Alpine Space Expert Workshop

4-5 May 2010 Interlaken, Switzerland

Ing. Giovanni PinoISPRA, Rome-Italy

Introduction

• In the Alpine Space, the effects of Climate Change (i.e. Global warming,pollution, etc.) are stronger than world average

• These effects involve a densely populated area (about 14 million people on nearly 200,000 km2) characterized by intensive tourism. Special efforts to tackle such effects are justified.

• In the Alpine areas, the concentration of resources such as forest reserves, water and biodiversity, allows the development of many important assets and it plays a special role compared to other regions.

Their preservation is of international importance

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

European Measures to 2020

EU - Strategic Energy Technologies Plan, 2020

1. + 20%, increase of efficiency and energy saving→ Primary Resource Factor, PRF=HHV fuel/ E prod.;η =1/PRF =

+0.20

2. + 20%, increase of the share of renewable energy→ principally for heat/cool, electricity, transport: [GFC RE] / [GFC TE] =

+0.20

3. ≤ 10%, increase of bio-Fuels, blended with fossil fuel, in transportation→ blended until +0.10

4. + 20%, reduction of CO2→ reduced emissions for transport, electricity, heat/cool, industry, agricultural,et.:-

0.20

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Measures being developed in the Alpine territory

The Alpine regions can therefore help reduce GHG emissions by seeking appropriate solutions to address specific issues at this regard, particularlyon Energy and Transport, by:

Improving Efficiency and Energy Saving

Increasing the share of Renewable Energy and developing “Smart Grids”

Producing Bio-Fuels and Energy carriers

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Efficiency and Energy Saving

Energy efficiency of a system, for industrial or civil/housing purposes, is the ability to harness the energy provided to meet the requirements of the system itself by:

• Reducing consumption, related to the fulfillment of a specific requirement, which will improve the energy efficiency of the system;

• Defining the energy efficiency of a system, for industrial or civil/housing purposes which can be complex due to the variety of its components, devices and configurations;

• Planning of the energy policy that provides the Energy balanceillustrated by Sankey’s graph;

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Now by “e! Sankey“- a new software tool: “e! Sankey – process flow visualization software “- you can easily create Sankey diagrams:

Methane

Efficiency and Energy Saving

An example of Sankey diagram: Italian Energy Balance

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Primary Resources usedEnd-Use

Waste Heat, released into the environment

Oil

Coal

Agriculture

Residential

Transportation

Industry

Electricity demand

HeatCogeneration

Import electricity

bunkers and losses

Elec

tric

Pow

er

Hydro-pumping

Oil

Efficiency and Energy Saving

• Using the Best Available Techniques - BAT, to improve thermal/ electrical efficiency:

http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/ippc_brefs/library?l=/combustion_translation/lcp_endoc/_EN_1.0_&a=d

• Setting a new target, for heating buildings (offices, private homes, tourist infrastructures and small business) at: < 10 kWh/m2-y;

• Changing lifestyle: enhancing the use of thermal solar power for domestic hot water production, reducing the number of cars carrying one single passenger on board and increasing the use of electric transport (railways, tram, bus, catamarans on rivers, etc.);

• District heating: centralised thermal power plants fuelled with biomass and high quality RDF, through local heating network;

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Efficiency and Energy Saving

Biomass utilized: chopped wood, chips and other similar materialsThermal Power : 20 MWhth (heating requirement of 80% of houses) Investment : 50 million € (~ 2,500 €/kWth)

Thus about 12 million liters/year of Diesel avoided (cost, about 11million €) will be saved and 35,000 t CO2 emissions avoided.

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

District heating of Brunico – IT

Renewable Energy and “Smart Grids”

The availability of huge reserves of forest resources and water, and the greatpotential of solar, wind and geothermal can be used broadly to cover theenergy needs both for thermal and electrical, namely:

• Mini-Hydro: activation of the mini-hydroelectric (P <10 MW) still available in all the different alpine areas;

• Low-enthalpy geothermal Energy: production of warm water and contextual integration in private/public buildings and hotels heating;

• Wind power in high altitude: using special windmills (vertical axis) working also in high speed wind conditions (> 90 km/h);

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Renewable Energy and “Smart Grid”

• Photovoltaics: installing panels with improved efficiency and yield values greater than 15% ;

• Solar thermal: use of thermal solar energy to produce warm water for domestic use and integration with the building's heating system;

• Solar thermodynamic: use of solar power (high temperature) for electrical energy generation and consequently possible accumulation of the produced energy through an energy carrier, i.e. Hydrogen, in suitable available locations or directly in the Alpine area;

• Distributed generation: use of “smart energy grids” for local generation of energy (electricity and heat) from renewable and environmentally friendly resources (i.e. bio-Fuels), with feed-in grid and its relative local distribution.

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Bio-Fuels and Energy carriers

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Using different biomass sources available in the alpine area it will be possible to produce bio-Fuels to utilise them in a local "sustainable and clean“ transportation

•Bio-Fuels: production will be obtained from Biomass (including waste) by trans-esterification, pyrolysis and/or gasification process and anaerobic digestion;

•Hydrogen: can be used for electrical energy or local transportation and also for an essential storage of energy by discontinuousrenewable sources or in isolated territories (as alpine area) where a local or national electrical grid is missing.

Energy Scenario to 2050 → 2100

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Thank you

for your kind attention!

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Solar insolation in January and April

Distribuzione intensità radiazione solare a Gennaio ed Aprile

World Energy Council (WEC)

Solar insolation kWh/m2-day

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Solar thermal

Combined solar thermal plant

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Photovoltaics (PV)

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Font: http://www.neuemonterosahuette.ch/pdf/project_description.pdf

Life-cycle CO2 emissions of PV

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Solar thermodynamic

Solar Power Tower – Sanlucàr la Mayor, Seville -Spain

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Solar thermodynamicSolar Power Tower Parabolic Trough

Fresnel Reflectors Dish/Stirling Engine Systems

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Solar thermodynamic

Stirling Energy Systems (SES), Sandia National Laboratories

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Wind

Windmills (horizontal axis, low/medium velocity wind : ≤ 80 km/h )

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Wind

Windmills (vertical axis, high velocity wind: > 80 km/h)

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Mini-Hydro

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Hydro

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Font: www.enel.it

Geothermal Energy + Heat Pump

Combined low-enthalpy geothermal energy and heat pump for heating / cooling

Geothermal gradient is about: 3-5°C/100m

10-12°C/100 m in mountain range

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Temperature

dept

h

Bio-Energy, Bio-FuelBio-Diesel resources and plant

Copyright FORE Energy 2005

Bio-Energy resources

Alpine Space Expert Workshop

Biogas

Bio-Gas / Bio-Methane (AD)

Alpine Space Expert Workshop