 ether0 or Cothane$
*Inha"ationa" anaesthesia de(ressesthe !rain from #( &orte7 to downthe med#""a !) in&reasin dose$
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Powerpoint Templates Page 15
F#$%#K&K')T'K #)!T)!'
'*#+#!'
1. Faktor g mempengaruhi konsentrasi
inspirasi (F'
2. Faktor ang mempengaruhi konsentrasi
al"eolar (F#
%#- : konsentrasi al"eolar dari agen inhalasi g
mencegah pergerakan pada /0 pasien g
mendapat stimulus standar. (cth:insisi operasi
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Powerpoint Templates Page 16
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Perbedaan tekanan parsial antara gas
al"eoli dan darah "ena.
Tergantung pada uptake jaringan
Transer gas anestesi dari darah ke
jaringan dipengaruhi oleh: 1. kelarutan jaringan thd agen
2. aliran darah ke jaringan
. perbedaan tekanan parsial antara daraharteri dan jaringan.
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Powerpoint Templates Page 18
Klasiikasi 3aringan berdasar kelarutan
dan aliran darah
1. *ighl perused "essel rich group :
otak, jantung, hati, ginjal, dan endokrin.
2. %oderate solubilit: arterial dan jaringan
. %uscle group: kulit dan otot
4. %inimal perused "essel poor group:
jaringan ikat, ligamen, gigi, tulang
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Powerpoint Templates Page 19
Faktor ang mempengaruhi eliminasi
1. 5iotransormasi
2. #l"eolus (mrpkn rute terpenting
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2&
6as ketawa, satu2na gas anestesi
inorganik, tdk berwarna, tdk berbau, tdk
meledak dan tdk mudah terbakar, dapat
mempercepat pembakaran spt oksigen. )ek -7: menstimulasi ner"us simpatis,
depresi mocard, menstimulasi minimal
pada ketekolamin. )ek respirasi: meningkatkan $$ (takipneu
menurunkan T7
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Powerpoint Templates Page 21
2&
)ek cerebral: peningkatan ringan pada
T'K
)ek neuromuskuler: tdk menimbulkan
muscle relaksasi, justru muscle rigidit, tdk
memicu malignan hipertermi
)ek renal: menurunkan $5F dgn
meningkatkan resistensi "ascular ginjal 89penurunan 6F$ dan urin output
)ek hepatik: aliran darah hepar dpt
menurun
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2&
)ek 6': menebabkan P&7 (post
operati"e nausea and "omitting
5iotransormasi: mll naas, kulit. Pemakaian
2& jangka lama89 depresi sumsum tulang
89 anemia.
Kontra indikasi: pneumoth, obstruksi
intestinal akut, op tmpanoplast,intraocular air bubbles, emboli udara. 'ni
disebabkan ok 2& mengisi rongga
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*alotan
)ek -7: depresi mocardial, 2 %#- halotan
menurunkan /0 tekanan darah dan -&,
mensensitisasi eek epinerin 89 dosis epinerin 9
1, mikrogramkg hrs dihindarkan. )ek respirasi : $$ meningkat, bronkodilator
potensial, menurunkan eek mukosiliar,
meningkatkan eek hipoksia post op dan
atelektasis )ek cerebral : dilatasi jar cerebral 89 menurunkan
cerebral "ascular resisten, meningkatkan -5F.
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Powerpoint Templates Page 24
*alotan
)ek euromuskuler : merelaksasi otot,
mentriger hipertermi maligna
)ek $enal : menurunkan $5F, 6F$
)ek *epar : menurunkan aliran darah hepar,
menebabkan hepatitis halotan (1:.///.
5ioransormasi : di hepar
Kontra indikasi : penakit hati, lesiintracranial, penakit jantung berat,
penggunaan epinerin
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'solurane
Tdk mudah terbakar, bau harum, isomer
dr enluran
)ek -7 : minimal cardiac depresi, dilatasi
arteri coroner, bbrp menghindari iso untuk
pen jantung berat.
)ek $espirasi : depresi respirasi minimal.
Takipneu, iritasi sal naas atas,bronkodilator g baik, dpt tjd hipoksia dan
hiperkapnia
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Powerpoint Templates Page 26
'soluran
)ek cerebral : pd le"el 91%#-, isolurane
meningkatkan -5F dan T'K, menurunkan
kebutuhan metabolisme oksigen otak,
pada 2 %#- menimbulkan ;electricallsilent electroencephalogram
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Powerpoint Templates Page 27
'soluran
)ek hati : aliran darah ke hati menurun
selama penggunaan isoluran.
%etabolisme : dimetabolisme menjadi
triluoroacetic acid, dimetabolisme di ginjal
Kontra indikasi : relati tidak ada, hana
pada pasien hipo"olemi harus hati8hati ok
eek "asodilatasina.
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=eslurane
!truktur sangat mirip isoluran, struktur cl
pd iso diganti stuktur luorine pd
deslurane.
=esluran memerlukan "apori>er elektrik
karena tekanan uap desluran sangat
tinggi shg pd suhu kamar pd permukaan
laut akan mendidih. Kelarutanna g tinggidan potensina g hana 1 dari agen
lain menimbulkan masalah unik.
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=eslurane
1. "apori>er g dibutuhkan utk 6# harus
menghasilkan eek pendingin.
2. karena penguapanna g sgt luas,
diperlukan aliran udara segar g sgt
banak untuk mencairkan gas pembawa
pd konsentrasi g rele"an.
*al tsb diatasi dgn "apori>er elektronik.
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!e"olurane
Pilihan terbaik untuk induksi inhalasi g cepat
dan lembut. Kelarutan g rendah dlm darah 89
penurunan cepat konsentrasi al"eolar anestesi
89 kondisi emergensi g lbh cepat 89 delirium(dpt diatasi dgn 182 mikrogram entanl.
)ek -7: depresi kontraktilitas mocard,
penurunan !7$, tekanan darah arteri,
memperpanjang AT inter"al )ek respirasi: depresi naas, re"erse
bronkospasme
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!e"olurane
)ek cerebral: tdk menebabkan kejang,
penurunan kebutuhan oksigen otak
)ek neuromuskuler: muscle relaksan
)ek ginjal: menurunkan $5F
)ek hati: menurunkan aliran darah
hepatik,.
5iotransormasi: barium lime dan soda
lime dpt mendegradasi se"olurane
menghasilkan produk g nerotoksik
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Anaesthesia Ma&hine
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3ar)nos&o() F Endotra&hea"Int#!ation
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3ar)nos&o() F Endotra&hea"Int#!ation
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3ar)nea" Mask Airwa)
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Oro(har)nea" and Naso(har)nea"Airwa)s
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TERIMAKASIH