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MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard Adam Durant (NILU); WP LeaderJrgen Mienert (UiT); WP co-LeaderAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

Methodology:

Atmospheric methane mixing ratiosIsotopic measurements for source attributionInversion modelling to calculate regional ocean-atmosphere fluxesRadiative transfer modelling and global climate modelling

2WP1 Science ObjectivesQuantify present-day CH4 emissions from the ocean to the atmosphere;Identify seasonal perturbations on atmospheric CH4 quantity related to sea-ice break-up;Characterise ocean-based processes that may lead to hypothesised large releases of CH4 gas. Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardWP1 Description of WorkNILU (lead), UiT (co-lead), GEOMAR, USGS, DLR, CEA, UCAM1.1Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT)In situ seabed measurements (MASOX landers and accompanying buoys with measurement instrumentation) targeting CH4 bubble release area offshore from Prins Karls Forland

1.2Determination of MH and oceanic emissions to the atmosphere (UiT) Ocean-atmosphere interface CH4 fluxes and isotope abundances (USGS, GEOMAR)Ocean column profile sampling for dissolved and gaseous CH4 and isotope abundances (GEOMAR)

1.3Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU)In situ CH4 mixing ratios and isotope abundances at Zeppelin ObservatoryAircraft-based vertical profiles of CH4 concentration and isotope abundances over the ocean around Svalbard and Siberia (collaboration with DLR, LSCE and UCAM projects)

1.4: Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU)

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardUiT Underwater Methane Observatory (CAGE)1.1 Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT)1.1 Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT)MASOX (Monitoring Arctic Seafloor Ocean Exchange) devices installed on seabed offshore from Prins Karls ForlandIncludes a seismometer, two Recorded Current Meters (RCM9) to measure ocean currents, conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) sensors, and a flow meter to measure the rate of gas venting and apparent pulsating behaviour of bubble plumesFour buoys will measure the CH4 concentration of released CH4 plumes at the seabed-ocean interface, within the water column and at the ocean-atmosphere interface. Using these devices, CH4 gas will be sampled to determine isotopic proportions of 13-CH4 and possibly D-CH4 for source attribution Annual cruises during the project will be carried out using the RV Helmer Hanssen (UiT). Seismic surveys will be performed to identify the base of the GHSZ in sediments based on characteristic seismic returnsBubble size distributions will be measured using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV)bubble dissolution potential transport capacity of CH4 via free transport up through the ocean column. Bubble plumes in the ocean column will be mapped using sonarWater samples will be collected through the ocean analysed to determine the amount of dissolved CH4 and isotopic abundancesdetermine the extent of microbial CH4 oxidation based on identification of 13C fractionation in the residual CH4Total rate of gas release will be determined from the distribution of vents, and the type and source of gas in WP2, in cooperation with GEOMAR, USGS and RHUL Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard1.2 MH / ocean-atmosphere emissions (UiT)Ship-based atmospheric measurements over seabed installations to identify emissions from the ocean surfaceCollaboration with GEOMAR and USGS Sea surface equilibrator sampling system coupled to Picarro CRDS to measure sea surface CH4 and CO2 concentrations Together with atmospheric measurements this will allow direct calculation of the flux of CH4 and CO2 across the ocean-atmosphere interface. Samples will be collected to determine isotope abundances for source attribution (USGS and GEOMAR)Ship campaign scheduling? People involved?Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

CH4 source discrimination based on measurement of 13-CH4 and D-CH4

(Melton et al., 2011)1.3 Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU)1.3 Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU)Atmospheric CH4 measurements will be made at Svalbard, Kara and Laptev Sea from ship- and aircraft-platformsContinuous in situ measurements at the Zeppelin ObservatoryContinuous long-term measurements of CH4, CO2 and CO, and more than 20 other trace gasesCampaign measurements from ship- and aircraft-platformsObservations at Zeppelin, and from ship- and aircraft-campaigns from previous years will also be utilisedThis includes isotopic samples from and measurements from GAME projectAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardMOCA isotopic samples collected at Zeppelin will be analysed by RHUL for isotopic information to gain information about regional CH4 sources, see Figure 2. Through the partner RUHL the project will also have access to CH4 measurements at Kjlnes Lighthouse (70oN, 29oE), and probably also CH4 from Tiksi at the mouth of the Lena River, Russia. 9Aircraft Campaigns and Flight Planning 2014YAK-AEROSIB (JuneDLR FALCON (21-23 May 2014; 2015)NERC MAAM collaboration

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardDLR FALCON, Campaign 2014/2015Possible measurement campaign from Spitzbergen 21-23 May 2014; longer campaign in 2015Aircraft: Dassault Falcon 20EInstrument payload: CO2, CH4, H2O, CH4 (Picarro), soot, aerosol, MET, flask samples for isotopic analyses,Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

Russian Institute of Atmospheric Optics TU-134YAK-AEROSIB (Airborne Extensive Regional Observations in SIBeria) Campaign 2014 in collaboration with J.-D. Paris, CNRS-IPSLSiberian coastline, including Kara Sea and Laptev SeaAircraft: Tupolev-134 Instrument payload: CO2-CH4-H2O (Picarro), O3-CO (MOZAIC package), NOx(?), aerosol (micro-lidar), equiv. BC (aethalometer), PSD (Grimm 1.109,..), meteo,Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

