Anatomy, Physiology and DiseaseAnatomy, Physiology and Disease

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Learning the LanguageLearning the Language

Macroscopic AnatomyMacroscopic Anatomy

Also called Also called gross anatomygross anatomy Study of Study of structuresstructures of the body visible to the eye of the body visible to the eye Examples include:Examples include:

Study of the Study of the skeletal systemskeletal system Looking at an Looking at an X-rayX-ray (radiograph) (radiograph)

AnatomyAnatomy AnatomyAnatomy: study of internal and external : study of internal and external

structures of the human bodystructures of the human body Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut apartto cut apart”” Specialties within field of anatomy include Specialties within field of anatomy include

microscopic anatomy microscopic anatomy and and macroscopic (gross) macroscopic (gross) anatomyanatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

Macroscopic Anatomy

Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy

Study of structures that can only be seen and Study of structures that can only be seen and studied with a microscopestudied with a microscope cytology: cytology: study of cellular structures study of cellular structures histology:histology: study of tissue samples study of tissue samples

Cytology: mast cell CA

Histology: testicular CA

PhysiologyPhysiology

Focuses on Focuses on functionfunction and vital and vital processesprocesses of of various structures making up the human bodyvarious structures making up the human body

Closely related to anatomy because it is the Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of study of how anatomical structures actually how anatomical structures actually functionfunction

Putting It All TogetherPutting It All Together

Anatomy Anatomy focuses on focuses on structuresstructures and how and how something is put togethersomething is put together

PhysiologyPhysiology is the study of how these different is the study of how these different structures work together structures work together to make the body to make the body function as a wholefunction as a whole

DesignDesign of the structure is often of the structure is often relatedrelated to its to its functionfunction

Putting It All TogetherPutting It All Together

Human anatomy and physiology (A&P) forms Human anatomy and physiology (A&P) forms the the foundationfoundation for all medical practice for all medical practice

Medical treatment attempts to bring the body’s Medical treatment attempts to bring the body’s structure and function structure and function back to normal A&Pback to normal A&P

Normal RBCs Sickle Cell Anemia

What is Disease?What is Disease?

DiseaseDisease (meaning (meaning not not at ease) is a condition in at ease) is a condition in which the body which the body failsfails to function to function normally.normally.

Homeostasis: Homeostasis: body works to make things body works to make things function smoothly and maintain balance function smoothly and maintain balance

PathologyPathology is the study of disease is the study of disease characteristicscharacteristics, , causescauses, and , and effectseffects

PathophysiologyPathophysiology is the study of is the study of abnormalabnormal body body functionfunction

So, which is the smokers So, which is the smokers set of lungs?set of lungs?

Terms Related to DiseaseTerms Related to Disease

EtiologyEtiology: cause of the disease: cause of the disease EpidemiologyEpidemiology: : study study of the of the transmissiontransmission, ,

frequencyfrequency of occurrence, of occurrence, distributiondistribution, and , and controlcontrol of a disease of a disease

The Virus

The Fear Reality

The world’s concern

Types of DiseasesTypes of Diseases

Idiopathic diseasesIdiopathic diseases: those for which the cause : those for which the cause cannot cannot be determined be determined

Communicable diseasesCommunicable diseases: those that have : those that have potential to be potential to be spreadspread from from person to personperson to person

““NosocomialNosocomial” infection” infection: acquired while in a : acquired while in a medical facility.medical facility.

MMethicillinethicillin

RResistentesistent

SStaphylococcustaphylococcus

AAureusureus

Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

Requires understanding of Requires understanding of root termsroot terms, , prefixesprefixes, , and and suffixessuffixes

Word RootWord Root: a basic structure upon which to build: a basic structure upon which to build Prefixes and suffixesPrefixes and suffixes are added to root words are added to root words

and can change or alter meaningand can change or alter meaning

Hypo glycem iaHypo glycem ia

Below normal Sugar Pertaining toBelow normal Sugar Pertaining to

PrefixPrefix Root Word SuffixRoot Word Suffix

Figure 1-2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many medical terms.

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Table 1-1 Common Combining TermsTable 1-1 Common Combining Terms

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Table 1-2 Common PrefixesTable 1-2 Common Prefixes

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Table 1-3 Common Suffixes

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Table 1-4 Common Medical AbbreviationsTable 1-4 Common Medical Abbreviations

The Metric SystemThe Metric System Mathematical language Mathematical language of scienceof science Two major measurement systems used in world Two major measurement systems used in world

today…today… United States Customary System United States Customary System (USCS): (USCS):

used in United Statesused in United States Système International Système International ((SISI): also called ): also called MetricMetric

SystemSystem, based on the power of ten., based on the power of ten.

Metric System cont”dMetric System cont”d Units of measurement based on units that relate Units of measurement based on units that relate

to each other by to each other by powers of 10powers of 10 LengthLength: millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm): millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm) WeightWeight: kilograms (kg), grams (g): kilograms (kg), grams (g) VolumeVolume: milliliters (ml), liters (L): milliliters (ml), liters (L) Calculations only require moving decimal point to Calculations only require moving decimal point to leftleft

or or rightright (multiplying (multiplying or or dividing by 10, 100, 1000, etc.)dividing by 10, 100, 1000, etc.)

