A REVIEW ON PLANTS HAVING ANTI-MALARIAL ACTIVITY

141| P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 6(3): May-June 2017

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Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE …………!!!

A REVIEW ON PLANTS HAVING ANTI-MALARIAL ACTIVITY

Arzoo* and Parina Kumari

Assistant professor of Pharmacology, Shri ram college of pharmacy, Ramba, Karnal,

India.

KEYWORDS:

Malaria, Anti- Malarial

activity, Medicinal

Plants, WHO, Drugs

resistance.

For Correspondence:

Arzoo *

Address:

Assistant professor of

Pharmacology, Shri ram

college of pharmacy,

Ramba, Karnal, India.

ABSTRACT

Malaria has long been recognized as a crucial as well life- threatening

parasitic disease of humans caused by parasites transmitted to human by

bite of female anopheles mosquitoes. There are about 3-500 million

clinical cases of per year and 1.5-2.7 million deaths annually worldwide

just because of malaria. The parasite passes through several stages of

development such as the sporozoites, merozoites, trophozoites and

gametocytes. The symptoms of malaria typically develop within 10 days

to four weeks following the infection. The complications due to malaria

mimic many diseases, so physical examination and blood examination

should be done carefully to confirm the diagnosis. Nations agencies

WHO, UNICEF and UNDP, together with the World Bank, on 30

October 1998, launched the roll back malaria (RBM) initiative, as a bold

new effort to mobilize global partnerships including governments,

donors, non-governmental organizations (NGOS) and communities, to

effectively tackle the increasing global problem of malaria. Now days,

besides the use of medicine for treating malaria, personal protection is

more preferable such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets, mosquito

coils, body repellents and insecticide spraying. In the era of 21st

century

the drug resistance have become a problem. Therefore, the use of

traditional medicines is still on the rise. There are a number of

unidentified plants in the world that can be used as a source of remedy

for malaria. In this review we try to summarize the already documented

plants having anti-malarial activity.

142 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141


1. INTRODUCTION

Malaria has long been recognized as a crucial parasitic disease of humans a major public health

problem. It is life- threatening blood disease caused by parasites transmitted to human by bite of

female anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is usually found in tropical and subtropical climates where

the parasites that cause it live. There are about 3-500 million clinical cases of per year and 1.5-2.7

million deaths annually worldwide just because of malaria. Malaria parasite has a complex as well

multistage life cycle [1], [2]. The parasite passes through several stages of development such as the

sporozoites (sporos = seeds; the infectious form injected by the mosquito), merozoites (meros =

piece; the stage invading the erythrocytes), trophozoites (trophes = nourishment; the form

multiplying in erythrocytes), and gametocytes (sexual stages). During these different stages the

parasites have their own unique shapes, structures and protein complements, which keep changing

during different stages. The symptoms of malaria typically develop within 10 days to four weeks

following the infection. Malaria is transmitted by blood, an organ transplant, a transfusion or use of

shared needles or syringes. An early diagnosis of malaria in young children and in pregnant women

is necessary because they may rapidly become very ill and may die within a few days. An infected

mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth. This is known as congenital malaria [1], [2],

[3].

The complications due to malaria mimic many diseases, so physical examination and blood

examination should be done carefully to confirm the diagnosis. Pregnancy reduces the immune

status of individuals as well as is more difficult to treat, because the parasites tend to hide in the

placenta, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. Therefore, the patient must be monitored closely

to recognize, prevent and treat complications.

Malaria’s cost to human and social well-being is enormous. Several costly medications are

available to prevent malaria in different areas where the disease is common. Malaria is treated with

anti-malarial medications such as chloroquine, doxycycline, amodiaquine, lumefantrine,

mefloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine ( Table-1). Now drug resistance posses a growing

problem in 21st-century against all classes of anti-malarial drugs apart from artemisinins such as

chloroquine resistant (reported in north Africa, the middle east, rural areas of Mexico, central

America, north and west of the panama canal), pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine resistance ( reported in

south east Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Amazon basin, many countries in Africa south of the

Sahara and Oceania), mefloquine resistance (reported in south east Asia especially in Thailand,

parts of Africa and south America, the middle east, and Oceania), quinine resistance (reported in

south east Asia, parts of Africa, Brazil and Oceania), halofantrine resistance (reported in Thailand).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medications

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_prophylaxis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimalarial_medication

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycycline

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amodiaquine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumefantrine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin



But, the cost of artemisinins limits their use in the developing world. Therefore, prevention of

malaria may be more cost-effective than its treatment [4].