2014 Measurement Campaign TimingWP1 Objective 2: Identify seasonal perturbations on atmospheric CH4 quantity related to sea-ice break-up"

Ice break-up season is of particular interest for ocean-atmosphere measurementsShip, aircraft and isotopic sampling campaigns aimed to coincideWhen will this occur?Analysis of sea ice observations and climatological products

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

Data analysed and graphics by Ignacio Pisso (NILU)Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data set (HadISST)NASA NSIDC Multisensor Analyzed Sea Ice Extent product

April 2012July 2012May 2012September 2012Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardIASI data mean Sept-Nov 2009-2012 (I. Leifer)

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardReal-time Flight Planning/ManagementFLEXPART will be used as a campaign planning tool to predict arrival of CH4 plumes via long-range transport to allow measurements in specific CH4-rich air masses (e.g., from Siberian wetlands) Forecasts will also be made by releasing a tracer from regions of suspected ocean-atmosphere transfer of CH4 for advance planning of upwind/downwind flight patterns Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardMAAM UK-NERC funded project

Methane and other Greenhouse Gases in the Arctic: Measurements, Process Studies and Modelling (MAMM)Quantify the anthropogenic and natural sources of greenhouse gases particularly methane in the Arctic, using data from satellites as well as observations made on the ground and from ships and aircraftCollaboration establishedAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardOther UK NERC ARP ProjectsAerosol cloud coupling and climate interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA)Aircraft/ship measurements; Svalbard regionArctic Predictability and Prediction on Seasonal to Inter-annual Timescales (APPOSITE)Arctic modelling capability assessment; Arctic regionCarbon Cycling Linkages to Permafrost Systems (CYCLOPS)Terrestrial biosphere assessment; Canadian ArcticHydrological Controls on Carbon Cycling and Greenhouse Gas Budgets (HYDRA)Terrestrial permafrost measurements; Canadian ArcticLakes and the Arctic Carbon Cycle (LAC)Arctic lake sedimentological study; Alaska, Greenland, RussiaLandslide-Tsunami (stability of marine sediment slopes)Ship measurements; Norwegian and Greenland SeasSubmarine Estimates of Arctic Turbulence Spectra (SEATS)Submarine measurements; Arctic regionAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard1.4 Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU)Data provision protocolHow to send information about instruments and status during each flight (real-time?)Preliminary data delivered after each flight (T = ?)Finalised data uploaded to database (T = ?)

Data management ACTIONSExplore and set up a list of platforms, instruments, time periods and contact for PIsData policy document (sharing restrictions, ownership, procedures,)Specify where data will be stored (EBAS)Data reporting deadlinesData descriptions/extended metadata uploaded on EBAS website (?)Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardWP1 Work ScheduleAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardMilestonesResp34567891011121314151617181920212223241.1WS with MAAM on coordination of campaignsNILU01234567891011121314151617181920211.2Organisation of 2014 campaignsNILU-5-4-3-2-10123456789101112131415161.3Deployment of MASOX landers and buoysUiT-3-2-101234567891011121314151617181.4Completion of potential 1. ship campaign 2014UiT/External partner-7-6-5-4-3-2-1012345678910111213141.5Completion aircraft campaign, Svalbard, SiberNILU/External partner-7-6-5-4-3-2-1012345678910111213141.6Field campaign report, 2014NILU-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-101234567891011121.7Organisation of 2015 ship campaignNILU-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-101234561.8Completion of 2015 ship campaignUiT/External partner-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-10121.9Final field campaign reportNILU-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-10WP1Understanding and description of present state of system around Svalbard NILUMonth1.1Understanding seabed-ocean methane release UiT331.2Determination of MH and oceanic emissions to the atmosphere UiT171.3Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4NILU171.4Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management NILU231.3Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU)Aircraft measurementsFAAM collaborationDLR flightsFlight planning/operations and Flight Management Where? When? Who? Communication between project members, field team and aircraft?Tracers?

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around SvalbardYAK-AEROSIB 2014 Proposed Flight RoutingAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

NovosibirskSalekhardDixonSvalbardYAK-AEROSIB 2014 Proposed Flight ProfilesAdam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

1.1Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT)MASOX deploymentWhere? When? Who?MASOX instrument payloadData management (Task 1.4 discussion?)

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard1.2Determination of MH and oceanic emissions to the atmosphere (UiT) Ship measurementsWhere? When? Who?Data management (Task 1.4 discussion?)

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard1.4: Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU)Explore and set up a list of platforms, instruments, time periods and contact for PIsData policy document (sharing restrictions, ownership, procedures,)Specify where data will be stored (EBAS)Data reporting deadlinesData descriptions/extended metadata uploaded on EBAS website (?)

Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard1.4 Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU)Data provision protocolHow to send information about instruments and status during each flight (real-time?)Preliminary data delivered after each flight (T = ?)Finalised data uploaded to database (T = ?)

Data management ACTIONSExplore and set up a list of platforms, instruments, time periods and contact for PIsData policy document (sharing restrictions, ownership, procedures,)Specify where data will be stored (EBAS)Data reporting deadlinesData descriptions/extended metadata uploaded on EBAS website (?)Adam Durant (NILU), MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard