Advanced Concrete Technology Testing and Quality

Edited by John Newman Department of Civil Engineering Imperial College London

Ban Seng Choo School of the Built Environment Napier University Edinburgh

ELSEVIER BUITERWORTH

HEINEMANN

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFOAD

PARIS SAN QIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

•

Contents

Preface Xlll

List of contrihutors xv

Part 1 Testing

1 Analysis of fresh concrete 1/3 A/an Williams

1.1 Introduction 113 1.2 British Standards covering fresh analysis 114 1.3 Tests for cement content 1/4

1.3.1 O.\libnttion samples 114 1.3.2 Test samples 114 1.3.3 Applicability of test me thods 115 1.3.4 Buoyancy (old BS 188 1) method 116 1.3.5 Constant volume (RAM) method 1/8 1.3.6 Pressure filter (Sandberg) method 1/ 12

1.4 Tests for pfa content 1114 IA.I Calibration IllS IA.2 Determining the particle density IllS IA.3 PFA test 1117

1.5 Tests for ggbs content 1117 1.5.1 Chemical test apparatus 1117 1.5.2 Chemical test procedure 1118 1.5.3 Calibration 1118 1. 5.4 GGBS testing 1119

1.6 TeSlS for water content 1119 1.6.1 Hig h-temperature method 1/ 19

vi Contents

1.6.2 Microwave oven method 1/20 1.6.1 Oven-drying melhod 1/2 1

1.7 Aggregate grading 1121 I. 7.1 Buoyancy method 1/21 1.7.2 RAM method 1/2 1 1.7.3 Pressure filter (Sandberg) method 1/22

1.8 Summary 1122 Reference 1/22

2 Strength-testing machines for concrete 2/1 J. B. Newman

2.1 Introduction 211 2.2 Uniaxial compression testing 211

2.2. 1 Introduction 211

2.3 Specification for compression testing machines 2/5 2.4 Verification procedures 2/6

2.4. 1 Force transfer 216 2.4.2 Force calibration 2n 2.4.3 Comparative cubes 2/8

2.5 Tensile .strength testing 2/8 2.6 Flexural strength testing 2110 References 2111

3 Accelerated strength testing 3/1 Tony Binns

3.1 Aims of accelerated and early-age testing 311 3.2 Principles 312 3.3 British Standards procedures 3/3

3.3.1 General procedures 3/3 3.3.2 Test report - mandatory information 3/5 3.3.3 Test report - optional information 315

3.4 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures 3/5 3.4.1 General procedures 3/5

3.5 Other national standards 317 3.6 Other research 317 3.7 Applications of accelerated and early-age testing 3/8

3.7.1 ConLroJ by prediction of 2H·day strength 3/ 10 3.7.2 Conformity 311 3

3.K Conclusion 3/15 References 3116

4 Analysis of hardened concrete and mortar 4/1 John Lay

4. 1 Aims and objeclives 4/1 4.2 Brief history 411 4.3 Introduction 4/2

= Contents vii

4.4 Reasons for analysis 412 4.5 Information that can be obtained by analysis 412 4.6 Sampling procedures 4/3

4.0.1 General 4/3 4.0.2 Sample types 4/4 4.6.3 Number of samples 4/5 4.6.4 Sample preparation 4/6

4.7 Determination of cement content of concrete 4/6 4.8 Analysis of mortar to determine mix proportions 4/9 4.9 Other determinations 4111

4.9.1 Determination of sulphate content 4111 4.9.2 Determination of chloride content 4/11 4.9.3 Determination of alkalis content 4111 4.9.4 Detennination of original water/cement ratio of concrete 4111 4.9.5 Aggregate grading 4/12 4.9.6 GGBS content 4112 4.9.7 Carbon dioxide 4/13 4.9.8 Admixtures 4113

4.10 Accuracy and precision of determined cement content of concrete 4113 4.11 Accuracy and precision of determined mix proportions of mortar 4114 4.12 Summary 4114 Acknowledgements 4114 References 4115 Further reading 4/15

5 Core sampling and testing 5/1 Graham True

5.1 Introduction 511 5.2 The current situation regarding standards and guidance 5/1 5.3 Current core sampling, planning and interpretation procedures 512

5.3.1 Reasons for taking and testing cores 5/2 5.3.2 Planning and preliminary work before drilling cores 5/3 5.3.3 Size, number of cores, location and drilling procedures 5/4 5.3.4 Location and drilling of cores 5/5 5.3.5 Visual examination and measurements 5/5 5.3.6 Core preparation, conditioning and testing for density,

excess voidage and compressive strength 5/6 5.3.7 Other tests 517 5.3.8 Converting core strengili to in-situ cube strength and

potential strength 5/8 5.3.9 Interpretation of results and worked examples 5/10

5.4 Worked examples 5/12 5.4.1 Example 1 5112 5.4.2 Example 2 5114

5.5 Updating CSTR No. I I 5/15 5.5.1 Obtaining the required new data 5/15 5.5.2 Results of the new data 5/16 5.5.3 Other considerations 5/17

viii Contents

5.5.4 The effect of voidage and potential density on potential strength estimates

5.5.5 Interpretation options References

6 Diagnosis. inspection, testing and repair of reinforced concrete structures Michael Grantham

6.1 Introduction 6.2 What is concrete?

6.2.1 Cement 6,2.2 Water 6.2.3 Aggregate 6,2.4 Steel 6.2.5 Admixtures

6.3 Recognizing concrete defects 6.3.1 Structural failure 6.3.2 Corrosion of steel 6.3.3 Alkali-silica reaction 6.3.4 Freeze-thaw damage 6.3.5 Shrinkable aggregates 6.3.6 Chemical attack 6.3.7 Fire damage 6.3.8 Poor-quality construction 6.3.9 Plastic cracking 6.3.10 Thennal cracking Ilnd delayed emingite fonmuion

