Newsletter, Edition 1, Vol 2, February 2013

Editor’s Welcome

Welcome to the first edition of the 2013 AIIA newsletter. The AIIA Qld Branch hopes that you have had a safe and happy holiday, and are ready for an exciting year ahead.

This edition opens by revealing the winning entry of the AIIA’s 2012 essay competition on the topic of development in Africa. Congratulations to Simon Katterl on his entry titled “Arrested Development”. Simon is also the recipient of the $50 cash prize sponsored by the AIIA Council.

This edition focuses on many interesting issues and themes embedded in cross-cultural society. Keith Eigeland presents a heart-warming piece on the potential of Timor-Leste to prosper in the international marketing of traditional handcrafts. Alamelu Venkatesh provides some food for thought with her critical piece on the role of police in intelligence services, particularly tensions arising between society and the law. Finally, Sylvia Frain captures a fragile moment at a medical centre in Timor-Leste through the form of a photo-essay. Also check out the AIIA’s social page showcasing our latest event with Dr Donna Weeks discussing her research project on the Japanese Meiji in Australia.

We’d love to hear from you! If you have any feedback or wish to contribute, please email us at qld.branch@aiia.asn.au Milly Arsic | AIIA Council Member

AIIA Internship Program 2013 The AIIA Qld Branch has rolled out its next round of internship applications. Deadlines to apply are fast approaching, with the closing date for applications being Sunday the 17th of February at 5pm EST. To apply, please head to: http://fs6.formsite.com/aiia/form21/index.html You will need the following materials:

CV

Application letter (1-2 pages

Examples of work (if applicable)

Details of course (if internship is undertaken as part of a degree)

The AIIA is pleased to announce that three former interns have now been promoted to the position of intern supervisors:

Ketevan Datukishvili

Cassandra Switaj

Holly Tattersall The supervisors will oversee the next round of interns. Congratulations to Ketevan, Cassandra and Holly for your hard work. We look forward to hearing about your successful projects in 2013.

Register for next AIIA Event “Expanding global business in uncertain times” – presented by Greg Kilmister, Managing Director/CEO of ALS Limited When: Tuesday, 26 February 2013 6:00 PM for 6.30PM start Where: Harris Tce, 46 George St, Brisbane Greg Kilmister is a science graduate from the University of Queensland. After completing a post graduate year in 1978, Greg joined Mount Isa Mines Limited at its Mount Isa operations. In 1981 he relocated to Brisbane as a senior chemist for Australian Laboratory Services. Greg has seen the company grow from 50 staff to in excess of 13,000 staff and has held positions in ALS including laboratory manager, business development manager, operations manager and in 1992 was appointed general manager. In 2005 Greg was appointed Managing Director and CEO of Campbell Brothers Limited which changed its name to ALS Limited in 2012. ALS Limited has a market capitalisation of approximately $4 billion and operations in 55 countries around the world. Greg is a past adjunct professor at the University of Queensland, the 2007 recipient of the inaugural RACI Weickhardt Medal for distinguished service to economic development in analytical chemistry, and an active member of the CEO Institute. More info at: http://www.aiia.asn.au/qld-home/event/618-expanding-global-business-in-uncertain-times

AIIA EVENTS – SOCIAL PAGE:

Dr Donna Weeks – The Japanese Meiji in Australia (12 February 2013)

Photos: Milly Arsic

Winner: Simon Katterl

Debate Question:

"The Western Development model is the best

model for the developing world to follow"

Arrested Development

The debate surrounding the ‘Western Development

Model’ (‘WDM’) and its efficacy for the ‘Developing

World’ continues its lack of progress due to its

susceptibility to ideology. There is, however, a

short, simple, direct and cutting answer to this

question: yes, it can be. There are, however, a host

of issues and qualifications, which at their

resolution, form premises as to why the WDM is

the best model.

The first step to a clearer answer to this question is

to release ‘development models’ from captivity and

recognise it in its natural environment.

Development models aren’t an isolated product or

theory; they are constant re-articulations of theory

and practice combining in unique conditions

(representative of a development-dialectic). This

can be seen through the evolution of development

rhetoric and then (delayed) practice over the last

50 years. Recognition of this opens the debate up

in definition and practice: WDM becomes an

allusive but dynamic concept; its application

to different contexts decentralised and

specific; but most importantly, the line

between actor and model dissolves to give a

truer account of development’s source.