3.8 L = 1 gal 3800cc = 1 gal3.8 L = 1 gal 3800cc = 1 gal

0.95 L = 1 qrt0.95 L = 1 qrt 946cc = 1 qrt 946cc = 1 qrt

MetabolismMetabolism

Refers to all Refers to all chemical operationschemical operations going on within going on within the bodythe body Requires various Requires various nutrientsnutrients Produces Produces waste productswaste products Includes all Includes all life-sustaining reactionslife-sustaining reactions within the within the

bodybody Two typesTwo types: anabolism and catabolism: anabolism and catabolism FeverFever is common disease process that will is common disease process that will

speed up metabolismspeed up metabolism

AnabolismAnabolism

Process of simple compounds being Process of simple compounds being built upbuilt up and and then used to manufacture materials for then used to manufacture materials for growthgrowth, , reproductionreproduction, and , and repairrepair

Building phaseBuilding phase of metabolism of metabolism ExampleExample: assembly of simple amino acids to : assembly of simple amino acids to

form complex proteinsform complex proteins

CatabolismCatabolism

Process by which complex substances are Process by which complex substances are broken downbroken down into simpler substances into simpler substances

Breaking down phaseBreaking down phase of metabolism of metabolism ExampleExample: breakdown of food into simpler : breakdown of food into simpler

chemical building blocks for energychemical building blocks for energy Abnormal and extreme exampleAbnormal and extreme example: starvation : starvation

victim whose body will “victim whose body will “feed upon itselffeed upon itself” by ” by actually consuming own body’s tissuesactually consuming own body’s tissues

Catabolic foodsCatabolic foods Helps to burn fats!Helps to burn fats!

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Homeostatic regulationHomeostatic regulation refers to adjustments refers to adjustments made in human organism to maintain a made in human organism to maintain a stable stable internal environmentinternal environment ExampleExample, a thermostat is a homeostatic , a thermostat is a homeostatic

control in a homecontrol in a home Survival dependsSurvival depends on ability to maintain on ability to maintain

homeostasishomeostasis

Negative Feedback LoopNegative Feedback Loop

Continuous feedback loopContinuous feedback loop to determine what to determine what required action is neededrequired action is needed

If feedback If feedback opposesopposes the stimulus, it is a the stimulus, it is a negative negative feedback loopfeedback loop

HypothalamusHypothalamus in the brain uses a in the brain uses a negativenegative feedback loop to control body temperature and feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain maintain homeostasishomeostasis

ExampleExample: thermostat triggering heater on and off : thermostat triggering heater on and off to maintain set temperatureto maintain set temperature

Figure 1-3 Figure 1-3 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).(37°C or 98.6°F).

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

Process known as a Process known as a vicious cyclevicious cycle Does Does notnot maintain homeostasis maintain homeostasis Often harmful if cycle cannot be brokenOften harmful if cycle cannot be broken ExampleExample: : recurrent contractionrecurrent contraction of uterus during of uterus during

childbirthchildbirth

Disease ConceptsDisease Concepts

SignsSigns – objective, measurable indicators of – objective, measurable indicators of illnessillness ExamplesExamples: fever, change in color: fever, change in color Vital signsVital signs: signs vital to life : signs vital to life

• PulsePulse• Blood PressureBlood Pressure• TemperatureTemperature• Respiratory RateRespiratory Rate

Figure 1-4 Figure 1-4 A health care professional taking a radial pulse and A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.common pulse points.

Disease Concepts cont’dDisease Concepts cont’d

SymptomsSymptoms: subjective indicators of illness that : subjective indicators of illness that are perceived only by the patient are perceived only by the patient

- Examples- Examples: pain, dizziness, itchiness: pain, dizziness, itchiness SyndromeSyndrome: a specific grouping of signs and : a specific grouping of signs and

symptoms related to a specific diseasesymptoms related to a specific disease ExampleExample: : Downs SyndromeDowns Syndrome signs and signs and

symptoms include sloping forehead, low set symptoms include sloping forehead, low set ears, short broad hands, mild-to-moderate ears, short broad hands, mild-to-moderate mental retardation, and often, cardiac valvular mental retardation, and often, cardiac valvular disease disease

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome

EtiologyEtiology: : trisomy 21- a chromosomal disorder- extra trisomy 21- a chromosomal disorder- extra 2121stst chromosome. chromosome.

S/SS/S: :

1. cognitive disabilities such as low IQ, about 50.1. cognitive disabilities such as low IQ, about 50.

2. physical disabilities: sm chin, round face, 2. physical disabilities: sm chin, round face, oversized tongue, almond shape eyes, shorter limbs, oversized tongue, almond shape eyes, shorter limbs, single transverse palmar crease, poor muscle tonesingle transverse palmar crease, poor muscle tone

D/XD/X: Identified while pregnant with amniocentesis or : Identified while pregnant with amniocentesis or post partum (birth).post partum (birth).

