Analisis Termal Pembangkit Listrik Tenag

7/26/2019 Analisis Termal Pembangkit Listrik Tenag

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KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur Penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena berkat rahmat

dan karunia-Nya, Penulis dapat menyelesaikan seluruh proses penulisan tugas akhir

ini. Tugas akhir yang berjudul Analisis Termal Siklus Rankine Organik pada

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi ini disusun sebagai persyaratan akademik

dalam menyelesaikan pendidikan sarjana di jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik

Mesin dan Dirgantara, Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Tugas sarjana ini tidak mungkin dapat dilaksanakan dan diselesaikan tanpa

dukungan dari banyak pihak. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:

1.

Kedua Orang Tua penulis, Soewitoadi dan Hersuprapti yang selalu setia

mendukung penulis dalam menyusun tugas akhir ini. Segala pengorbanan yang

diberikan membuat penulis memungkinkan menyusun tugas akhir ini. Serta

kepada saudara-saudara penulis, Dhata Praditya, Dia Mayangsari, Shinta Putri

Andansari, Muhammad Fikri Yuliandi dan Danisha Athayya Praditya yang

senantiasa mendukung penulis.

2.

Dr. Ir. Ari Darmawan Pasek, selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah memberikan

banyak inspirasi, cerita, pengalaman, arahan, dan bimbingan dengan penuh

kesabaran kepada penulis dalam menyusun tugas akhir ini.

3. Dosen-dosen Program Studi Teknik Mesin atas segala ilmu yang telah

diberikan.

4. Teman-teman dekat penulis, Randi Wardhana Bachtiar, Devita Permanasari,

Kurniati Ekotomo, Listya Swasti Lestari, Maharani Putri Ayunda, Hafsah


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Halidah, Mohammad Ashyari Sastrosubroto, Jonathan Ricky, Ari Mahyudin,

Anugrah Erick, Dhira Naradwitama, Wafi Ihtikamiddin, Esta Andhizar, Fuadi

Fajri dan Dwiky Darmawan yang selalu mendukung penulis dan menemani

penulis dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini baik dalam suka maupun duka.

5. Gea Fardias Mumin, Hugo, Nina Konitat Supriyatna, dan Aqsa Dwi Putra yang

telah memberikan bantuan teknis selama pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

6. Teman-teman Badan Pengurus HMM-ITB periode 2011-2012, Panitia

Olimpiade VI KM ITB, Panitia IEC ITB 2011, unit Ganesha Model United

Nations Club, Unit Kebudayaan Tionghoa, dan teman-teman Protokoler ITB

yang memberikan warna kepada penulis selama penulis berada di kampus ITB

sampai akhir.

7. Serta Teman-teman laboratorium termodinamika: Husin Baagil, Eksa Bagas,

Tri Aghna Satriya, Dliya Izharul Haq, Adrian Rizki Irhamna, Satrio Swandiko,

Reynold Pardamaian, Davy Febrinzki, dan Lia Laila yang memberikan

dukungan dan semangat dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini.

Penulis menyadari bahwa tugas akhir ini belum sempurna. Penulis berharap

melalui tulisan ini dapat membantu perkembangan pembangkit listrik tenaga panas

bumi, khususnnya untuk mahasiswa teknik mesin dan mahasiswa ITB pada

umumnya.

Bandung, 25 Februari 2013

Rachmat Fathoni


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DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR................................................................................................i

DAFTAR ISI...........................................................................................................iii

DAFTAR GAMBAR..............................................................................................vi

DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................ix

Bab 1 Pendahuluan ............................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ................................................................................. 41.3 Tujuan .......................................................................................................4

1.4 Manfaat .....................................................................................................4

1.5 Batasan Masalah .......................................................................................5

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian .............................................................................. 5

1.7 Sistematika Penulisan ...............................................................................6

Bab 2 Studi Pustaka ............................................................................................8