6.4 Investigation of reinforced concrete deteriorati on 6.4.1 The two-stage approach 6.4.2 Visual survey 6.4.3 Covermeter survey 6.4.4 Ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement (PUNDIT) 6.4.5 Chemical tests 6.4.6 6.4.7 6.4.8 6,4.9 6.4. 10

Depth of carbonation Compressive strength determinlltion Petrographic CJlaminlltion Surface hardness methods Radar profiling

6.4.11 Acoustic emission 6.4.12 Infrared thermography

6.5 Testing for reinforcement corrosion 6.5.1 Ualf cell potenliai tesling 6.5.2 Resistivity 6.5.3 Corrosion rale

References

5119 5119 5/21

6/ 1

6/1 6/2 6/2 6/2 6/3 6/3 6/3 6/4 6/4 6/4 6/, 6/, 6/6 6/6 619

6/10 6/ " 6/ " 6/12 6/12 6/16 6/ 16 6/17 6/27 6/2. 6/31 6/33 6/" 6/3. 6/4 1 6/42 6143 6/43 6/46 6/47

6/"

Contents i,

Part 2 Repair

7 Concrete repairs 7/3 Michael Grantham

7.1 Patch repai rs 7/3 7.1.1 Patch repairing carbonation-induced cOlTosion 713 7.1.2 Patch repairing chloride-induced cOlTosion 715 7.1.3 The incipient anode effect 715

7.2 Cathodic protection 716 7.2.1 Basic electrochemistry 716 7.2.2 COlTosion 716 7.2.3 Reactivity 713 7.2.4 Cathodic protection 713 7.2.5 Practical anode systems 7/8

7.3 Electrochemical chl oride extraction (desalination) and realkalization 7/9 7.3.1 Introduction 7/9 7.3.2 The mechanisms of cOlTosion of steel in concrete 7/9 7.3.3 Electrochemical processes 7/10 7.3.4 Chloride removal 7/11 7.3.5 Realkalization 7/15 7.3.6 Conclusion 7/18

7.4 Corrosion inhibitors 7/18 Acknowledgements 7/19

References 7119

Part 3 Quality and standards

S Quality concepts S/3 Patrick Titman

8.1 Introduction 8/3 8.2 Definitions 8/3 8.3 Systems management standards 8/5

8.3.1 The primacy of ISO 9001 815 8.3.2 ynderstanding the ideas of ISO 9001: 2000 S15 8.3.3 Understanding the text of ISO 9001: 2001 S/S 8.3.4 Reconciling ideas and text 8110 8.3.5 Procedures and method statements 8/13 8.3.6 The family of systems management standards 8114

8.4 Third-party registration and sector schemes 8/ 16 8.4.1 Agrement Board schemes 8117 8.4.2 CE marks 8117 8.4.3 Sector schemes 8118

8.5 Self-certification and quality control 8120 8.6 Details of ISO 900 1 8/22

8.6.1 General sm 8.6.2 System and product review in the management standards 8/22

x Contents

l:t6.J Purchasing, subcontrac.:( and materials con trol (ISO 9001: 2000: scn. 7.4)

8.6.4 Nonconfonnity and improvement 8.6.5 Audit and review

8.7 Laboratory management 8.7.1 Inlnxiuction 8.7.2 Tbe ISO 17025 framework 8.7.3 M,magt:ment of concrete sampling and testing

References

9 Quality control Lindon Sear

9. J In troduction 9.2 Control charts 9.3 Shewhart charts

9.3.1 Monitoring the mean strength 9.3.2 Monitoring the standard dev iation 9.3.3 Further analysis for rrends 9.3.4 Conclusions

9.4 Cusum charts 9.4.1 'The history of the Cusum system of qualit y control 9.4.2 Controlling the strength of concrete in practice 9.4.3 Controlling the mean strength of the com:reh.! 9.4.4 Controlling the standard devia tion uf the concrete 9.4.5 Monitoring the accuracy of the predided 28·day strength from

the early test results 9.4.6 Properties of the Cusum system of quality cOnlrol 9.4.7 Cusum charts in practice 9.4.8 The implications of taking action

9.5 Compliance or acceptance testing 9.6 Operati ng-Characteristic (O-C) curves 9.7 Producer's and consumer's risk 9.8 Experimental design References Further reading

10 Statistical analysis techniques in ACT Stephen Hibberd

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Overview and objectives 10.3 Sample data and probability measures

10.3.1 Random variation 10.3 .2 Sample data 10.3.3 Representation of data 10.3.4 Quantitative measures 10.3.5 Population values 10.3.6 Probability 10.3.7 Probability functions

8/23 8125 8/27 8/29 8/29 8/2'1 8/30 8/30

9/1

911 9/2 9/3 9/3 9/5 917 917 9/8 9/R 9/9 9/9

9/ 11

9112 9113 9115 9116 9/17 9118 9/19 9/20 9/23 9/24

10/1

1011 10/2 1012 10/2 10/3 10/3 1015 10/6 10/6 1017

..

