Age of Enlightenment and Revolution

A changing world

Enlightenment

• 1600s – people began to question old ideas about the world around them through reason and rational thinking

• This led to the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Reason or Enlightenment

Enlightenment

• Philosophers created new ways of thinking about government

John LockePhilosopher who believed: • People have certain natural

rights that belong to them as human beings – life, liberty, and property/belongings

• Government is necessary to ensure that people keep those rights

• The government's power should be limited – if the government does not do its job, the people have the right to overthrow it

Adam Smith

• Laissez-faire economics – where economy is concerned, government should do nothing

• Natural forces in economy (supply and demand) should be allowed to work freely

• Government should protect against invasion by enemies, but not poverty

Montesquieu

• The purpose of the politics must be to restore and guarantee the equality of citizens.

• Montesquieu’s separation of powers : three branches of government - guarantees that one will not get too powerful (equality)

“In the state of nature all men are born in equal, but they can not continue. The Society makes them lose, and they recover it only by the laws”

Voltaire

• Writer• Supported religious

tolerance• Justice for all• Free speech• Against slavery• Attacked corruption in

the government and Catholic church

The Scientific Revolution

• Rose with the use of experiments and observation – scientists learned how things in nature worked (planets, weather, plants)

• Laws of nature = Natural Law• Scientific method – the systematic

process for gathering and analyzing evidence (developed by Francis Bacon)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=_Y-svkL6zdo

Famous Scientists

• Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei – the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth

Famous Scientists

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek – discovered cells in living matter using a simple microscope

Famous Scientists

• Isaac Newton – developed the Universal Law of Gravitation; explained why the planets orbit the sun

Famous Scientists

• Edward Jenner – discovered the vaccine for smallpox

The English Revolution

• Great Britain – tension between monarchy and Puritans

• Parliament (controlled by Puritans) and King Charles I fought over money

• This argument led to the English Civil War – Puritans (Roundheads) vs. supporters of the king (Cavaliers)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FyQnEDt7eA

• Oliver Cromwell – leader of the Puritans

• Puritans won in 1646, Charles beheaded

• Effect – new government took power, monarchy restored, but power of the king was greatly limited

American Revolution

• Causes – colonies existed to make their home country rich… one way to do this was to make sure that trade was regulated through taxes for the home country’s benefit

• Catch – the taxes were revenue taxes meant to raise money, not to regulate trade

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc

Disagreement in the 1760s and early 1770s Colonists were furious – “No taxation without representation”

American Revolution

• 1775 – first shot of the American Revolution in Massachusetts

• July 4, 1776 – Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence (adopted many of the ideas of John Locke)

• Music video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_56cZGRMx4

War of American IndependenceThe Midnight Ride of Paul Revere

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4hUMQG3MI8Disadvantages 1) Faced the largest,

strongest professional army and navy in the world

2) Army was made up of untrained recruits

3) Navy had only a handful of ships

Advantages Strong leadership:1) George Washington – put

together an army with good officers

2) Thomas Jefferson3) Ben Franklin – got France

to join the war effort4) John Adamshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=3EiSymRrKI4

Revolutionary Spies• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=QP6sI3O8v20 start: 9:27 end: 11:57

• How to make a mask letter:1. Cut your mask – fold paper in half

and cut design2. Write your secret message using

your mask3. Remove your mask and fill in

writing around the secret message that makes sense

4. http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/spies/methods-mask.html

A New Nation

• Lord Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781 – the war was over

Now what??We need government! • First written plan: Articles of Confederation

(did not have a strong central government)

• 1787 – it was clear that the Articles were not working, delegates met in Philadelphia to make some changes, instead they created a Constitution

The US Constitution

• Federal system – power shared between national, or central government and the state governments

• Central government divided into 3 branches1) Executive2) Legislative3) JudicialA system of checks and balances was

developed so one branch would not gain too much power

The US Constitution

• Americans wanted certain natural rights guaranteed by the Constitution – The Bill of Rights

• 1788 – Constitution ratified, Bill of Rights added – guaranteed freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition; right to bear arms; freedom of housing soldiers against will; freedom from unlawful search and seizure; right to a speedy fair trial and trial by jury; freedom from excessive bail, fines, or punishment

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO7FQsCcbD8

The French Revolution

• Current King and Queen – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

• French Monarchies kept a tight hold on their power

• One thing they did not control = money

• 1789 – France on the verge of bankruptcy

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylFY

France’s legislature (Estates-General)

1) First Estate – clergy

2) Second Estate – nobility

3) Third Estate – commoners

Let’s raise taxes!• King Louis XVI

needed the agreement of the Estates-General to raise taxes to try to fix France’s financial woes

• First and Second estates paid no taxes

• Soooo…Third estate had to pay taxes

You see why this might cause some hard feelings…

Meeting of the Estates-General

• May 5, 1789 – The Estates-General met for the first time in 175 years

• Each estate met by itself and had 1 vote – the Third Estate wanted the entire Estates-General to meet and count each member’s vote individually

• This type of meeting could bring about change and reform

The National Assembly is Born

• King Louis refused to allow the three estates to vote together

• Third Estate renamed itself The National Assembly and began to work on a Constitution

• Louis locked them out of the meeting hall and brought in troops to drive them out when they met on the palace tennis court

Storming of the Bastille

• July 14, 1789 – people of Paris destroy a hated prison - marks the beginning of the French Revolution

Steps Towards Change

The National Assembly:1)Eliminated privileges of the First and

Second Estates2)Approved the Declaration of the

Rights of Man (stated the reasons for Revolution)