2.1 Energi Panas Bumi ...................................................................................8

2.2 Energi Panas Bumi di Indonesia ...............................................................9

2.3 Sistem Hidrothermal ...............................................................................10

2.4 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas bumi..................................................11

2.5 Komponen-komponen Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi............ 13

2.5.1 Sumur dan Separator.......................................................................13

2.5.2 Evaporator.......................................................................................15

2.5.3 Turbin ..............................................................................................16

2.5.4 Kondensor....................................................................................... 172.6 Jenis-jenis Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi ............................... 18

2.6.1 Binary Power Plant ......................................................................... 19

2.6.2 Condensing Steam Turbine and Brine Binary Power Plant Bottom

Cycle 24

2.6.3 Back-pressure Steam and Binary Power Plant in Combine Cycle .. 25

2.7 Efisiensi Eksergetik dan Efisiensi Termal .............................................. 27

2.8 Analisis Menara pendingin .....................................................................29

2.9 Penentuan Temperatur Pembentukan Kerak Silika................................ 29


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2.10 Analisis Finansial untuk Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi......... 32

Bab 3 Data dan Simulasi ...................................................................................38

3.1 Data Lokasi 1 ..........................................................................................38

3.1.1 Penghitungan Htotal .......................................................................... 39

3.1.2 Penghitungan Laju Aliran Massa Total........................................... 40

3.1.3 Penghitungan ,, , dan ............................................... 40

3.1.4 Penghitungan Fraksi Uap ................................................................41

3.1.5 Pemilihan Turbin SRO, Condensing dan Back-Pressure Turbine... 41

3.1.6 Data Lain-lain.................................................................................. 42

3.2 SimulasiHYSYS Lokasi 1 .......................................................................42

3.2.1 Simulasi HYSYS Binary Power Plant-Lokasi 1............................. 45

3.2.2 Simulasi HYSYS Condensing Steam Turbine and Brine Binary

Power Plant Bottom Cycle-Lokasi 1............................................................. 46

3.2.3 Simulasi HYSYS untuk Back-Pressure Steam and Binary Power

Plant in Combine Cycle-Lokasi 1. .................................................................48

3.3 Data Lokasi 2 ..........................................................................................50

3.3.1 Penghitungan Htotal .......................................................................... 52

3.3.2 Penghitungan Laju Aliran Massa Total........................................... 52

3.3.3 Penghitungan ,, , dan ............................................... 52

3.3.4 Penghitungan Fraksi Uap ................................................................53

3.3.5 Pemilihan Turbin SRO, Condensing dan Back-Pressure Turbine... 54

3.3.6 Data Lain-lain.................................................................................. 54

3.4 SimulasiHYSYS Lokasi 2 .......................................................................55

3.4.1 Simulasi HYSYS Binary Power Plant-Lokasi 2............................. 57

3.4.2 Simulasi HYSYS Condensing Steam Turbine and Brine BinaryPower Plant Bottom Cycle-Lokasi 2............................................................. 58

3.4.3 Simulasi HYSYS untuk Back-Pressure Steam and Binary Power

Plant in Combine Cycle-Lokasi 2. .................................................................60

3.5 Data Efisiensi Eksergetik dan Efisiensi Termal..................................... 62

3.6 Analisis Menara Pendingin.................................................................... 63

3.6.1 Sumatera Selatan .............................................................................63

3.6.2 Sulawesi Utara ................................................................................ 64

3.7 Konsentrasi Silika pada Fluida panas bumi........................................... 65


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3.8 Data Finansial .........................................................................................65

Bab 4 Hasil dan Analisis ...................................................................................66

4.1 Analisis Lokasi 1 (Sumatera Selatan).................................................... 66



Cycle 68

4.1.3 Backpressure Steam Turbine and Brine Binary Power Plant in

Combine Cycle .............................................................................................. 71

4.2 Analisis Lokasi Sulawesi Utara ..............................................................74



Cycle 77

4.2.3 Backpressure Steam Turbine and Brine Binary Power Plant in

Combine Cycle .............................................................................................. 79