Contents xi

10.3.8 Expected values 10/8 10.3.9 Normal distribution 10/8 10.3.10 Calculation of probability values (from standard tables) 10/9 10.3.11 Standardized notinal variate 10/10 10.3.12 Example 10/11 10.3.13 Critical values 10/12

lOA Sampling and estimation 10/13 10.4.1 Sample statistics 10/13 10.4.2 Large-sample statistics (normal distribution) 10/13 10.4.3 Small-sample statistics (t-distribution) 10/14 10.4.4 Confidence intervals 10/16 10.4.5 Control charts 10/17 10.4.6 Comparison of means 10118 10.4.7 Comparison of varlances 10120

10.5 Significance tests 10/21 10.5.1 Hypothesis testing 10/21 10.5.2 Comparison of means 10/24 10.5.3 Comparison of variances 10/25 10.5.4 Significance and en"ors 10/25

10.6 Regression models 10126 10.6.1 Correlation 10/26 10.6.2 Regression - least squares method 10/28 10.6.3 Correlation coefficient 10/29 10.6.4 Example - Case 2 Beam deflection 10/31 10.6.5 Analysis of residuals 10/31 10.6.6 Extension to multivariate 10/33 10.6.7 Fit of regression curves and confidence lines 10/33

10.7 Statistical formulae and tables 10/33 Further reading 10/40

11 Standards, specifications and codes of practice 1111 Bryan K. Marsh

11.1 Aims and objectives 11/1

11.2 Introduction 1111 11.3 Standards, specifications and codes of practice 1112

11.3.1 Standards 1112 11.3.2 Codes of practice 1112 11.3.3 Specifications 11/2 11.3.4 Other relevant documents 1113 11.3.5 The role and status of standards, standard specifications and

codes of practice 1113 11.3.6 Selection of appropriate standards and codes of practice 1114 11.3.7 Worldwide use of standards 11/5 11.3.8 European Standards and International Standards 1115

11.4 Prescription-based standards and petformance-based standards 11/8 11.4.1 The prescription-based approach 11/8 11.4.2 The performance-based approach 11/9

11.5 The treatment of durability in standards, codes of practice and

standard specifications 11/10

.. xii Contents

11.5.1 Introduction 11 /10 11.5.2 Design for durability 11/1 ()

11.5.3 Constituent material s II 1II I 1.5.4 Conslituent materials test methods 11 / 14 11.5.5 Classification of exposure env ironment 11 /14 11 .5.6 Resistance to degradation II / IH 11.5.7 Specitication, production and conformity 11 /24 11.5.~ Fresh concrete te st methods 11 /25 11.5.9 Hardened concrete test methods 11/25 11.5 .10 Execution, or workmanship 11 125 11.5.11 Concrete products 11/26 11.5.12 Some limitations of standards 11/26

11.6 Specifications 11127

11.6.1 Introduction 11127 11.6.2 Typical specification clauses 11128 11.6.3 Writing specifi cations 11/29 11.6.4 Using specifications 11 /29

References 11129 Further reading 11/31

Index 1/1

Index

28-day strength see Early-age and accelerated s trengTh testing

Abrasio n problems, 11 n4 Accelcrate,cJ .~t rength tesling of I,;uncrete , 3/ \ - 16

about accelerated strength resting, 3/1 American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) Procedures (C6R4), 3/5-7 Procedure A - l1ludcrate healing, 3/5 Procedure B - thennul acceleration, 315- 6 Procedure C - aUlngenous curing, 3/6-7 Procedure D - el evated r,emperature and

pressure, 3n Austr<llian Slandards, 3n BriTish Standards (BS I SS IIBS EN 12390- 1):

35°C method. 3/3 55°C melhutl , 3/4 85"C method, 3/4 pnx :edures. ]/3

lest report - mandatory/optional information. 3/5

Canadian s tandards, 317 Denmark st:tndurds, 317 Japanese research, 317-8 principles, 312- 3 Russian stam.lard s, ]/7

Tha iland research , 3n see also Rarly·age and :)ccder3leu strength

testing: SlrengtJHcst ing of concrete Act:cptalll:efcompliance tcsting, 9/17- 1 g ACt (American Cont:rcte InstiUlte) Manual of

Cuncrete Practice, I 115 Acid anack on reinforced concrete, 6/8 Acoustic emission testing:

appliciltions and limitations , 6/4 1- 2 thcory. fil41

Additions , durahility requirements. 11 112

Admixtures: durability requirements, 11113 with reinforced concrete, 6/3

Aggregates: drying shrinkage , 6/6 durability requireme ms, 11 / 13 grading for fresh concrete tests, 112 1- 2

buoyancy method, 1/21 pressure fi ller (S anherg) mcthod, 112- 21 RAM method , 1n l ·2

grading for hardened ,,:onereh:, 4112 for reinforced concretc , 6/3

Agrement Board schemes, 8117 Alkali ·aggrcgate rcaeti on, degrcdation from, 11121-

4 AlkaJi · silica reaction (ASR) in rei nforced concrete ,

6/5,6114 , 71JJ Alkali s content, 4/ 11 American building code , 11 /4

Sl'./> aIm Accderated strength testing of t:oncretc: Standards

Ameri can Society for Testing and Material s (ASTM) S l 't' Accele.rated strength testing of concrete

Analysis of concrete and mortar .~·ee Buoyancy (cs! for cemen t content; Fresh concrete analysis: Presh concrete sampling; Hardened concrete and mOl1ar analysis; Pres$.ure filt er (Sandberg) cement content anal ysis method ; RAM (rapid analysis machine) ce ment content (constant volume) lest; Stati st ica l analysis

Anli-c;:lroonation paint with reinfo rced C(lncrete, 7/5

ASR (Alkali· sili ca reactivity) in re.inforced com:rcte. 6/5,6/ 14,7/13

1/2 Index

Briti sh st;J.ndurds see Standards BRMCA (Brit ish Re3dy Mixed Concrete

A ssoci<l tion), 9n Buoyancy method for aggregate gradi ng. 1121 Buoyan9 lest for cemenl conle nl, 1/6-8

analysis procedure, In calibration for rdati ve d~nsilies. 116-7 cement ma.~s, l IS coarse aggregate mass. In-s tine aggrcgal.c mass, 117-S fines corrc:ction factor, In relative density calibration, 1/6-7

Capillary porosity, 4/12 Carbon diuxide (;ORtent, 4113 Carbonation ill reinforced concrete, 7/9, 11/15.

