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Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Anatomy—Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small

structures

Can only be

viewed with

a microscope

Levels of Structural OrganizationOrgan System Overview

Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissue from

injury

Helps regulate body temperature

Location of cutaneous

nerve receptorsOrgan System Overview

Skeletal

Protects and supports

body organs

Provides muscle

attachment for movement

Site of blood cell

formation

Stores minerals

Organ System Overview

Muscular

Produces movement

Maintains posture Produces heat

Organ System Overview

Nervous

Fast-acting control

system

Responds to internal and

external change

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Activates muscles and

glands

Organ System Overview

Endocrine

Secretes regulatory

hormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Organ System Overview

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

Organ System Overview

Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood vessels

Cleanses the blood

Involved in immunity

Organ System Overview

Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Organ System Overview

Digestive Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible material

Organ System Overview

Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid-base balance

Regulates water and electrolytes

Organ System Overview

Reproductive

Produces offspring

Necessary Life Functions

Maintain boundaries

Movement

Locomotion

Movement of substances

Responsiveness

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Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion

Break-down and absorption of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions

Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

Produces energy Makes body structures

Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life Functions

Reproduction

Produces future generation

Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells

Survival Needs

Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs

Water

60–80% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature

Atmospheric pressure

Must be appropriateInterrelationships Among Body Systems

Homeostasis

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain

life

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control

systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis

Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

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Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a

babyThe Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for

Position Direction

Regions

Structures

Regional Terms

Anterior body landmarks

Regional Terms

Posterior body landmarks

Directional TermsBody Planes and Sections

A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) intoequal left and right parts

A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and

posterior parts

A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into

superior and inferior partsBody Cavities

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity houses the brain

Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others

Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary

system organsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Major Organs