4.3 Efisiensi Eksergetik................................................................................83

4.4 Analisis Menara pendingin .....................................................................84

4.5 Temperatur Pembentukan Silika .............................................................85

4.6 Hasil Perhitungan Analisis Finansial ......................................................88

Bab 5 Kesimpulan dan Saran ............................................................................90

5.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................................90

5.2 Saran .......................................................................................................92

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................93


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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1 Lokasi area prospek panas bumi di indonesia. [1].............................. 1

Gambar 2.1 Skema sumber panas bumi [5] ............................................................ 8

Gambar 2.2Sistem hidrothermal secara umum. [3] ............................................. 10

Gambar 2.3 Perbedaan antara PLTU (kiri) dan PLTP (kanan). [3]....................... 12

Gambar 2.4 Sistem binary plant. [3] .....................................................................13

Gambar 2.5 Model sederhana dari sumur danseparator. [13] ............................. 14Gambar 2.6 Evaporator pada SRO [13] ................................................................ 15

Gambar 2.7 Skema turbin [13] .............................................................................. 17

Gambar 2.8 Skema kondensor [13] ....................................................................... 18

Gambar 2.9 Skema binary cycle power plant. ...................................................... 20

Gambar 2.10 Tahapan hierarkis untuk desain optimal pada binary plant [9]....... 21

Gambar 2.11 Diagram skematik prosedural optimasi desain. [9] ......................... 22

Gambar 2.12 Diagram fasa termodinamika untuk berbagai tipe fluida kerja yang

digunakan pada binary plants: (atas) diagram ln ()-h; (bawah) diagram T-s.[9]23

Gambar 2.13 Skema condensing steam turbine and brine binary power plant

bottom cycle. .........................................................................................................25

Gambar 2.14 Non-condensing (back-pressure) steam turbine. [12].................... 26

Gambar 2.15 Skema dari back-pressure steam and binary power plant in

combined cycle. .....................................................................................................27

Gambar 2.16 Grafik berbagai bentuk silika pada larutan dalam air (fournier,

1973:22) ................................................................................................................30

Gambar 2.17 Gambar grafik yang menunjukkan pengaruh antara konsentrasi

silika dan temperatur. [14]..................................................................................... 31

Gambar 3.1 Sumber fluida geothermal pada pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi

lokasi 1 ..................................................................................................................38

Gambar 3.2 Tampilan input fluida yang digunakan pada simulasi PLTP dengan

menggunakan perangkat lunakHYSYS. ................................................................ 43

Gambar 3.3Fluid packages yang digunakan untuk sistem PLTP......................... 44
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Gambar 3.4 Tampilan saat ingin melakukan simulasi dan menekan tombol dalam

HYSYS. ..................................................................................................................44

Gambar 3.5 Bagan binary power plant lokasi 1................................................... 45

Gambar 3.6 Evaporator yang digunakan padaHYSYS........................................ 46

Gambar 3.7Preheater yang digunakan padaHYSYS. ........................................... 46

Gambar 3.8 Bagan condensing steam turbine and brine binary power plant

bottom cyclepadalokasi 1 ....................................................................................47

Gambar 3.9Evaporator yang digunakan padaHYSYS......................................... 47

Gambar 3.10Preheater yang digunakan padaHYSYS. .........................................48

Gambar 3.11 Bagan back-pressure steam and binary power plant in combine cycle

padalokasi 1. .........................................................................................................49

Gambar 3.12Evaporator yang digunakan padaHYSYS....................................... 49


Gambar 3.14 Sumber fluida geothermal pada pembangkit listrik tenaga panas

bumi lokasi 2 .........................................................................................................50

Gambar 3.15 Tampilan input fluida yang digunakan pada simulasi PLTP dengan

menggunakan perangkat lunakHYSYS. ................................................................ 55

Gambar 3.16Fluid packages yang digunakan untuk sistem PLTP....................... 56

