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AGRESSION : TITS , BITS AND PITS. “In all of nature, there is nothing as threatening to humanity as humanity itself “. - Lewis Thomas, 1981. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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“In all of nature, there is nothing as threatening to humanity as humanity itself “
- Lewis Thomas, 1981
AGGRESSION IS ANY BEHAVIOR DIRECTED TOWARDS ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL , CARRIED OUT WITH THE ‘PROXIMATE’ INTENT TO CAUSE HARM. IN ADDITION TO THIS, THE TARGET IS MOTIVATED TO AVOID THE HARM.
THE INTENT TO CAUSE HARM IS NECESSARY ONLY AS A PROXIMATE GOAL AND NOT NECESSARILY AS THE ULTIMATE GOAL, IF ANY BEHAVIOR IS TO BE LABELLED AS ‘AGGRESSIVE’.
> IT IS THE “FIGHT” PART OF THE “FLIGHT-OR-FIGHT” SELF DEFENSE SYSTEM.
> AN ACT INTENDED TO INCREASE RELATIVE SOCIAL DOMINANCE.
> INCLUDES EMOTIONAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE INTERNAL STATE.
AGGRESSION EXCLUDES ALL CASES OF ACCIDENTAL HARM.
THE EXPLANATIONS FOR AGGRESSION RANGE FROM WHAT FREUD TERMED AS ‘THANATOS’, TO KONRAD’S ‘FIGHTING INSTINCT’ TO THE MORE RECENT GAAM MODEL PROPOSED BY ANDERSON et al.
> A THIN BOUNDARY DIFFERENTIATES AGGRESSIVE/VIOLENT BEHAVIORS FROM NON-AGGRESSIVE ONES AND FROM ‘ASSERTIVENESS’.
> PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVENESS IMPLIES RELEASING ONE’S ANGER BY BEING PASSIVE OR SUBTLY OPPOSITIONAL. SUCH A PERSON MAY PRETEND TO AGREE (“WHATEVER”, “SURE”) , DENY ANGER (“NOTHING’S WRONG”) , EXAGGERATE OTHERS’ FAULTS , BE ARGUMENTATIVE (HANKINS, 1993)
• VIOLENCE IS AGGRESSION WITH EXTREME HARM AS ITS’ GOAL.
• ALL VIOLENCE IS AGGRESSION, AND NOT NECESSARILY VICE-VERSA
MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF AGGRESSION
FRUSTRATIONCONFLICTPROVOCATIONANGERHATREDINTOXICATIONMEDIA VIOLENCE
TEMPERATURE/ WEATHERHOSTILE ATTRIBUTIONAL BIASINTOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITYPERSONALITY TYPESOCIAL LEARNINGDESENSITIZATIONVISION OF WEAPONSSELF-EFFICACY BELIEFS
Anderson and Bushman , 2001
Reviewed 54 studies with 4200 participants.Playing violent video games resulted in :
* Increased aggression* Decreased prosocial behavior* Increased aggressive thoughts* Increased anger* Increased arousal
UCS UCR(ATTRACTIVE WOMAN)
(SEXUAL AROUSAL)
CS(VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN )
NO SEXUAL AROUSAL
BEFORE CONDITIONING
DURING CONDITIONINGCS US
CS CR
UCR
AFTER CONDITIONING
( VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN )
( ATTRACTIVE WOMAN )
(SEXUAL AROUSAL)
( VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN )
(SEXUAL RESPONSE)
CURBING AGGRESSION
REMOVE CUES TO AGGRESSIONPROVIDE BETTER ROLE-MODELSHONOUR DIVERSITYSTRENGTHEN PERSONAL SKILLSINDIVIDUAL THERAPYNURTURE DECISION-MAKINGTEACHING HEALTHY COPING STRATEGIESMULTISYSTEMIC THERAPY