RxRx: disease prevention & early diagnosis of major : disease prevention & early diagnosis of major health problems.health problems.

Down Syndrome ExamplesDown Syndrome Examples

ComplicationsComplications MalignanciesMalignancies: leukemia most common: leukemia most common Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism: low levels of thyroidlow levels of thyroid Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal: GERD, constipationGERD, constipation Infertility: Infertility: poor spermatogenesis poor spermatogenesis Neurological: Neurological: epilepsy, Alzheimer’s diseaseepilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease OphthalmologicOphthalmologic (eye) & (eye) & OtolaryngologyOtolaryngology (ENT: (ENT:

ear, nose & throat) problems.ear, nose & throat) problems. Average Life SpanAverage Life Span: 49 years: 49 years

Disease Concepts cont’dDisease Concepts cont’d

DiagnosisDiagnosis: identification of disease determined : identification of disease determined by studying patient’s signs, symptoms, history, by studying patient’s signs, symptoms, history, and results of diagnostic tests and results of diagnostic tests

PrognosisPrognosis: : predictionprediction about outcome of a about outcome of a diseasedisease

Acute conditionsAcute conditions: : rapid onsetrapid onset of signs and of signs and symptomssymptoms

Chronic conditionsChronic conditions: : gradual onsetgradual onset of symptoms of symptoms over a long period of timeover a long period of time

Disease Concepts cont’dDisease Concepts cont’d

RemissionRemission: period of time when signs and : period of time when signs and symptoms of chronic disease disappearsymptoms of chronic disease disappear

RelapseRelapse: recurrence of a disease: recurrence of a disease ExacerbationExacerbation: “: “flare-upflare-up” of signs and symptoms” of signs and symptoms Terminal diseaseTerminal disease: one with a prognosis of : one with a prognosis of deathdeath

Body’s Defense SystemBody’s Defense System

DiseaseDisease can result from can result from pathogenicpathogenic (disease (disease producing) microorganisms invading body producing) microorganisms invading body through openings referred to as portals of entrythrough openings referred to as portals of entry

Body BarriersBody Barriers: : first linefirst line of defense of defense ExampleExample: skin: skin

• Provides Provides mechanical barriermechanical barrier (if unbroken ) (if unbroken )• Slightly acidic, which makes environment Slightly acidic, which makes environment

inhospitable to some pathogens inhospitable to some pathogens

SkinSkin

Body’s Defense System con’tBody’s Defense System con’t

Immune responseImmune response: kicks in if pathogens get past : kicks in if pathogens get past barriers barriers Microscopic body cells activateMicroscopic body cells activate

• Some attack and “Some attack and “eateat” pathogens” pathogens• Some release powerful chemicals that Some release powerful chemicals that

disintegratedisintegrate pathogens pathogens

Body’s Defense System con’tBody’s Defense System con’t

Inflammatory responseInflammatory response – occurs whenever body – occurs whenever body tissues are injuredtissues are injured Possible triggersPossible triggers: physical injury, intense : physical injury, intense

heat, chemical irritation, reaction to invading heat, chemical irritation, reaction to invading “pathogens.”“pathogens.”

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms: redness, increased : redness, increased temperature at affected site, swelling temperature at affected site, swelling (edema), pain(edema), pain

Has protective functionHas protective function: Isolates injured area, : Isolates injured area, Increases blood flow to restore normal Increases blood flow to restore normal functionfunction

InflammationInflammation

Figure 1-5Figure 1-5 Agents capable of stimulating an inflammatory Agents capable of stimulating an inflammatory response.response.

Routes of Disease TransmissionRoutes of Disease Transmission

VectorsVectors: when disease is spread by : when disease is spread by insectinsect, or , or other non-human animalother non-human animal

Contact transmissionContact transmission Direct contactDirect contact: when a person becomes sick : when a person becomes sick

due to direct contact with due to direct contact with a contagious body a contagious body fluid fluid

Indirect contactIndirect contact: when a person becomes sick : when a person becomes sick due to contact with a due to contact with a contaminated objectcontaminated object

Routes of Disease Transmission (cont’d)Routes of Disease Transmission (cont’d)

Common vehiclesCommon vehicles: when consumable goods : when consumable goods ((such as foodsuch as food) become contaminated ) become contaminated

Airborne spreadAirborne spread: when droplets containing a : when droplets containing a pathogen spread through the pathogen spread through the airair

How To Prevent InfectionHow To Prevent Infection

Universal PrecautionsUniversal Precautions: set of : set of standard standard actions/proceduresactions/procedures designed to prevent designed to prevent transmission of disease between patient and transmission of disease between patient and health care providerhealth care provider

Wash hands….wash hands…wash hands!!!!!!!Wash hands….wash hands…wash hands!!!!!!!

Just use plain soap!!!Just use plain soap!!!