Gambar 3.17 Tampilan saat ingin melakukan simulasi dan menekan tombol enter

simulation. .............................................................................................................56

Gambar 3.18 Bagan binary power plant lokasi 2................................................. 57



Gambar 3.21 Bagan condensing steam turbine and brine binary power plant

bottom cyclepadalokasi 2. ...................................................................................59



Gambar 3.24 Bagan back-pressure steam and binary power plant in combine

cyclepadalokasi 2. ............................................................................................... 61


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Gambar 3.27 Skema menara pendingin. ............................................................... 63

Gambar 3.28 Skema menara pendingin ................................................................ 64

Gambar 4.1 Skema binary power plant................................................................ 66

Gambar 4.2 Diagram T-s .......................................................................................68

Gambar 4.3 Nilai UA dan LMTD (kiri) dan dimensi penukar panas (kanan)...... 68

Gambar 4.4 Skema condensing steam turbine and brine binary power plant in

bottom cycle di sumatera selatan ...........................................................................69



Gambar 4.7 SimulasiHYSYS untuk backpressure steam turbine and brine binary

power plant in combine cycle ................................................................................72



Gambar 4.10 Hasil simulasiHYSYS 7.3 untuk binary power plant...................... 75

Gambar 4.11 Diagram T-s aliran refrigerant Sistem 1.......................................... 76

Gambar 4.12 Nilai UA dan LMTD (kiri) dan dimensi penukar panas (kanan).... 76

Gambar 4.13 SimulasiHYSYS untuk condensing steam turbine and brine binary

power plant bottom cycle ......................................................................................77



Gambar 4.16 SimulasiHYSYS untuk backpressure steam turbine and brine binary

power plant in combine cycle ................................................................................80



Gambar 4.19 Temperatur pembentukan silika metode dipippo............................ 85

Gambar 4.20 Temperatur pembentukan silika metode dipippo............................ 86
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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Potensi sumberdaya dan cadangan panas bumi indonesia, status:

februari 2009 [2] .....................................................................................................3

Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi sistem panas bumi. [3].........................................................11

Tabel 2.2 Depresiasi dengan menggunakan metode MACRS [18] ....................... 35

Tabel 2.3 Tahun dari perkiraan depresiasi dari suatu aset [10].......................... 36

Tabel 3.1 Data dari lokasi 1 ...................................................................................38

Tabel 3.2 Data input lokasi 1 .................................................................................41

Tabel 3.3 Spesifikasi turbin condensing dan back-pressure................................. 42

Tabel 3.4 Data lain-lain .........................................................................................42

Tabel 3.5 Data dari lokasi 2 ...................................................................................51

Tabel 3.6 Data input lokasi 2 .................................................................................53

Tabel 3.7 Spesifikasi turbin condensing dan back-pressure................................. 54

Tabel 3.8 Data lain-lain .........................................................................................54

Tabel 3.9 Data efisiensi utilisasi ............................................................................62

Tabel 3.10 Data menara pendingin ........................................................................63

Tabel 3.11 Data menara pendingin ........................................................................64

Tabel 3.12 Nilai investasi PLTP di lokasi sumatera selatan .................................. 65

Tabel 3.13 Nilai investasi PLTP di lokasi sulawesi utara ......................................65

Tabel 4.1 Hasil simulasiHYSYS untuk binary power plant.................................. 67

Tabel 4.2 Hasil simulasiHYSYS untuk condensing steam turbine and brine binary


Tabel 4.3 Hasil simulasi HYSYS untuk backpressure steam turbine and brine

binary power plant in combine cycle ....................................................................73

Tabel 4.4 Hasil simulasiHYSYS untuk brine binary power.................................. 76

Tabel 4.5 Hasil simulasiHYSYS untuk condensing steam turbine and brine binary


Tabel 4.6 Hasil simulasi HYSYS untuk backpressure steam turbine and brine

binary power plant in combine cycle ....................................................................81
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Tabel 4.7 Hasil perhitungan efisiensi eksergetik di PLTP sumatera selatan......... 83

