Human Agression

8/9/2019 Human Agression

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AggressionBehavior with goal/intention of harming anotherwho is motivated to avoid harm

Sometimes linked with controlImportant Human motive is to control our own livesIntelligence is negatively correlated with aggression intelligences allows for other mechanisms of control

Negative reinforcement & punishment not aggression

they are done with intention of helpingDo males or females display more aggression orare they e!ual"#


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Types of Aggression$otives across species

%redatoryIntermale

ear'induced(erritorial$aternal

Irrita)leSe*'relatedInstrumental


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Types of AggressionHuman Dimensions

%hysical+er)al

Direct ver)ally confrontationIndirect spreading rumors, gossiping, e*cluding

-nger -nger without aggression & aggression without anger

Hostility.aused )y dislike or perceived in ustice


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Male & Female Aggression+ery small differences )ut males tend to )eslightly more aggressive

%rinciple difference is in physical aggressionsmall or no differences in ver)al, anger, &

hostility"(estosterone

Some weak evidence linking it to aggression

$ay )e related to social dominance aggression isone mechanism for esta)lishingcontrol/dominance"


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Motives for Aggression0*ternal Instrumental" $otives

(o o)tain e*plicit reward or avoid punishment

$oney, social rewards/punishment, inducecompliance in another, etc1

Internal -ffective" $otivesrustration, anger, hostility, etc1

Internal motive may and is likely" due to e*ternaltrigger


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Frustrationrustration

2oal'directed )ehavior is )locked or threatened3elates to control

rustration that leads to negative affect2oal'directed )ehavior )locked either accidentally orintentionally

-ttri)utions a)out frustration can lead to anger

Intentional compared to accidental" likely to evoke anger -nger is less likely to occur when goal')lockage ise*pected, not ar)itrary, etc1


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Frustration

Negative affect mediates impact of frustration

actors that influence negative affect can promoteaggression stress, temperature, etc1"

rustration Negative -ffect-nger" -ggression


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FrustrationInhi)ition

%eople learn to inhi)it aggression e1g1, children arepunished"

-lcohol reduces inhi)itionDisplacement

-ggression that is not directed at source of pro)lem2enerali4ation

Inhi)it aggression toward cause and direct at relatedstimulus.oworker instead of )oss


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Social LearningSocial 5earning History

%revious rewards/punishments and the e*pectation thataggression will have desired effect

Instrumental motives not internal"Seeing 6models7 use aggression to o)tain desiredoutcome

%eers, parents, country, etc1

-ggression on (+.orrelation )ut not necessarily causation".an lead to slight increases in minor aggressive acts


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Retribution%unishment for deviating from accepta)le

normative" )ehavior

-ttri)utions a)out )lame for negative eventIntended

8ustified9n ustified assign )lame , aggression appropriate

Not Intendedoreseea)le assign )lame, aggression appropriate

Not foreseea)le


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Prosocial Behavior %rosocial Behavior

Behaviors that )enefit othersHelping +olunteering"

.omfortingSharing.ooperating

(wo e*planations -ltruism

Helping in a)sence of o)vious, e*ternal rewards$otivation to increase others: welfare

0goism motivation to increase own welfare


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Determinants of Prosocial Behavior

Situational aspects of thesituation/environment that promote or

prevent" helping3ecogni4ing need for help am)iguity of need(aking responsi)ility num)er of others present

Deciding how match a)ility to need;ther factors similarity to victim, friendship,group mem)ership,


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Determinants of Prosocial Behavior Dispositional individual differences that affectperson:s likelihood to help across many differentsituations

0mpathy%ositive emotion tend to helpNegative emotion help with certain

emotions sad & an*ious" when they havesome a)ility to control emotions notoverwhelmed"


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Determinants of Prosocial Behavior Situation and Disposition interact to predicthelping

0mergency ' self'confidence andindependence predict helpingDonation Non'emergency" no effect of self'confidence and independence

Dispositional factors manifest in situationswherein'selection gene survival for relatives might manifest asfamiliar/similar"3eciprocal altruism reciprocity norm".ollectivism group )enefit with people who help do )etterthan those that do not


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Summary -ggressive )ehavior and %rosocial )ehavior aresocial )ehaviors that are multiply determined

Both are necessary and can )e good or )ad not so good"

0motion is important mediator for )oth -ggression anger %rosocial distress= increase happiness

Social 5earning important for )oth

-ttri)utions a)out cause of other & self" )ehaviorimportantSocial norms important for )oth

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Human Agression