Akuntansi Manajemen 4

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Chapter 9 HM

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Review from Last MeetingBudgeting

1. Discuss budgeting & its role in

planning, control, & decisionmaking.

. !e"ne & prepare a master budget

3. Describe #e$ible budgeting%. $plain how activity-based

budgeting works.

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'. (ell how unit standards are set)wh* standard costing s*stems are

adopted.. +tate the purpose of a standard

cost sheet.

. !escribe basic conceptsunderl*ing variance anal*sis &e$plain how the* are used forcontrol.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Continued


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%. Compute materials & laborvariances) e$plain how the* are

used for control.-. Calculate variable & "$ed

overhead variances & give their

de"nitions .. /repare 0ournal entries for

variances (Appendix).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES


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5PLANNING CONTROL


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+tandard Costing1uantit* standards 2 the amount ofinput that should be used per unit ofoutput.

/rice standards 2 the amount thatshould be paid for the quantity of input

used.

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5 ounce fructose used per bottle (standard quantity)

The price of fructose $0.05 ounce (standard price)Then!tandard cost of fructose per bottle " $0.25 (5 # $0.05)


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Where do quantity & pricestandards come from?

Quantity standards come fromexperience, studies, & personnel.

Price standards come fromoperations, purchasing, personnel,& accounting.

Quantity

Price


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Ideal Standard vs AttainableStandard

Ideal standards onl* work underperfect conditionsAttainable standards can beachieved under e3cientoperating conditions.

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+(45!4R! C6+(+7+( M+

8h* adopt a standard cost s*stem :or planning & control

(o improve performance measures (o give manager more information b*decomposing total variances into price &usage variances

:or product costing (o use unit cost s*stem that is readil*available in pricing


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+tandard /roduct Costs

+(45!4R! C6+( / R ;5


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+tandard cost sheet

Reveals the =uantit* of eachinput used to produce one unit ofoutput

(he number could be used tocompute standard =uantit* of materials

allowed >+1?

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Unit quantity standard x actual output

Unit labor standard x actual output


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$ercise 9@

+H A '.- $ ',BA ,-- hour+1 A % $ ',BA ,D components

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Eariance 4nal*sisdifference bet#een actual cost &planned cost of production (he diFerence between actual &planned can be2 avorable >actual price or usage G

standard?

or un avorable >actual price or usage

standard?.!oes not mean good or badI

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What should #e do #hen #e find"ariances?

Control limitshould be usedto determine

variances aresigni"cant ornot.


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Total variance is Actual cost Appliedcost or Total cost Standard cost.

Total Variance

= ( ' ) * (+' +)

= ( ctual price x ctual quantity

(+tandard 'rice x +tandard )uantity

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!$ %

(otal Eariance


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o# can #e ma-e total"ariances more useful?

otal "ariances pro"ide moreinformation if they are di"ided

into Price "ariances & Efficiency"ariances.

!$ %


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1%


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(*pes of EarianceMaterial Eariances Materials /rice Eariance >M/E?2 Materials ;sage Eariance >M;E?2

!irect Labor Eariances

Labor Rate Eariance >LRE? Labor 3cienc* Eariance >L E?

Eariable 6verhead Eariances Eariable 6verhead +pending Eariance

Eariable 6verhead 3cienc* Eariance:i$ed 6verhead Eariances :i$ed 6verhead +pending Eariance :i$ed 6verhead Eolume Eariance

1&

$


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M4( R


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Who is responsible for amaterials price "ariance?

The Purchasing Agent .

!$ /

Purchasing agent

The price 'ariance can be influenced bysuch factors as quality quantity discountsdistance of the source fro the plant and soon. These factors are often under the controlof the a*ent.

!$ /


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:6RM;L42Materials Pri e Varian e (MPV)! "eas#redi$erent %et&een a t#al ' standard pri e MPV (AP x A ) * (SP x A )

(AP + SP)A

Materials ,sa-e Varian e (M,V)! tells& et er a /"pan0 #sed "/re ra&"aterials t an expe ted M,V (A 1 SP) + (S 1 SP)

(A + S )SP

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!$ /


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!irect Labor Eariances

labor rate variance (LRV) :computes the diFerence betweenwhat actuall* paid to direct laborers

and what should have been paid LRV (AR 1 A2) + (SR 1 A2)

labor e!ciency variance (LEV):tells whether a compan* paid morethan e$pected for labor 2 LEV (A2 1 SR) + (S2 1 SR)

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!$ /


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Who is responsible for alabor efficiency "ariance?

The Production &Maintenance Managers .

!$ /


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"ariance Analysis# $ver%ead&ostsTotal overhead variance is the difference between

actual and applied variable overhead

Eariable 6verhead Eariances variable overhead spending variance variable overhead e3cienc*

variance

:i$ed 6verhead Eariances "$ed overhead spending variance "$ed overhead volume variance

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2

Eariable 6verhead +pendingEariance

arises because prices change.


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Eariable 6verhead 3cienc*Eariance

Eariable overhead e3cienc*variance measures change invariable overhead consumptionbecause relies on direct labor!epends on validit* of relationshipbetween variable overhead costs

and direct labor hours:ormula2A >4H J +H?+E6R

2%

!$ 0


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2&

:


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:i$ed 6verhead +pendingEariance

diFerence between actual andbudgeted "$ed overhead.includes things such as salaries,depreciation, ta$es, andinsurance.


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:i$ed 6verhead Eolume Eariance

measures the eFect of actualoutput diFering from output usedto compute predetermined

standard "$ed overhead rateCan be interpret as a measure ofcapacit* utilisation

:ormula24pplied :i$ed 6verhead J udgeted :i$ed

6verhead

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$ercise 9@'%

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Accounting or"ariances

4ssumption 4ll inventories >or labor rate? are carried at standard

cost 4ctual costs are never entered into an inventor*

account


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'ntries or (aterials"ariances

Material /rice Eariance

Material ;sage Eariance

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ntries for !irect LaborEariances

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THE ENDTHE END

C APTE! "

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Akuntansi Manajemen 4