Tabel 4.8 Hasil perhitungan efisiensi eksergetik di PLTP sulawesi utara............. 83

Tabel 4.9 Hasil perhitungan efisiensi termal di PLTP sumatera selatan............... 84

Tabel 4.10 Hasil perhitungan efisiensi di PLTP sulawesi selatan......................... 84

Tabel 4.11 Hasil analisis menara pendingin. .........................................................84

Tabel 4.12 Nilai PW, IRR, dan PBP pada PLTP di lokasi sumatera selatan......... 88

Tabel 4.13 Nilai PW, IRR, dan PBP pada PLTP di lokasi sulawesi utara............. 89


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Bab 1

Pendahuluan

1.1 Latar Belakang

Kebutuhan akan pemakaian energi di Indonesia terus meningkat seiring

dengan laju pertumbuhan industri dan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk [11].

Dengan kondisi tersebut, hanya bergantung kepada energi fosil saja tidak akan

mampu memenuhi kebutuhan energi nasional. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia perlu

mengembangkan energi lain yang berpotensi besar khususnya dari bidang

energi baru dan energi terbarukan.

Dari berbagai macam energi baru dan terbarukan yang sedang

dikembangkan di Indonesia, salah satunya adalah energi panas bumi yang bisa

dimanfaatkan baik secara langsung maupun secara tidak langsung. Manfaat

langsung dari sumber energi panas bumi antara lain sebagai sumber air panas

untuk pemandian umum dan wisata. Sedangkan, untuk manfaat secara tidak

langsung, panasbumi dapat digunakan sebagai Pembangkit Listrik. Indonesia

merupakan Negara dengan potensi panas bumi yang besar di dunia.

Gambar 1.1 Lokasi area prospek panas bumi di indonesia. [1]


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Potensi panas bumi di Indonesia yaitu sekitar 28170 MW atau 30-40%

potensi sumberdaya panas bumi dunia. Setelah dilakukan beberapa survei

terkait potensi panas bumi di Indonesia, terdapat 265 area prospek panas bumi.

Persebaran potensi panas bumi yaitu 84prospek di Pulau Sumatera, 76 prospek

di Pulau Jawa, 51 prospek di Pulau Sulawesi, 21prospek di Nusatenggara, 3

prospek di Irian Jaya, 15 prospek di Maluku dan 5 prospek diKalimantan.

Sistem panas bumi di Indonesia umumnya sistem hidrothermal yang

mempunyai temperatur tinggi (>225oC), hanya beberapa diantaranya yang

mempunyai temperatur sedang (125-225oC), sehingga sangat potensial apabila

diusahakan untukpembangkit listrik [1].

Dari seluruh potensi panas bumi yang tersedia di Indonesia, baru 4%

(1189 dari 28170 MW) saja yang sudah dimanfaatkan sebagai pembangkit

tenaga listrik tenaga panas bumi. Namun saat ini, telah dilakukan rencana

pembangunan oleh Pertamina Geothermal Energy dari tahun 2009-2014 untuk

menambah 9466 MW (atau sekitar 33.6% dari potensi panas bumi di

Indonesia) [1].

Pada saat ini PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy merupakan perusahaan

panas bumi yang memiliki hak pengelolaan Wilayah Kerja Pertambangan

(WKP) Panas Bumi paling banyak di Indonesia, yaitu 15 WKP [2], yaitu:

1. Sibayak Sinabung (Sumatera)

2. Sibual-buali (Sumatera)

3. Sungai Penuh (Sumatera)

4. TB. Sawah Hulu Lais (Sumatera)

5. Lumut Balai (Sumatera)

6. Waypanas Ulubelu (Sumatera)

7. Cibeureum Parabakti (Jawa)

8. Pangalengan (Jawa)

9. Kamojang darajat (Jawa)

10. Karaha Bodas (Jawa)

11. Dieng (Jawa)

12. Iyang Argopuro (Jawa)


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13. Tabanan/Bedugul (Bali)

14. Lahendong (Sulawesi)

15. Kotamobagu (Sulawesi)

Dalam setiap pembangunan pembangkit tenaga listrik tenaga panas bumi

tersebut, harus diupayakan perencanaan dan penghitungan yang maksimal,

agar setiap pembangkit yang dihasilkan dari tenaga panas bumi dapat berjalan

dengan baik seefisien mungkin.