WHO has prioritized four main strategies for malaria control worldwide, which were endorsed by

the global malaria conference for health ministers, held in Amsterdam in 1992 i) provision of early

diagnosis and prompt treatment, ii) planning and implementation of selective and sustainable

prevention measures including vector control, iii) early detection, containment and prevention of

epidemics iv) strengthening of local capacities in basic and applied research, for regular assessment

of the malaria situation within countries. The United Nations agencies WHO, UNICEF and UNDP,

together with the World Bank, on 30 October 1998, launched the roll back malaria (RBM)

initiative, as a bold new effort to mobilize global partnerships including governments, donors, non-

governmental organizations (NGOS) and communities, to effectively tackle the increasing global

problem of malaria. RBM aims at reducing overall mortality due to malaria by 50% by the year

2010. The RBM movement has now been accepted by many heads of state in Africa with the

assistance of the international community who have expressed strong commitment to intensify

malaria prevention and control [5], [6].

Now days, besides the use of medicine for treating malaria, personal protection is more preferable.

In malaria prevention and control, use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, mosquito coils, body

repellents and insecticide spraying has become a leading strategy. Another way of treating malaria

is use of traditional medicine without any side-effects. There are many traditional anti-malarial

drugs have been used to treat malaria for thousands of years. These anti-malarial plants contain

active constituents which are responsible for their medicinal properties such as artemisinin and

quinine derivatives. In order to develop a cost –effective treatment for the malaria, the development

and identification of safe and effective anti-malarial medicinal plants should be done. In this

review, we try our best to summarize the natural plant having anti-malarial activity.



Table- 1: Target for anti-malarial chemotherapy [7]

Target

location

Pathway /

mechanism

Target molecules Existing

compounds

Newer compounds

Cytosol Folate metabolism

Glycolysis

Protein synthesis

Glutathione

metabolism

Signal transduction

Unknown

Dihydrofolate reductase

Dihydropteroate synthase

Thymidylate synthase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Peptide deformylase

Heat-shock protein 90

Glutathione reductase

Protein kinases

Ca2+-ATPase

Pyrimethamie,

Proguanil, dapsone,

Sulphadoxine

Artemisinins

Chlorproguanil

5-fluoroorotate

Gossypol derivatives

Actinonin

Geldanamycin

Enzyme inhibitors

Oxindole

derivatives

Parasite

membrane

Phospholipid

Synthesis

Membrane

Transport

Choline transporter

Unique channels

Hexose transporter

Quinolines

G25

Dinucleoside dimers

Hexose derivatives

Food

Vacuole

Haempolymerizatin

Haemoglobin

hydrolysis

Free-radical

Haemozoin,

Plasmepsins,

Falcipains

Unknown

Chloroquine

Artemisinins

New quinolines

Protease inhibitors,

Protease inhibitors

New peroxides

Mitochondria Electron transport Cytochrome c

Oxidoreductase

Atovaquone

Apicoplast Protein synthesis

DNA synthesis

Transcription

Type II fatty acid

BIOSYNTHESIS

Isoprenoid

synthesis

Protein

farnesylation

Apicoplast Ribosome

DNA Gyrase

RNA Polymerase

FabH

FabI/PfENR

DOXP reductoisomerase

Farnesyl transferase

Tetracyclines,

clindamycin

Quinolones

Rifampin

Thiolactomycin

Triclosan

Fosmidomysin

Peptidomimetics

Extracellular Erythrocyte

Invasion

Subtilisin serine

Proteases

Protease inhibitors



SYMPTOMS [1], [8]

Generally, the symptoms of malaria develop within 10 days to four weeks following the infection.