Alas! We have reached our second roadblock

(or saviour, depending on your position); the

intellectual trolls who simultaneously reduce

and convolute this debate. The Chomsky’s

and Moore’s – who persist Westerners live in

a state of original sin - brand development

and international politics as ‘cultural

imperialism’, and in doing so, prevent any

specificity over motivations of donors,

benefits to recipients, or developmental

notions of partners. This continuing Western-

masochism harms the section of good

donors; ultimately hurting the recipients. To

these claims there is always a predictable

retort about geo-political allocation of funds to

these aid organisations (which I will not

contest has its limiting effects); but we strive

for the best in a world of realism, not perfect

in pseudo-left idealism.

So where then does that leave us? Well, at

least with some clear headspace to consider

the real issues which impact on models, and

thus development.

Individual context, as we have mentioned

cannot be understated; the ‘developing world’

in Mozambique presents drastically different

social, demographic, environmental, macro-

economic and geopolitical contestants to,

say, Timor-Leste. The WDM both requires

and supports certain factors: stable economic

growth, an educated population, civil society

and a corruption-free government and

institutions. These are both means and ends.

The issue which antagonists overlook is that

the greatest factor along with these

mentioned is the implementers and shapers

of this model. It is at the point of

implementation that a model evolves from

rhetoric to practice, and becomes its own

unique sub-genre of the WDM.

Let’s recap: First, we have dispelled the

belief that the WDM has been immaculately

conceived by showing its causal relationship

to its environment; Second, that the populist

proponents against it fail to provide specificity

and thus ignorantly conflate the ‘developing

world’, and; Third, that the WDM (the

individual and specific one/many) are/is

based on conditions that when met/are

achieved, ensures the best path to a

prosperous society.

2012 AIIA Essay Competition

Taking Timor-Leste handcrafts to the

world

Words and photos: Keith Eigeland

Tiny Timor-Leste, one of the world’s newest nations

and one of its poorest, may be lagging in many

development indicators, but may end up leading the

way in international marketing of traditional handcrafts.

A unique consortium has developed and is trialling an

international marketing model that it hopes to link-in

with other developing nations. Liman-TL (Handmade

TL) is a collaboration between, Timor Aid (a local

NGO), Manado (retail outlet based in France) and

ETWA who are supporting five selected handcrafts

producers from all over Timor-Leste.

The showcase of the initiative is the inaugural ‘Wear

Timor’ event on December 8 in Dili. The two day

event will include an exhibition, fashion show and

cocktail party, activities and workshops as well as a

public exhibition. The event is sponsored by CGD-

BNU Timor in celebration of 100 years in Timor-Leste.

Over a number of years, with the support of organisations like ETWA, many women’s cooperatives have formed and flourished. These cooperatives not only produce the handcrafts but also provide skills in areas of finance, business management and marketing.

Economic viability, social equity and cultural vitality drive the venture. The inclusion of the partnering artisan cooperatives in all stages of the process, from set up to organising the launch in Dili on December 8 has been a central tenet. The intent is for the founders to eventually walk away leaving the Timorese partners fully capable of running the venture on their own.

Encouragingly, the export consortium submitted

a proposal to IACT (Secretariat for Pacific

Communities) for support, and despite IACT’s

focus on agriculture and fisheries, they have

been shortlisted as reserves and are waiting

hopefully to hear good news.

The main product is 'Tais', the signature

souvenir from Timor-Leste, made in the

traditional way of gathering leaves, bark and

seeds to make the dye colours and weaving on

traditional looms. The five producer groups,

most from remote regional areas, now employ

over 170 artisans of which over 75% are

women, directly and indirectly supporting over

4500 people.

As successful as this has been, it is limited as Timor-Leste currently has restricted marketing potential for their products - at present the country is not prominent on the tourist radar. So, if the world won’t come to Timor-Leste, they decided to take Timor-Leste to the world. Liman-TL grew in response to field-based research in 2010/2011 which assessed European and Australian markets. Two key niche target markets for Timorese products were identified: fair trade and the fervor of the fashion industry for unusual, authentic and interesting apparel.

Far left: Terisina Amaral, Ilda Da

Cruz & Amelia Fernandes of the Fo-

Ba-Malu women's handcraft

cooperative in Lospalos, Timor-

Leste

Top right: Regina Lopes and

Joaquina De Jesus weaving Tais

Bottom right: Timorese Tais

products ready for international

markets

is governed by the law. Society is defined by law in a way which society would wish to define itself. For instance, in an Islamic society, both alcohol and pigs are prohibited because Muslims believe that there is something inherently wrong or unclean about them. In contrast, prohibition of alcohol in the US is a failure due to the fact that most Americans enjoy drinking. However, the rules of a society also comprise of a set of procedures. These procedures create and improve legislation and choose a legislature for modifying rules of a society. This ultimately means the law is decided by a society (Edwards, 2005).