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) kini telah berkembang

pesat sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan efisiensi PLTP itu sendiri. Beberapa

jenis Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi antara lain Binary Power Plant,

Condensing Steam Turbine and Brine Binary Power Plant Bottom Cycle, dan

Backpressure Steam and Binary Power Plant in Combined Cycle.

Selain 15 WKP baru diatas, saat ini juga PT Pertamina Geothermal

Energy membuka WKP baru di daerah lainnya. Salah satunya di 2 lokasi yang

akan penulis simulasikan pada tugas akhir ini.

Oleh karena itu, penulis akan menghitung, serta membuat simulasi

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas bumi di Sumatera Selatan juga Sulawesi

Utara dan akan menentukan serta menganalisis Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga

Tabel 1.1 Potensi sumberdaya dan cadangan panas bumi indonesia, status:februari 2009 [2]


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Panas bumi mana yang memiliki tingkat efisiensi paling tinggi serta

menghasilkan daya yang paling besar.

1.2 Identifikasi Masalah

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi kini sudah banyak dibangun di

Indonesia guna memenuhi kebutuhan energi masyarakatnya yang semakin

lama semakin bertambah. Pertumbuhan ini harus dibarengi dengan teknologi

yang memadai sehingga hasil yang dicapai dari sebuah sistem menjadi lebih

efisien. Sehingga diperlukan simulasi yang dapat membandingkan tingkatefisiensi dari berbagai macam jenis Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi.

Namun pada kenyataan di lapangan, banyak faktor yang menentukan

pemilihan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi mana yang dipilih dan

efisiensi tidak semata-mata menjadi tolak ukur satu-satunya untuk penentuan

PLTP. Sehingga perlu dilakukan simulasi dan analisis yang menyeluruh pada

PLTP di 2 lokasi sumur panas bumi tersebut.

1.3 Tujuan

Tujuan dari Tugas Sarjana ini adalah:

1.

Menentukan konfigurasi sistem pembangkit yang tepat untuk kedua lokasi

sumur panas bumi.

2. Memprediksi kondisi operasi dan output daya dari setiap pembangkit listrik.

3. Menganalisis beban menara pendingin, menentukan temperatur

pembentukan silika dan menghitung analisis finansial.

1.4 Manfaat

Manfaat penelitian dalam tugas sarjana ini adalah:

1.

Sebagai bahan evaluasi dan pertimbangan kepada perusahaan yang

bergerak di bidang pembangkit untuk pemilihan PLTP yang tepat.


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2.

Mendukung Kebijakan Energi Nasional dalam upaya meningkatkan

penggunaan energi terbarukan sebagai energi alternatif untuk

memenuhi kebutuhan energi dalam negeri.

1.5 Batasan Masalah

Batasan masalah pada tugas sarjana ini adalah: Simulasi dan Analisis

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi dilakukan pada 2 lokasi sumur panas

bumi yang tidak dapat disebutkan nama lokasi tersebut dikarenakan data

perusahaan bersifat rahasia. Lalu, Fluida kerja yang digunakan adalah R-134a

dan air.

Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi disimulasikan dengan

menggunakan perangkat lunak HYSYS 7.3. HYSYSmerupakan suatu program

untuk simulasi proses desain. Banyak industri proses yang menggunakan ini

terutama industri minyak dan gas. DenganHYSYS, kita dapat membuat model

steady state dan dinamis untuk perancangan pabrik, monitoring kinerja,

troubleshooting, improvisasi operasi, perencanaan bisnis dan manajemen aset.