11/19-20 depth of. 6/29- 31 repairing, 713 - 5

CARES scheme fo r reinforced concrete. 8/ 18, 8/19 Cathodic protection of rei nforced concrete:

basic chemistry. 7/6, 7/ 10 (:onduc.: tive coating systems, 7/P. corrosion process, 7/6-7 impressed current cathodic protection, 7/'6 reactivity, 717 Sacrifida l name- or arc-sprayed zi nc protection

sYl>lem, 7/8 sacrificial protection, 7n

Cavity detection, with UPV measurements, 6/24 cn marks. ~/l7-I R Ce ment L'Ontent sce Fresh concrete analysis;

Hurdem:d com:rete and mortar analysis Cement effects on concrete durability, 11112 Cement with rei nforced concrete:

cement content etJects, 6129 cemenl \,;omenllesl melhods, 6/29 hi gh alumina ce mcnt, 6/2 ordinary Portland cement 6/2 sulfMc-resisting cement, 6/2

CEN (Euro~an Committee for Standardization), 11/6-H

Centr,,1 Limit Theurem (CLl), 10/ 13-14, 10115 Chemical auack classification. 11/16 Chloride allal.':k 0 11 reinforced concrete, 7/9-10,

11120-1 and carbonation. 7/9 effects, 6127- '6 c}l.posure da. .. si fication. 11115 limit consideration s, 11/21 repair. 7/5 lest mcthods, 6/27

Chloride removal (eR) (chloride e}l.Lraction and desalination):

about CR. 7/9 advantages/disadvslUsges, 7/15 alkali-sili<.:1i n:acli vity (ASR) acceleration, 711:1 anodc types, 7/11 bond strengLh reduction problem, 711J carbonation. 7ft) case his tories:

Hurlington, 7/14

Tces. 7/ 14 chJori(']e auack process, 7/9--10 electrolytes. 7/ 11 en(,] point determination, 7/12-1 3 operating conditions, 7/ 12

Cod~s of practice: ahout codes of practice, Iln ACl Mau ua! o f Concrete Practice. 11/5 rol e and ~tatus, 11 /3- 5 selection of. 1114-5

Comparison ot" means. 10/18-20, 10124 Compari son of variance!., 10/20-1. 10125 Compli anec/aeccpt,ance testing. 91 I 7-18 Compression testing ,\W Core sampling and testing;

Strength-tcq ing of concrete Concrete products, durability, 11126 Concrete Society Working Party (1971). 2/3--4 Conductive coating systems of protection , 7/8 Cunfidem:e levels. 1011 6-17 COlllidence lines. 10/33 Constant vo lume tcst see RAM (rapid analysis

machine) Ce ment conLent (constant volume) lest

Contra ) charts: about control chart ~, qn-3 and confide nce iIUerv;'l)s, 10117-18 .\'U also Cusum chans/tcchnique; Shewhart

charts Core sampling and testing:

<lbout core taking and testing, 5/2- 3 .md compression testing. 517 conditioning of cores, 5/6-7 core :-.iL.e considerations, 5/4 curing, 5/17 (,] O\,;umcnl guidance aspects, 5/4-5 drilling considerations. 5/5 in-~itu <.:ube strength , 513, 5/4, 5/g-ll, 5112--13,

5116 location of sampling points, 515, 5/6 orientation factor, 5/17 - 18 pl.mning and preliminary work, 5/3--4 Poin t Load Strength Test. 5/8 poLential Slrength, 513. 5/4 , 5/8- 10, 5/ 13, 5/ 14 prepa ration or cores. 5/6-7 reinfor<.:e ment congeslion problems. 5/4 result in(crprelal ion, 5/10 - 12 standards and guidance, 5/ 1-2 visual cxamination and measurement 515-6.

518 voidage, 517, 5/13, 5/ t 8, 5/19 worked examples:

concret.e slab, 5112 -13 office block ground floor. 5/14

see alsf) CSTR No. 1I update Correlation/regression, IOl2o-R

correlati on cocUicienl, 10/29-31 Corrosion see Reinforced concrete Corrosion inhibitors (reinforced concrete), 7/18-19 Covermeler survey. 0116-17 eR see Chloride removal (CR) (chloride e}l.traclion

and desaJination) Crack estimation. with UPV measurements. 6/24- 5 Cracki ng of reinforced concrete, 6/ 11-1 5

CSTR No, 11 update: about CSTR No, 11 update, 5115 curing considerations, 5/l7 interpretation options. 5/ 19- 21 new data acquisition, 5/15-16 new data results, 5/16-1 7 orientation f<.lctor, 5/ 17- 18 voidage. 5/18. 5119

Curing, and core ~ampling and testing, :'i1l7 Custumer's and producer' s risk, 9/19-20 Cusum charts/technique:

2R·day predictions monitoring, 9/12- 13 about Cusurn charts, 9/8 commercial implications, 9/16-17 correlation tables, 3114 Cwmm M , Rand C plots, 9/11- [5 mean strength of concrete calculation and

control, 9/9-11 practica l application, 9115-16 properties of Cusum system, 9113-15 QSRMC scheme, 9/8, 9/9 standard dev iation control, 9/ 11 - 12

Data represen tation, 10/3-5 DEF (delayed euringite formation) in rci.nforccd

concrete. 6112- 15 Defect detection. with UPV measurement, 6/24 Degrcdation resistance:

abrasion. 11124 alkali-aggregate reaction , 11123-4 carbonation-induced corrosion of reinfon.:ement,

11119- 20 chloride-induced corrosion. 11120-1 and duraniJity by strength grade, 1111S-19 fly ash effocts, 11I19 freczing and thaw ing. aHack , 11/2 1- 2 ground granulated blastfurnacc slag ctfects,