3)1791 – adopted a constitution

The Constitution for France• Powers of the monarchy were limited• Government divided into three

branches:1)Executive2)Legislative3)Judicial• Church property – taken by

government and sold• Government controlled the church –

paid priests’ salaries

Legislative Assembly

• The National Assembly disbanded and became the Legislative Assembly

• Radicals existed who opposed the assembly and wanted a republic of their own

Fear of the Spread of Revolution

• Prussia and Austria attacked France to defeat the Revolutionaries and restore Louis to power

• Mobs took to the streets of Paris again

• Radicals took advantage of the chaos and called a National Convention to write a new Constitution

The National Convention

• The radicals governed from 1792 to 1795

During this time:1)The monarchy was abolished2)Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were

tried, convicted, and beheaded at the guillotine

3)The Reign of Terror took place

Reign of Terror

• Jacobins – most radical members of the Convention seized power in 1793

• Anyone suspected of opposing them faced arrest and execution via guillotine

• Thousands died in the short year

Maximillien Robespierre• French lawyer,

politician, and Jacobin • one of the best-known

and most influential figures of the French Revolution

• As his power increased, his popularity decreased

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OglrzNohp3Q

•

Louise Phillippe II,

Duke of Orleans

Antoine Lavoisier

Marie-Jeanne Roland del la

Platiere

The Directory

• 1795 – new constitution established a legislature with two houses and an executive branch of five directors

• The Directory governed France from 1795 to 1799

• France continued to be in a state of political chaos

Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1800 Napoleon and a group of officers overthrew the Directory

• Napoleon became the new ruler of France

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGxFNtCPnB0

•

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon

• Restored order and the economy improved

• Set up a centralized government managed by a professional bureaucracy

• Reform: the Napoleonic Code – seven codes that replaced many systems if law

• At the same time, Napoleon took more and more power for himself…

• Napoleon ignored the freedom of press and shut down the newspapers that opposed him

• 1804 – Declared himself emperor

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon

• 1805-1813: led France into one war after another – Napoleonic Wars

• 1813 – forced to step down, sent to the island of Elba

** Congress of Vienna assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich

• 1815 – escaped and took command of another French army to fight the Battle of Waterloo, defeated again

• Sent to St. Helena Island where he died in 1821

Lasting Ideas of the Revolution

• Napoleon wanted to spread the ideas of the Revolution, in the nations that he conquered, he set up governments based on:

1)Legal equality2)Economic opportunity3)Religious tolerance4)Limited power of nobility and clergy

Still There? Let’s Recap!

• The American Revolution was influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment.

• The French Revolution was influenced by the American Revolution and the Enlightenment.

• The Revolutions in South America were brought on by all three.

South American Revolutions

Peninsulares:Native Spaniards

residing in the New World

Creoles: People of pureEuropean blood, but born in the New WorldMestizos: Indian + European

bloodMulattos: African + European blood

Slaves: Native Americans and Africans

**The Creoles wanted a say in government, but a council in Spain made laws for all coloniesCrash course!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBw35Ze3bg8

The Social classes in South America added a spark for Revolution – a social class is a level in society based on wealth, job status, birth, or other factors

King Viceroys

First Uprising

• St. Domingue – a French Colony in the Caribbean

• The free people of color demanded citizenship, wealthy French colonists resisted – the result was rebellion

• Rebels – under control of Toussaint L’Ouverture

Changes in St. Domingue

• 1794 – National Convention ended slavery in France’s colonies

• French were fighting with Spain and Great Britain

• Rebels joined forces with France to defeat France’s enemies

• France made Toussaint governor-general for life of the colony

Here comes Napoleon again…

• Once he seized control of France in 1799, he wanted to restore slavery and put French officials in control of St. Domingue

• Invasion of the island failed, Toussaint was captured

• The island was declared independent in 1804 and took the new name of Haiti, meaning, “a higher place”

Mexican Independence• Father Miguel Hidalgo –

inspired by Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality

• Called upon his people to rebel against the Spanish

• Hidalgo’s armies were made up of 60,000 Mestizos and Native Americans – marched towards Mexico city and captured several provinces

• Set up a government, returned Native American land, and slavery was ended

A Few Problems…

• Hidalgo was not a good general• Peninsulares and Creoles were

frightened of his policies and did not want to give up wealth and power – supported Spanish government

• Hidalgo’s troops were no match for the Spanish army, they were defeated and Hidalgo was executed

A New Mexico

• 1821 – Peninsulares and Creoles decided to act for themselves – Agustin de Inturbide came to power

• He had the support of the rebels and the wealthy

• Forces defeated the Spanish, and Mexico declared its independence, Inturbide declared himself emperor

• Overthrown in 1823, Mexico became a republic with a government headed by a president

Freeing Spanish South America

• Two major players in the fight for independence in South America - Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

• Both men were Creoles, their families sent them to school in Europe where they were exposed to ideas of the Enlightenment

• They became convinced that colonies must free themselves from Spanish rule

Bolivar

• Bolivar returned to Venezuela and spent 11 years fighting to free it – succeeded in 1821

• Hailed as the “Liberator” and made president of the new republic of Gran Columbia

San Martin• 1812 – San Martin

returned from Europe to what is today Argentina

• San Martin wanted to eliminate Spanish rule – in 1817, he put together an army of volunteers and marched them over the Andes- caught the Spanish by surprise and defeated a large force

• 1821 – set out to capture Lima, Peru – his forces took Lima, but the Spanish retreated into the mountains

• Bolivar and his army joined San Martin

• San Martin withdrew because the two men could not agree on tactics

• Bolivar’s forces liberated the rest of Peru