“…police are likely to influence and be influenced by the social implications of migration and the changes in the political power of various communities.” In a society, police operations are at ‘street level’. Police have direct contact with everyone involved with the law and public safety. As a matter of fact, police are an exclusive agency, thus who ever has connections with the criminal justice system has to closely interact with the police. Hence, due to their discretional powers to arrest, police are also the custodians of the criminal justice system and decide on the people whether or not subjected to the power or law. Due to their exclusive and powerful position in society, the police are likely to influence and be influenced by the social implications of migration and the changes in the political power of various communities. In a culturally diverse society, the problems associated with policing are not exclusive to countries which have undergone dramatic changes in recent years. It is also clear that such problems with policing can be found in relatively stable countries where changes have been more to do with evolution rather than revolution. For instance in a country like Australia, multicultural policing issues are related to recent immigration in a relative manner where the problem arise from traditional police forces who have dealt with new immigrants (Erez, Finckenauer, Ibarra, 2003). Ethnic profiling is one of the most controversial issues that current law

Intelligence and Policing

Words: Alamelu Venkatesh This article explores the historical and trilateral tensions that exist between a society, its law and methods of policing. The question here is - has this tension been exacerbated since police took over policing, particularly as they have increasingly given preference to the law over the community? Firstly, this article analyses the historical circumstances of policing. It considers the ways in which philosophies of policing have changed since 1829 to suit societies and their expectations of police. Further, it examines policing philosophies and the trilateral relationship between societies, law and police. Moreover, it looks at the historical context in a modern democratic state where tensions exist between these three concepts (Edwards, 2005). Finally, this article explores the institutional and political matters that have influenced the control of foreigners in Australia’s early and mid-twentieth century as described by Finnane (2009), with special interests in the development of policing powers and techniques linked with public policing. One of the main ideas of this article is to explore the ‘co-determinacy’ of a society and its laws, as they combine to provide the formal context of policing (Edwards, 2005, p6). Three-way tension of Police, Law & Society

The historical context of police in a modern democratic state is such that a trilateral tension exists between a society, its laws and its police. Society not only needs law, but also a means to enforce the law, through police. In a modern society, police not only have authority to enforce the law, but are provided with exclusive control. A society operates under the rules and regulations of the law. Therefore, changing the rules means changing a society, which means a society

Since September 11, concerns over terrorism have increased. This has led to increased public attention towards incidents of racial discrimination. Further, ethnic profiling has an effect on specific social groups, and still there are some communities which have become bigger targets than others. For example, in Australia, some Muslim communities have to tolerate acts of discrimination. This can be associated to the way in which the media reports on terrorist activities abroad. Further, the Indigenous Australian community is also affected by ethnic profiling. The death of 17 year old Thomas TJ Hickey in February 2004 caused riots in Redfern, Sydney. There were allegations that the police were responsible for Hickey’s death as they were chasing him when he crashed his bike and was impaled on a fence. Later, this tragic incident caused tension between the police and the Indigenous community in the Redfern area. Local residents felt that this incident was a result of ethnic profiling and discrimination on the part of the police (Zkliko, 2005). In recent decades there are many controversies over the status of foreigners who have dominated the political landscape of Australia (Finnane, 2009). There are revelations over the wrongful detention of Australian citizens which has resulted in significant scrutiny of the administration and policing of Australian Immigration policies. In 2007, for instance, the arrest of Dr. Mohamed Haneef, an Indian doctor who was employed at Queensland’s Gold Coast Hospital, was detained by the police on national security grounds. This issue drew an extraordinary amount of both national and international attention towards the political and policy complex that brought together powers and practices of policing, immigration and counter-terrorism agencies (Clarke, 2008). Multicultural policing challenges, on the other hand, also emanate from the indigenous Australian communities.

The issue here is not the Aboriginal peoples and early-settling immigrants (who began arriving some 200 years ago), but rather issues pertaining to the social, economic and political relationship between the Indigenous and white Australian communities (Erez, Finckenauer, Ibarra, 2003). Therefore, in my view it is necessary to foster communication between the community and the police. This is less damaging as police can take into account the feelings of the community when making operational decisions. The police are an organisation answerable to society, thus they need to have closer connections with the community and its leaders. In a multicultural society like Australia, police engage all community and ethnic group leaders when making operational decisions. However, the missing factor is that not all groups are recognised. There may be more than just those concerning ethnic and racial differences, so an agreement amongst groups relating to representation is necessary (Edwards 2005). There are three different areas (Edwards 2005, p18) where tension occurs between police and the law, and criminal law in particular: 1. Police implement the law as it stands and not according

to individual or public preference. The duty of a police officer is to enforce the law even when additional factors may be taken into consideration;

2. Secondly, a police officer has to enforce the law by making use of his/her powers granted to them. For prosecution purposes, they must provide sufficient evidence to the court of law;

3. The magistrates and judges who have supreme authority will decide whether the police have used their powers in a correct and lawful manner. They must also look at the evidence produced by police to provide justice to the victim, accused and society.