11 /19 sulphate attack, 11122-3 u e also Durability ill st<lndards and

specifications Desalination .fee Chloride removal (eR) (r..:hloride

extraction and desalinalion) Drilling core samples. 515 Drying shrinkage, aggregates. 616 Ourability in standards and specifications:

about materials fo r durability, 11 / 1 I 'additions' requirements (EN 206·1). 11112 admixture re4uirements, 11113 aggregate requirements, 11/13 cement requirements (EN 197·1 and ASTM

Cl 157·00). 11112 concrete products, 11126 constituent materials test methods, 11114 designing for, 11/10-11 ENV 1991· 1, 11110- 11 and execution, or workmanship, 11 /25- 6 exposure environment classitication, 11 / 14- 18 strength grade correlution , 11 / 18- 19 water requirements (AC 31 R·99), 1111 2 !~ee a/~'o l.>egredatioll resi stance

Index 1/3

Early-age and acce lerated strength test ing , 3/~-15 about early-age test ing. 1/8- 10 RS18SI , 3111 compared with high· temperature accelerated

testing. 3/15-16 conformity, 311 3--15 r..:ontrol by prediction of 28·day strength, 3/10-

13 Cusum ( orrelation tables, 31 I 4 fixed ,~et boiling water method, 3/10-- ( I ggbs effects. 3113 King's procedure, 311 0 Putch's method. 311 0 see al.w Ac,,~eleratetl strength testing

Electrical resist.ivity reinforcement corrosion testing: equipment, 6/46 interpretation, 6/46-7 limitations. 6/47

Epoxy-coated reinforcement, 11114 ERSG (electric<l' resistance strain gauge), 217 Ettringite fonnation, delayed in reinforced concrele ,

6/12- 15 Eurol:udes, J In European Committee for Standardization (CEN),

11/6-8 Expanded titanium mesh anode protection system.

718 Exposure environment I:lassifil:ation:

American Building Code (ACI 3 18·02), 11/17-1 8 European standard EN 206,11114-17

F~di s trihution critical values table, 10/38-9 Fi.re damage:

reinforced concrete, 619-10 strength estimation with UPV measurements,

6/25-6 Fly a.,h , e:ffect on degredation, (1I19 Pooteme ter strain-gauged column, 2/6-7 Free7.c-thaw attack:

classification , 1111 fi degredation e ffects, 6/5-6, 11l2 1-2

Frcsh concrete analysis: anout fresh concrete an alysis, 1/3 advantages/disadvantages, 1/3 BS 188 1, 1/4 cement content, 114-14

applicability of test methods, liS ~alibrali \)n samples, 1/4 test samples , 1/4-5

lest method standardization . 1112,) see also Buoyancy test for cement content:

Fresh concrete sampling; gghs (ground granulated blastfurnace slag) content tests; pfa (pulverised-fuel a~h) content tests; Pressure filter (Sandberg) cement content analysis method: RAM (r.J.pid analysis machine) cement content (constant volume) test; Water content of fresh concrete

Fresh concrete sampl iug: calibration sa mples, 1/4

1/4 Index

Fresh conc:;rete sampling (Comillued) from bulk concrete quamities. 1/5 from mi xing or agilaling (rucks. 115 lest samples. 1/4-5

Frost damage .W! f Freeze-thaw allack

GECOR 6 device for reinforccmcm corrosion measurement, 6/49

ggbs (ground granulated blastfurnace slag) content tesl~ . 1/17- 19, 4/12- 13

ca libration. 1118- 19 chemical test apparatus and procedure. 1117- \ g and early/accelerated strength testing, 3/13 test validity, 1119

ggbs (ground granulated blastfurnace slag) effect on degredation. 11119

Half cell potential reinforcement corrosion testing: uh()UI half (;c ll potenti al testing. 6/43---4 conc rete cover depth problems. 6/44 l'onnete res is tivity problems. 6144 measurement procedures, 6/45 polariLaliun effects, 6/44 resul ts and imerprelation. 6/45

Hardened concrete and mortar anal ysis: aOOlll anal ysis, 412·-3 admixtures content. 4/1] :lggregate grading, 4112 alk{liis \~OllleJlI. 4111 calcium oxidc content, 4/6-g (;api llary porosity. 4/12 carbon dioxide content, 4/13 cemem contenl. 4/6- 9 cement content accuracy and precision of

uleasuremenLs. 4/13-14 ch loride content. 4/11 ggbs conteut. 4/12- 13 history. 4/1-2 microsilica and melakaolin considerations. 4113 mortar mix proportions, 4/9-11

accuracy of measurements. 4/ 14 pt's contcnt, 411 3 pr .. problems. 4/9 stlluhle silica conte nt, 4/8 sulfate content . 41 11 test method standardi7ation . 11 125 water/cement ralio. 4/11-12

Hardened concrete and mortar sampling: core cUll ing, 4/4 dust drilled samples. 4/4 general rules. 4/3-4 Jump samples, 4/4 mOllar samples, 4/4- 5 number of samples, 4/5 sample preparation. 4/6 sampling strategy. 4/3-4

Health and safety. reinforced concrete repair, 7/5 High alumina ce ment. with reinforced concrete , 612 High alum ina ce ment (HAC) structure problems:

causes/e ffecL" , 6/31 test methods, 6/3 I

Histog rams, 10/4 Hypothesis testing, IQn I- 3

IIH iw and potential stre ngth . 5/3. 5/4. 5/R-10, 5/ 12- 14.5/16

Incipient anode effect. reinforced concrete. 7/5-0 Infra-red thermogrdphy, fil42-3 ISO (International Standards Organization):

about ISO, 11/6 ISO 90(JI : 2000:

about ISO 9001. 8/5-10 audit and review of management and

procedures, 8/27-9 consultation and communication. 8/ t 2-13 continuous improvement requirement, g/6 ,

