AMERICANS AND A WORLD IN CRISIS, 1933–1945

AP US HistoryEast High School

Mr. PetersonSpring 2011

The United States in a Menacing World, 1933–1939

• Nationalism and the Good Neighbor • The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe

and Asia• The American Mood: No More War • The Gathering Storm, 1938–1939 • America and the Jewish Refugees

Map 25-1, p. 767

Map 25-2, p. 768

p. 769

p. 771

p. 771

Into the Storm, 1939–1941

• The European War • From Isolation to Intervention• Pearl Harbor and the Coming of War

p. 773

The Pacific Theater

• Containing the Japanese• Japanese take Philippines, Guam, Wake

Island, Hong Kong, Singapore, Dutch East Indies

• Midway Island (June 1942)• Guadalcanal (August 1942)

Holding off the Germans

• Marshall wants French invasion in ‘43• British offensive against Germans

• Germans retreat at El Alamein• Erwin Rommel

• Anglo-American force lands at Algiers and Casablanca• Defeated at Kasserine Pass• Gen. Patton leads counteroffensive• With Gen. Bernard Montgomery • Germans driven from North Africa (May 1943)

Map 25-3, p. 779

Eastern Front

• Germans attack Soviet Union• Russians hold off Germans at Stalingrad

(1942-43)

• Both sides suffer enormous losses

America and the Holocaust

• Resistance to calls for Allied effort to end killing or rescue Jews

• St. Louis turned away in 1939• Immigration quotas go unused

• Calls for bombing death camps or rail lines • Rejected in favor of winning the war

p. 791

America Mobilizes for War

• Organizing for Victory • The War Economy • A “Wizard War” • Propaganda and Politics

• The Battlefront, 1942–1944 • Liberating Europe • War in the Pacific • The Grand Alliance

Prosperity in War

• War ended the depression• Capital projects in the west

• Henry Kaiser• Unions reap gains

• No-strike pledge• 15,000 work stoppages• United Mine Workers strike (May 1943)

• Smith-Connally Act (War Labor Disputes Act)• 30-day waiting period before strike

• Govt. could seize war plants• Price controls

• Office of Price Administration (OPA)• Leon Henderson, then Chester Bowles

Mobilizing Production

• War Production Board (WPB)• Weaker than WWI’s War Industries Board• Complaints from small businesses• Moved to White House

• War economy met almost all nation’s war needs• New synthetic rubber industry• Producing more than needed• Twice the output of Axis powers combined

Map 25-5, p. 783

Fig. 25-1, p. 776

Fig. 25-1, p. 776

Fig. 25-1, p. 776

Fig. 25-1, p. 776

Fig. 25-1, p. 776

Fig. 25-1, p. 776

p. 777

Science and Technology

• Mass production applied to defense industry• Quickly surpass Germans and Japanese

• Radar and sonar• Four-engine bombers (B17F)

• Gee navigation systems• Ultra• Magic• Atom bomb

War and American Society

• The GIs’ War • The Home Front • Racism and New Opportunities

• War and Diversity • The Internment of Japanese-Americans

African Americans and the War

• Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)• Established to prevent march led by Sleeping Car

Porters Union• Investigate discrimination

• Migration to northern cities• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)-1942• Segregated military units

• 700,000 serving at end of war• Slow change

p. 787

Native Americans and the War

• 25,000 in military• “Code-talkers”• Many had contact with whites for first

time• Few opportunities after war

• Many returned to reservation, but others stayed away

Mexican Americans and the War

• Increased employment opportunities• Bracero program• Factories

• Migration to cities• 300,000 served in military• Zoot-suit riots

Women and the war• Increase in employment• Industrial work force

• “Rosie the Riveter”• Union membership rose

• Most in service-sector• Washington D.C. bureaucracy

• Military• WACs, WAVEs• Clerical, nursing

• Separation• Quick marriages• Beginning of the “baby boom”• Limited child care

• “latchkey children,” “eight-hour orphans”• Rise in juvenile crime• Many teenagers worked

Wartime Life and Culture

• Economic good times• Movies

• Hollywood goes to war• Newsreels

• Radios • Fighting for the American way of life• Pinup girls• USOs

• Dancing• Major disruptions for high schools and

colleges• Universities become officer training camps

Internment of Japanese Americans

• Issei and Nisei • Stories of Japanese sabotage and conspiracy in

Hawaii• Sec. of Navy Frank Knox

• “the most effective fifth column work of the entire war

• Belief in conspiracy on west coast• Gov. Earl Warren• Gen John L. DeWitt

• Executive Order No. 9066• “intern” Japanese and Japanese Americans• Relocation centers• Korematsu v. U.S.

• Constitutionally permissible• Compensated in 1988

p. 789

Retreat from Reform

• Dismantling the New Deal• Republican gains in Congress• Supporter for war policies• CCC and WPA

• 1944 Election• Domestic economic issues• President’s health• Roosevelt for a fourth term• Republicans-Thomas Dewey

The Defeat of the Axis

Invasion of Italy

• Casablanca conference-Roosevelt and Churchill• Allied plan to invade Sicily• Knock Italy out of war• Tie up German diviisons

• Sicily invaded (July 1943)• Anzio landing (Jan. 1944)• Mussolini government falls• Rome captured (June 4, 1944)

The Liberation of France

• Strategic bombing• Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin• Weakening the Luftwaffe

• Acquisition of “Ultra” machine• D-Day (June 6, 1944)

• Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower• Normandy invasion• Dislodge Germans from coast in a week

• Paris liberated• Battle of the Bulge• Germany defeated• V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

p. 780

The Pacific Offensive

• Japanese force Americans from Burma (1942)• The Burma Road opens (1944)

• Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944)• Largest naval engagement in history

• Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945)• Okinawa (June 1945)• Firebombing of Tokyo (March 1945)• Bitter fighting expected• Japanese military leaders want to keep up

fight

Map 25-4, p. 782

Triumph and Tragedy, 1945

• The Yalta Conference • Victory in Europe • The Holocaust • The Atomic Bombs

The Manhattan Project

• Discovery of uranium’s radioactivity• Enrico Fermi (1930s)

• News of German experiments (1939)• Controlled fission chain reaction (1942)

• Fermi

• Army takes over project• J. Robert Oppenheimer• Los Alamos, NM

• The Trinity Bomb (July 16, 1945)

Atomic Warfare

• Harry S. Truman issues ultimatum to Japan from Potsdam demanding surrender by August 3• Military leaders cannot be persuaded

• Hiroshima bombing (August 6, 1945)• The Enola Gay• 80,000 dead

• Nagasaki (August 9th)• 100,000 deaths

• Japan surrenders (September 2, 1945)

p. 793

US Sacrifices and Outcomes

• Light, but costly• 322,00 dead• 800,000 injured

• Uncertain future• Antagonism bet. US and Soviet Union

p. 795

AMERICANS AND A WORLD IN CRISIS, 1933–1945

AP US HistoryEast High School

Mr. PetersonSpring 2011