In some people, these symptoms may not develop for several months because malarial parasites can

enter the body but will be dormant for long periods of time. Common symptoms of malaria include:

Shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe

High fever

Anorexia

Hepatomegaly: the liver may be slightly tender

Anemia

Jaundice: destruction of erythrocytes cause jaundice in malaria

Profuse sweating

Dehydration

Headache

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Anaemia

Muscle pain

Convulsions

Coma

Bloody stools

Yellow skin

Blood in urine

Life-threatening complications associated with malaria

An accumulation of fluid in the lungs that causes breathing problems, or pulmonary oedema

Organ failure of the kidneys, liver, or spleen

Swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, or cerebral malaria

Anaemia due to the destruction of red blood cells

Low blood sugar

HISTORY OF MALARIA

Malaria is the oldest and cumulatively the most virulent of the human infectious diseases, hastened

into very earliest human history. In 2700 BCE, NeiChing (Chinese Canon of Medicine) discussed

malaria symptoms and the relationship between fevers and enlarged spleens. Ebers Papyrus



mentions fevers, rigors, splenomegaly, and oil from Balantines tree as mosquito repellent in1550

BCE. Hippocrates in Egypt was the first to make connection between nearness of stagnant bodies of

water and occurrence of fevers in local population. And he described malarial symptoms also, such

as paroxysmal fever, shaking chills, sweating. Malaria was once known as ague, a term of Italian

origin (from the Latin acuta meaning sharp, as in an acute fever). Although malaria primarily

associated with tropical climates, but we can see that malaria was historically also present in non-

tropical climates, from Britain to the south-eastern United States. It is hypothecated that Alexander

the Great may have died of malaria in Babylonia.

The British Empire amplified into tropical regions of Africa, India and the Caribbean and has the

risk of exposure to malaria. As malaria was one of the most common, debilitating and so deadly

that West Africa earned the nickname “the white man’s grave”. The malarial fevers often resulted

in increased susceptibility to other diseases. Therefore, significantly to decrease the death rate of

populations, it was necessary to solve the puzzle of malaria. Spanish conquistadors and Jesuit

missionaries in South America entered the Amazonian jungles in search of indigenous peoples to

convert to Christian. Thus far, Cinchona spp., as well as Artemisia annua, was discovered for

Plasmodium treatment. In the 15th

century, the Spaniards Juan Fragoso and Nicolas Monardes,

wrote the first known record about cinchona as a malaria remedy. South American Indians had used

cinchona brews for fevers and other conditions, which called as “quinas”. In 1633 Calancha of

Lima (an Augustinian monk), wrote that a powder of quina, a Native American word meaning bark

“given as a beverage, cures the fevers and tertian”. By 1643, Jesuits import and distribute the

cinchona bark to the Europe. Therefore, in European medical literature this remedy earned the

name “Jesuit’s bark” in the British apothecaries.

In 17th

century, according to PC Garnham, an earthquake caused destruction in Loxain which make

many cinchona trees collapsed and fell into small lake or pond. Then water became very bitter as to

be almost undrinkable. Yet an Indian so thirsty with a violent fever quenched his thirst with this

cinchona bark contaminated water and was better in a day or two. Alternatively, Indians working in

mountain mines drank cinchona tea to stop shivering. In the late 17th century, the famed physician

Francesco Torti began using high doses of the powdered bark at the first signs of malarial fevers.

This eventually encouraged fellow physicians also to follow his protocol.

The German chemist Sertürner’s in 1805, isolated the morphine from opium poppy (Papaver

somniferum Papaveraceae). In 1820, Pelletier and Caventou (French chemist-pharmacists) isolated

quinine out of the 30 + alkaloids in cinchona. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (the military

surgeon) in 1880, observed the pigment in cyst-like bodies within red blood cells. And this made



him realize that these bodies were the parasite of the 4 species of malaria parasites that infect

humans Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum.

During World War II the United States military experimented with a mixture of cinchona alkaloids

named totaquine (containing 7 – 12% anhydrous quinine, and 70 – 80% of total anhydrous

crystallizable cinchona alkaloids). The military found that totaquine was as effective as quinine in

terminating acute attacks of malaria, but had a slightly higher rate of nausea and blurred vision.