8/26 ·7 custumer focus , Sill integrated management approach. 8/8 laboratory management, ~/29-30 management review. 8/22-3 non-(.'onformity, RI2S-6 people involvemenl , 8/ 11-1 2 proce~uTe and method statements. 81 13- 14 process models, 8/5 purchasi ng and supplier apprai sal , 8/23-4 reconciling ideas and text, 8110--13 ri sk management process, HII 3 scope, application and definitions. 8/8 sys tem and product review, g/22- 3 top management role, 8/6 ·7, 8/9

ISO 17025 framework, 8/29-30

King's procedure, 3110

Laboratory management. 8/29-30 Least-squares method. regression, 10/28 -9 Linear polarization measurement of reinforcement

corrosion rare: equipment and use. 6/48-9 CiECOR 6 device, 6/49 interpretation of results, 6/50-1

Mor,tar analysis .'lee Hardened concrete and mortar anal ysis

Normal di stri bution tablc. 10/35-6

Operating.-eharacleri stic (O--C) curves, 9118-19 Ordinary Portland cement. with reinforced concrete,

6/2 Orientation factor, and eorc sampling, 5/l7-~ 18

Patch repairs of carbonaLion-induced corrosion . 7/3-5

Patch repairs of chloride- induced corrosiun, 7/5 Patl:h 's method, 3110

Petrographic examination o f reinforced concrete: broken surfaces, 6134 composition, 6/34 pol ished surfaces, 6133 preliminary examination . 6/33 th in sections, 6/33-4 water/cement ratio. 6/34

pta (pulveri.led-fuel (Ish) content tests, 1/ 14- 17 about pfa contem tests, 1/1 4-1 5 calibration. 1/ 15 particle density:

dry weight of material. 111 6 wet weight of m!.llcriai, 1/ 15- 16

panicle density calculation, 111 6-17 test procedure, tl I7

Phe no lphthalein spray method of steel reinforcement, 7/3-4

Plastic cracking, reinforced com:rete, 6111 · 15 Point Load Strength Test, 5/~

Popu lation measures (statist ical), 10/6 Portland cement, with re inforced concrete, 6/2 Potential and in-s itu strength, 5/3 , 5/4 , 5/8·- 10,

5112- 14, 5/16 Pressure filter (Sandbcrg) cement content analysis

method, 1/ 12- 14 and aggregate gradi ng, 1122 analysis procedure, 1/13- 14 calib ration , 111 2- 13 cement correction factor detcrmination, I I I 3 coarse/fine aggregate mass , 1/13-1 4 fines contenl determination, 1112- 13 mass of each constituent per cubic metre of

concrete, 1/14 mass per cubic metre o f fresh concrete, 1114 pfa content tests, IllS, 1116 water absorption determination, \112- 13

Probability/probabil ity functions/value calcul ations, 10/6- 10

Producer's and customer's risk, 9119- 20 Pulse velocity testing .fee UPV (uhrasunic pulse

velocity) measurement from PUNDIT PUNDIT see UPV (ul trasonk pulse velncity)

mea. ... urcment fro m PUN DIT

QS RM C (Quality Scheme for Ready M ixed Concrete), 811 \:I, 8/30. 9/R

Quality: about 4uality, M/3-4, 9/ 1- 2 about sector schemes, 8/ 1 M- 19 about third-party regisu atin n and sector

schemes, 8/1 6-17 agrement board schemes, 8117 unalysi,,- of risk , 812 1 CARES scheme for reinforced concrete, 8119 CE marks , 8117- 18 compliance/acceptance testing. 9/ 17-1 8 contrnl charts, 912- 3 definitions, 8/3-4 ex perimental des ign. 9n0-3 operating-characteristic (O-C) curves, 9118- 19 producer ' s and customer's risk, 9/1 9-20 QSRMC scheme for read ymixoo concrete. 81 19

Index liS

self-cert ilication and quality contro l. 8/20-2 third-party accredi tation and audi t. 812 I see also Cusum charts/technique ; ISO

(Imernational Standards Organizatio n): Shewhart charls: Standards

Radar profi ling : about radar profiling. 6/39 applications, 6/4~ I equipment, 0/40 fre4ucncy modulation !;.ystem. 6/39 impulse nuiar system. 6/39 limitati ons, 6/40- 1 synthetic pulse raclar system, fiI~9

RAM (rapid analysis machine) ce ment content (constanl volume ) test, 1/&- 11

about RA M method, 1/8 and aggregale grad ing, In l-2 analysi s procedure. 1111 machine calibration. 1/9- 11 machine operation, 1/&- 9

Random variations, 10/2-3 Rcalkalization (ReA):

about realkal i:t:a tion, 7/ 15- 16 advantages, 711 7- 18 anode types, 7/ 16-17 case hi stories, 7117 chemical process, 7/10 electrolytes, 7/ 17 end point determination, 7/ 17 operating conditions, 7/17

Rebou nd hammer see Schmidt Rebound Hammer Regression models:

beam deflection example, 10/3 I confidence lines, 10/33 correlation, 10126-8 correlation coefficient, 10/29-3 1 least-sq uares method, I OJ2K- 9 multivariate problems, 10/33 regression curve fit 1 OrB rcs idllals anal ysis. 1013 1- 2

Reinforced concrete structures, formation, problems and fuult<;. 6/ 1- 12

,Ibout rei nforced conc rete structures, 0/ 1- 2 ahaut stnlcturd l fai lure, 6/4 acid attack, 6/8 admixlUres for. 6/3 aggregates for. 6/3 alkali-aggregate reaction. 11123-4 alkali-s ilica reaclio n, 6/5, 611 4 carhanalion. 7/9, 11 /15, 11 / 19-20 cement types, 612 chemical allac '" dassiticatio n. 11 / 16 chloride attack, 7/9-1 0, 11115, 11/20-1 cracking, 6111-15 OEF (de layed ellringite formation), 6112- 15 exposure classification system, 11115- 18 tire damage, 6/9- 10

dehydratiun of the cement hydra tes. 6/9 phus!!s alteration in aggregate and paste, 6/9 ,