Sifat termofisika dari fluida didapat dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak

REFPROP 8.0.

Sistem konfigurasi yang akan dianalisis adalah Brine Binary Power

Plant, Condensing Steam Turbine and Brine Binary Power Plant Bottom Cycle

danBackpressure Steam Turbine and Binary Power Plant in Combined Cycle.

Dan Analisis hanya meliputi kajian termodinamika pada seluruh konfigurasi

sistem.

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian

Dalam menyelesaikan tugas sarjana ini, penulis menggunakan langkah-

langkah antara lain: Studi literatur. Penulis menggunakan beberapa literatur

dari perkuliahan di Teknik Mesin ITB yang dijadikan acuan dan dasar

pemikiran dalam tugas sarjana ini, antara lain: buku termodinamika dan mesin

konversi energi. Selain dari buku, penulis juga membaca artikel, jurnal, paper


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mengenai berbagai macam Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi dan analisis

menghitung daya PLTP untuk mendukung proses pengerjaan tugas sarjana ini.

Selanjutnya adalah pengumpulan data. Data yang dibutuhkan adalah

data teknis cuaca (temperatur air dan udara di sekitar PLTP) dan data fluid

panas bumi (Tekanan, Temperatur, laju aliran massa, dan data kimia). Data-

data tersebut penulis dapatkan dari sumber yang tidak bisa disebutkan namun

lokasi dari data-data tersebut tidak dapat ditunjukkan karena alasan sifat data

yang dinilai rahasia atau confidential. Sifat-sifat termodinamika dan

termofisika udara didapat dari buku termodinamika dan perpindahan panas.Untuk data sifat termodinamika dan termofisika refrigeran R-134a didapat dari

perangkat lunakREFPROP 8.0.

Dan yang terakhir adalah perhitungan dan analisis. Perhitungan daya

keluaran pembangkit listrik dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangat lunak

HYSYS 7.3 serta analisis sistem mana yang memiliki efisiensi terbesar dengan

keluaran daya paling tinggi.

1.7 Sistematika Penulisan

Sistematika penulisan laporan tugas sarjana ini adalah: bab 1

menjelaskan latar belakang, identifikasi masalah, tujuan, manfaat, batasan

masalah, metodologi penelitian, dan sistematika penulisan pada laporan tugas

sarjana ini.

Sedangkan, bab 2 menjelaskan tinjauan pustaka mengenai energi panas

bumi, energi panas bumi di indonesia, energi hidrothermal, Siklus Rankine

Organik, Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi secara umum, penjelasan

mengenai Binary Power Plant, Condensing Steam Turbine and Brine Binary

Power Plant Bottom Cycle, danBackpressure Steam and Binary Power Plant

in Combined Cycle. Serta menghitung temperatur pembentukan kerak silika.

Lalu bab 3 berisi data dan penghitungan laju aliran massa, enthalpy,

, , , dan , dan fraksi uap untuk mengetahui berapa aliran massa uap

dan aliran massa fluida yang masuk ke dalam sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga

Panas Bumi baik di lokasi 1 maupun lokasi 2. Bab 3 juga berisi simulasi dari


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sistem panas bumi yang dilakukan denganHYSYS 7.3,pemilihan turbin SRO,

dan turbin lainnya, serta data-data lainnya.

Hasil dan perhitungan akan dibahas pada bab empat dengan

menggunakan perangkat lunakHYSYS 7.3 serta hasil analisis mengenai ketiga

jenis pembangkit listrik tersebut di dua lokasi tersebut.

Yang terakhir adalah bab 5 berisi simpulan dari hasil analisis dan saran

dari studi yang dilakukan penulis.


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Bab 2

StudiPustaka

2.1 Energi Panas Bumi

Energi panas bumi adalah energi panas yang tersimpan dalam batuan di

bawa

Documents

Analisis Termal Pembangkit Listrik Tenag