In the majority of cases, the public rely on the police to take care of any breaches of law. However, in many incidents, neither the complained action or criminal activity amounts to a breach, nor may hard evidence of misconduct be present. On the other hand, the power of a police officer is in line with the law, which includes their authority to stop, question, search and detain the suspect. There are different varieties of police powers in various jurisdictions. These include the arrest of a suspect for an offence, the refusal or admittance of bail for awaiting court hearings, the confiscation of property or motor vehicles, to name a few. While the power or the authority of a police officer is very clear, such powers all include phrases such as ‘reasonable cause’, ‘probable cause’ and ‘well founded suspicion’ (Edwards 2005, pp.18-19) as a groundwork for the use of their power. In conclusion, this article has viewed just some of the external issues that arise between a society, its laws and policing. This connection has been discussed at length by different sociologists, anthropologists and legal philosophers. Society is defined by law in a way which society would wish to define itself. Therefore, in a democratic society, modern policing is moving towards the concept of community policing and many chief police officers are proud to call their organisation a ‘police service’ (Edwards 2005, pp.24). The uneasiness in the relationship between a society and the police is perhaps where the services of police are desired by the community. However, I strongly believe that police powers are crucial in handling criminal activities. A similar kind of relationship exists between the law and the police where a police officer’s power or authority stems from the law. The law gives a police officer authority, but also restrains them.

References: Clarke, J. (2008), Report of the inquiry into the case of Dr Mohamed Haneef, Vol.1, Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia, at http://www.haneefcaseinquiry.gov.au/www/inquiry/haneefcaseinquiry.nsf/Page/Report Edwards, C.J. (2005), Changing policing theories for 21

st century societies, 2

nd

edition, The Federation Press, Sydney. Erez. E, Finckenauer, J.O. & Ibarra, P.R. (2003), Introduction: Policing a Multicultural Society, Police & Society, Issue No.7, pp.5-12, at http://www.police.gov.il/meida_laezrach/pirsomim/KitveiEt/DocLib/71.pdf Finnane, M. (2009), Controlling the alien in mid-twentieth century Australia: the origins and fate of a policing role, Policing & Society, Vol.19, No.4, Publisher Routledge, Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Zkliko (2005), Ethnic Profiling, at http://www.actnow.com.au/Issues/Ethnic_profiling.aspx

Make Shift Medicine Words and photo: Sylvia C. Frain

Makeshift Medicine Words and photo: Sylvia C. Frain Located in Dili, the capital of Timor-Leste, Bairo Pite Clinic is focused on 'community health care for the poorest of the poor in Timor-Leste', and has operated since 1999. Dr. Daniel Murphy, or "Dr. Dan", provides primary healthcare to over 500 patients per day (2009) with the assistance of Timorese nurses, midwives, volunteer medical professionals, students, and specialists from around the world. In addition to the clinic, several mobile clinics operate, depending if the ambulance is in working order. Considered a successful story of 'foreign assistance', Bairo Pite Clinic relies almost entirely on donated medical supplies, and often the medication that is needed is simply not available. The under-five mortality rate fell from 83 to 64 deaths per 1,000 births in 2010, but this still means that one in 16 children born in Timor-Leste die before their fifth birthday. This image was captured in a small village about four hours outside of Dili during one of the irregular mobile clinics. The young Australian medical student was preparing for the next few hours of 'walk-ins' that came to the thatched roofed structure beside the road. Clients ranged from TB patients, to children with infected insect bites. This photograph is striking because of the contrast between the foreign medical student, and those children she is about to assist.

There is debate within humanitarian aid discourse regarding the helping or hindering of international intervention. After looking through 'medical records', or single sheets of paper with doctors' notes in three languages, the medical student stated that she felt she gained and learned more from her patients than she was able to assist them. Bairo Pite Clinic is transiting from a crisis- oriented clinic to a more sustainable, long-term clinic. However, issues regarding the current location and ownership of the land are creating challenges for expansion, and the Clinic will need to relocate soon.