However, they also found two alkaloids cinchonine and cinchonidine were less toxic than quinine.

A more recent study has done with a mixture of these three of the chinchona alkaloids, quinine,

quinidine, and cinchonine, showing a synergic effect against a culture of P. Falciparum. Today,

Studies with plants traditionally used for malaria treatment from various parts of the world as the

multi-drug resistance has become a leading obstacle to curing malaria and protecting against

infection.

MALARIA MOSQUITO LIFE [1]

In the world there are many different kinds of mosquitoes exist, but only female Anopheles

mosquitoes is responsible for passage of malaria parasites. The Anopheles mosquito can be

recognized by its upturning tail. The Anopheles mosquito needs blood to produce eggs. These eggs

are very small (2-5mm wide) and can be seen as small black spots on the surface of water. The

malaria mosquito chooses slow-flowing water to lay her eggs. After two or three days the eggs are

laid on the water, mosquito larva as come out of each egg. The larva feeds on microscopic

organisms and plants in the water. Then larva grows until it becomes a pupa. The pupa remains in

the water, but does not feed. A mosquito egg, larva or pupa does not have malaria parasites inside

it. After a few days the adult mosquito comes out of the pupa and flies away. After feeding, the

mosquito usually rests on a nearby surface before it flies away. Then it laid eggs and the cycle starts

all over again. It takes 7-14 days for a mosquito to grow from an egg to an adult mosquito. If adult

mosquitoes have bitten someone who has malaria, then they may have malaria parasites in their

bodies. The average lifespan of the mosquito is roughly the same as the time taken for the parasite

to go through its growth and development. The survival of the parasite depends upon the weather.

Once the average temperature drops below a certain point, the mosquito tends to die before it can

transmit malaria.

RECOGNIZATION OF MALARIA [1],[2]

It is difficult to judge a sickness is caused by malaria or some other disease, because the features

may be similar. For the enquiry ask the patient, whether there has been any fever at any time during

the past 2-3 days. Patients who have had fever during the last 2-3 days may have malaria. In this



case, ask and then look for danger signs such as changes in behaviour (convulsions (fits);

unconsciousness; sleepiness; confusion; inability to walk, sit, speak or recognize relatives),

repeated vomiting; inability to retain oral medication; inability to eat or to drink, passage of small

quantities of urine or no urine, or passage of dark urine, severe diarrhoea, unexplained heavy

bleeding from nose, gums, or other sites, high fever (above 39 degrees centigrade), severe

dehydration (loose skin and sunken eyes), anaemia (look at the patient’s facial colour and hands –

the palms of a patient with anaemia do not have the redness of a healthy person’s palms),

yellowness of the eyes.

LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA [1]

The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts: human and female Anapheles mosquitoes. There

are four main species of malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, ovale and

malariae. Plasmodium falciparum causes the severest type of malaria, and the other three species

cause less severe symptoms. Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected, female

Anopheles mosquito through blood transfusion. Whenever a mosquito bites a person, it sucks up

blood. If the person has malaria then some of the parasites transmitted into the mosquito. After 10-

14 days, malaria parasites are found in mosquitoes’ salivary glands. Then, the parasites multiply

and develop in the mosquito and after they are mature and ready to passed on to someone else.

Now, when the mosquito bites a healthy person, then the malaria parasites enter the body of the

healthy person. The parasites are transported in the victim's liver by bloodstream. In the liver

malaria parasite multiply and then re-enter the bloodstream. The malaria parasites destroyed the red

blood cells as well as infecting new cells. The victim will become ill with malaria and symptoms

appearing from about a week to several months after infection.



When malaria infected female anopheles mosquito bites a human host, it inoculates sporozoites into

the human blood stream of malaria’s next victim. The sporozoites are rapidly taken up by the liver

cells and mature into schizonts (the multinucleate stage of the cell during asexual reproduction)

which rupture and release merozoites. This stage is known as exo-erythrocytic schizogony cycle.

