A2 Revision

World Games

World Games

Single Sport• •

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Multi-sport• •

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FIFA World Cup

Heineken European Rugby Cup

World Hockey Champions Trophy

World Short-course swimming championships

Olympic Games

Paralympic Games

Commonwealth Games

Pan-American Games

Characteristics of World games

• performers• • ‘ ’ for city/country• • Large appeal• Requires major infrastructure –

ElitePre-qualifying

Shop windowCommercialised

spectator/TV

transport, accommodation, facilities

Effects of World games - performers

• Highly to be the best• Test themselves against • Make most of abilities – • • • High •

motivated

the bestreach potential

Extrinsic rewardsSelf-satisfaction / pride

expectationsRole models

Effects of World games - performers

• • Great • Short • Requires • No

Long-term goalsacrificescareer

self-discipline/motivationguarantee of success

Effects of World games - Country

• impact – seen as successful, part of national character

• Social impact – • Economic impact – financial success –

• Can have negative impact -

Cultural

unite country

tourism / regeneration / infrastructurefailure

Effect of World Games - Government

• Provide support – • May be used to demonstrate

• Successful bid seen as achievement

bidding, planning

political success - Beijing

on world-wide scale - London

Typical question

World championships have developed beyond a simple meeting of the world’s best performers to become far more complex events.(a) In recent years, how and why have world championships, such as the Olympic Games, developed in terms of size and finance? (4 marks)(b) How have these developments impacted upon the experiences of performers and spectators?

(3 marks)

Answer(a) 4 marks for 4 of:Events now larger/more teams/more sports/performers/ stadia size;Need more funding; From sponsorship/spectators;More media coverage/ sports want higher profile;Resulting in more interest worldwide/in host country/following of national

teams or performers/stars;Some championships allow professional performers/ prize money;4 marks(b) Spectators (Sub max 3 marks)More opportunities to see elite performers;Enhanced viewing opportunities/interactive/ camera

angles/statistics/hawkeye/equiv;Improved knowledge of events/performance, etc;Performer (Sub max 3 marks)More opportunities to perform at the highest level;Chance to represent country/win championships;More opportunity to gain expenses/appearance money/win bonus, etc;More commercial pressure on performers/ deviancy; 4 marks

Why seek excellence?

Individual Society• Challenge• Society encourages

excellence• Employment• Self-esteem• Role models

• National pride• Reduces crime• Big money• Healthy – increase mass

participation• Limits to performance?

Not all good news

• Elite sport for – requires substantial

• Loss of morality

• Physical and psychological damage from

funding and resources

– sportsmanship –

over training and specialisation

exclusive minority

increased deviancy

Qualities required for elite performer/performance

Physical• • • • •

Psychological• • • • • •

Ability/skill Competitive

FitnessPhysiqueMuscle-fibre typeAnatomical advantages - levers

CommitmentMental toughnessMotivationSingle-mindedMake sacrifices

Identifying Talent

• Needs • testing

But:• Difficult to make tests – especially

• Training has on performance• more important

talent identification programmeFitness / psychological

validpsychological

limited effectsSocio-economics

Social factors affecting development

• Tradition• Ideals• Sport’s popularity• Parental influence• Teacher’s specialities• Accessibility of facilities

Typical question

An individual must have a range of personal qualities and receive some external support to enable them to reach an elite level of performance.

(a) What personal qualities are necessary for an individual to progress towards an elite level of performance? (4 marks)

Answer(Long term) commitment/self discipline;Determination/Be the best/sets targets/vision/single

minded/focussed/mental toughness;Motivation/Nach personality /desire to achieve;Self sacrifice;Resilience/ability to overcome failure/pass through pain barrier;Self-confidence/self efficacy;High levels of skills/talents/natural ability/correct somatotype;High levels of physical fitness/high VO2 max/equiv;

4 marks