6/1 0 surfa(,;t' cracking and microcracking . 619, 6/10

116 Index

Reinforced (;om.;ret~ stru(.;tures, (Continued) fly ash usage, 11119 freeze-thawattat:k :

classification, 11116 degredation , 11121-2

frost damage, 6/5- 6 plastic st:lllement cra(;ks, till I , 6/12, 6114 plastic shrinkage cracks. 6111 , 6/14, 6/15 poor conslruction problt!ms, 6/ 10-1 I shrinkable aggregates. 6/6 steel corrosion, 614-5 steel types, 6/3 sulfate auack. 6/6-7.11 /22-3 thaumasite attack, 617- S thermal cracking. 6111- 15 water for, 6/2-3

Reinforced concrete structures, investigative procedures and fault tinding equipment. 6/12-43

acoustic emission testing. 614 1-2 carbonation depth. 6129-3 1 cement content. 6/29 chloride content. 6/27- 8 compressive strength determination, 6/31 " 2 covenueter survey, 6/ 16-17 high alumina cement structures, 6/31 infra-red thermography. 6/42-3 sui fate content, 6/30-- 1 visual su rvey. 6113. 6/ 16 see a/.w Hulf cell potential reinforcement

corrosion testing: PetrographiL: eX<lminlllion ; RlIdar profiling; Schmidt Rebound Hammer; Strength-testing of concrete; tJPV (ullra~onic pulse velociry) mellsuremellt from PUNDIT

Reinforced concrete structures , repairs: corrosion inhibitors. 7/18- 19 expanded titanium mesh anode system, 7/'t!J incipient anode eft'ect, 7/5- 6 patch repairs of carbun.alion-induccd corrosion,

7/3- 5 anti-carbonatiun paim, 7/5 bonding and debonding agents. 7/4 healLh and Safl!IY, 7/5 phenolphthalein spray method. 7/3--4

patch repairs of ~hluride-induced corrosion. 7/5 sacrificial flame- or arc-sprayed zinc, 7/8 see aLJu Cathodic protection of reinforced

eoncrcte; Chloride removal (eR); RealkaliLAition (ReA)

Reinforcemelll : durability and standunJs. 11113-14 epoxy-coated, 11114

Reinforcement corrosion testing: corrosion rate measuremcnr:

about corrosion rate measurement, 0/47- 8 GECOR 6 device, 6/49 linear polari:tation equipment and use, 6/48- 50 linear polarization interpretation, 6/50-1

electrical resistivity measurement: equipment and use. 6/46 interpretation.6/4fr7 limitations. 6147

see-also Ilalf (.;ell poten tial reinforcement con'osioll testing

Repairs of carbonalion-induced corrosion, 7/3- 5 Re~iduals analysis. 10/31- 2

Sacrificial flame· Of arc· sprayed zinc protection system , 7/8

Sacrificial protection l'U Cathodic protection 01'

reinforced eOllcrete Sample data and probabi lity measures:

critical va lues, 10/12 data representatiun, 10/3-5 expected values, IOIS histograms, 10/4 nonnal distributi ons. 10/'t!J- 9 population measures, 10/6 probability/prohability functions, 10/6-8

calculations, 1019- 11 quantitative measures, 1015-6 random variations. 10/2- 3 sample data considerations, 10/3 scatter diagrams (scanergrams), 10/4-5 standardized norm al variatc, 10110-11

Sampling concrete S(~e Core sampling and testing ; Fresh concrete sampling; Hardened com;rele and mortar sampling

Sampling and estimation: Central Limit Theorem (CLl), 10/13-14, 10115 comparisun of means, 10118-20 compari son of variances. 10120-1, 10125 confidence levels, 1011 6-17 control chart s, 10/17- 18 large sample shltistics (normal distribution ).

10113- 14 sample slatistics, 1011 3 small-sample st:ltistics (t-distribution). 10/14- 16,

10137 Sampling and tcsHng management. 8/30 Sandberg cement contenl test see Pressure ItHer

(Sandbcrg) eement content analysis method Scatter diagrams (scuuergrams), 10/4--5 Schmidt Rebound Hammer:

about Schmidt hammer, 6/35 agc/hardening rate/curing type effects , 6/.17- g basic principle. 6/35 calibration, 6/3M- 9 cement content erre~ls , 01.16---7 cement type effects, 6/3 6 coarse aggregate erfet:ts. 6/37 compact ion efieels, 6/37 mass of specimen effel:ts , 6/37 moisture condition effec ts. 6/38 operating procedur~, 6/35-6 stress state effects, 60S surface carbomuion effects, 6/38 surface type cffcets. 6/37 temperature eff~cts, 6/3S theory, calibration and interpretation. 6/36

Self-certification <lnd quality control . 8120-2 Shewhart c harts :

Action Lines (Upper ami Lower Control Lines), 914-5

mean strength monitoring, 9/3-5, 9/R Method of Ranges, 9/5 Runs Analysis, 9n standurd deviation, monitoring, 9/5-,6 Target Range, 9/5 Irends analysis, 917 Warning Lines. 9/5--6

Shrinkable aggregates, in reinforced I.!oncrete, 6/6 Significant tests:

comparison of means. 10124 comparison of vuriances , 10/25 hypothesis testing, 10121- 3 s ignificance and c!rrun., 10/25- -6

Specifications: about specifications, 11 /2-3 , tIl27 performance-based. 1119 prescription-based. 11 /8 production and conformity. 11124-5 role and slatus, 1113-4 typical claus~" :

strength sampling, 11128 temperature monitoring and control, 1 t/28

using, ll n 9 writing recommendation s, 1 t/29

Slandardi 7,ed normal variate, 10110-11 Standards:

about s tandards, 11 12 ACI 318-02 (exposure conditions), ll/lg ACI 3 I 8-99 (aggregates), I 1/13 ACT 3 18-99 (water), 11 / 12 ASTM C l 157-00 (cement) , 1111 2 HS 1 ~8L

act.:elerated testing. 313-5. 3/ 11 chemical analysis, 4/ 1- 2 compression testing. 2/4 core sampllng and testing, 5/ 1- 2. 5/5- 0 Cuv~rmetcr survey, 6/ 17 fresh concrete analy sis, 1/4

BS 5328 (compliance rules). 9117-IR BS E N 12350 (sampling). 5/3 BS EN 12390-1 (accelernted tt!:sting), 3/3 BS EN 12390· 2 (cube manufacture and curing),

5/3 SS EN 12390-3 (cube testing), 313. 5/3 BS EN 12390·4 (compression tt!:sting machines),

2/5-6 BS EN 12504 (cored spec imen testing). 5/2, 5/5 BSI f:a talogue, 1115 BSI cr 110 (accelerated/early-age testing),

3/13- 15 core sampling and t~sling . 5/1-2 EN 197- 1 (cement). 11112 EN 206- 1, 1117, lilY EN 206- 1 (additions). 1111 2 EN 934-2 (admixtures). 11113 ENV 1991-1, 11110-11 Eurocodes. I 117 European Committee for Standardization (CEN),

1116-8 ISO 14654 (epoxy-coateu reinforcement), 11 / 14 ISO 17025 framework, ~/29-30 ISO (lOlernational Standards Organization). 11/6 Jass-5 (Durability) , 11/11

limitations, 11126-7 perfonnance- based. 1119 prescription-based, 1 l It) role and status. 11/3- 5 sel ecti on of, 1114-5 specifi!: tn industry standards, ~1I5 - 16 and specification confonnity, 11124-5 for supporting processes. 8/14-15 systems standards, 8J J 4 worldwide use, 1115 see also ISO (International Standards

Organi7ation) Statistical analysis:

Index 117

about statistical analysis . 10/1 F-distrihution critical values table. IO!3S-Y normal distribution table. 10/35-6 seltx:ted statistical furmulae, 10133 selected statistical techniques in ACT, 10/34 {-dis trihution critical values table. 10/37 see alsi) Regression models: S<.Imple data and

probability measures ; Sampling and estimation; Significant tests

Steel fur reinforced concrete: corrosion problems, 6/4- 5 types of, 6/3 see alsQ Reinf()rced concrete slru(;lUrcs,

form<ltion . problems <lnd faulls Strain gauges. ERSG (electrical resistance strain

guuge), 217 Strength -testing uf (;oncrete:

about strength testing. 211 BS 1881,214 comparative cube verification. 2Ig compression testing machines specifications.

2/5-6 COffi\'lfl:.",."ive Mreng\h dc\crmin'3.\hm, 613 \-'2 Concrete Society Working Party ( !97 1), 213-4 flexural strength testing, 2110-11 Footcmeter struin-gaugcd column, 2/6--7 force ca libration. 217 force transfer verification, 2/6- 7 lazy tong device. 2/9 one-s ide (be nding) modes of failure . 214- 5 potential and in -s itu strength, 5/3. 5/4, 5/R- IO,

5112- 14,5/16 tensile splitting testing . 2/8-1{] uniax ial compression (esting. 21 1-5 with UPV measuremenl, 6126-7 variability problems, 211 5 verifil,;ation procedures. 216-8 see alsQ Accelerated s trength testing of concrete:

Cusum chartsltechnique: Reinforced concrete structures, investigative procedures and fauh finding equipmem

Sui fate attack on reinforced concrete, 6/6-7, 11122-3

Sui fate content: determinati on. 4/ l 1 reinforced COIl(.;rete:

effects, 6130- 1 {cst methods. fiIJ J

Sulfate-resisting cement, with reinforced concrete, 612

118 Index

Surface hardness tests, 6/35- 9 set: also Schmidt Rehound Hammer

Test methods for materials, 11114 Test samples. fresh concrete. 114-5 Thaumas ile attack on reinforced concrete, 617- S Thermal cracking of reinforced concrete, 6/11 - 15 Twenty-day strength see Early-age and accelerated

strength testing

UPV (ultrasonic pulse velocity) measurement from PUNDIT, 6117-27

about lJPV measurements, 6117 accuracy, 6/20 appl ications, 6/19- 20 cavity detection . 6124 crtl(;k depth estimation. 6/24--5 defect detection, 6/24 fire damage estimation, 6/25-6 frequency of vibrations , 611 R homogeneity of concrete observation. 6124 long te rm change monitoring. 6125 sh<lpe of specimen , 6118

size of specimen, 6118 strength estimation. 6126- 7 test conditions influence, 6122--4 lest method, 61 18- 19 transducer coupling arrangements, 612 1- 2 tran .~duccr coupling problems , 6121 velocity of longitudinal pulses, 611 7- 18 void detection, 6/24

Variances, comparisun of, 10120-- 1, 10125 Visuul examination and measurement, 5/5-6 Void age, 517, 5113, S/lR. 5/19

detection with UPV measuremenb, 6124

Water, durability consitlemtinns, 1111 2 Water ~onlenl of fresh concrete, 1119-21

absorbed water conten t. Ino free water content, 1120 high·temperature melhod. 1/19-20 mkrowave oven method , 1/20-1 oven-drying method. 1121

Water quality. reinforced concrete. 6/2- 3 Water/cement ratio, 4/ 11-1 2

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