The released merozoites rapidly invade the red blood cells replicate asexually and destroying each

red blood cell they infect, leading to the clinical symptoms of malaria. Within 48 to 72 hours, the

parasites inside the red blood cells multiply, causing the infected cells to burst open. The ring stage

trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites. This stage is known as

erythrocytes. Some of the ring stage trophozoites become mature trophozoites, which further

differentiate into sexual stages (gametocytes). The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and

female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal. It is these

gametocytes that cause the cycle of transmission to continue back to the mosquito. The parasites’

multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle. In this cycle the microgametes

penetrate the macrogametes generating diploid zygotes in the mosquito's stomach. The diploid

zygotes in turn become motile and elongated ookinetes. These ookinetes migrate to the midgut of

the insect, pass through the gut wall and form the oocysts. The oocysts grow, rupture, and release



sporozoites, which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites

into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle.

PLANTS HAVING ANT-MALARIAL ACTIVITY

The following plants are documented for their anti-malarial activity.

Table- 2: Medicinal plants having anti-malarial activity [9-40]

Sr. No. Botanical name Common name Part used

1. Acacia albida Apple Ring Acacia Bark

2. Acacia nilotica Babul Root, Bark, Seed

3. Acacia sieberiana Paperbark Thorn Root

4. Acanthospermum hispidum Starbur Roots, Leaf

5. Adansonia digitata Monkey Bread Bark

6. Albizia amara Bitter Albizia Fruit

7. Albizia zygia Lakpokpo Bark

8. Alchornea laxiflora Murunda-malofha Leaf, Root

9. Alchorneacordifolia Christmas Bush Leaf

10. Allium cepa Onions Bulb

11. Allium sativum Garlic Bulb

12. Aloe vera Aloe, Kumari Leaf

13. Anacardium occidentale Cashew Leaf, Stem

14. Ananas comosus Pineapple Bark

15. Annona muricata Soursop Fruit, Leaf

16. Annona senegalensis Custard-Apple Leaf

17. Anogeissus leiocarpus African Birch Leaf, Bark, Stem

18. Arachis hypogeal Peanut Seed

19. Aradirachta indica Sunsugree Leaf

20. Artemisia maeiverae Pasture Sage Whole Plant

21. Asparagus racemosus Shatavri Leaf

22. Asparagus remota Satavar Leaf

23. Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf, Stem, Bark, Root,

Fruit

24. Balanites aegyptiaca Desert Date Bark

25. Bauhinia strychnifolia White orchid tree Leaf



26. Boswellia dalzielii Boswellia Bark

27. Bothriocline longipes Ekyoganyanja Leaf

28. Brassica Nigra Black mustard Seeds

29. Caesalpinia bonducella Grey nicker Root

30. Cajanus cajan Pigeon Pea Leaf

31. Capsicum frutescens Chili Pepper Fruit

32. Carica papaya Papaya Leaf, Fruit

33. Carissa edulis Akamba Root

34. Carpobrotus edulis Ice- plant Root

35. Cassia occidentalis Senna Leaf

36. Cassia sieberiana Nansaalesunsugree Leaf

37. Chenopodium ambrosio¨ıdes Goosefoot Leaf

38. Chenopodium opulifolium Seaport Goosefoot Leaf

39. Chrysanthellum americanum Wild Daisy Whole Plant

40. Cissampelos pareira Velvet Leaf Bark

41. Citrus aurantifolia Lime Leaf, Fruit

42. Citrus limonum Lemon Fruits, Leaf

43. Citrus sinensis Sweet Orange Leaf

44. Cleome viscosa Dog mustard Whole plant

45. Clerodendrum myricoides Bagflower Leaf

46. Clerodendrum rotundifolium Glorybower Leaf, Root

47. Clutia abbysinica Groot-bliksembos Root

48. Cochlospermumtinctorium Gbalenbili Roots

49. Coffea canephora Robusta Coffee Leaf

50. Combretum molle Mubondo Leaf

51. Combretumghasalense Bushwillows Leaf

52. Conyza sp. Horseweed Leaf, Bark

53. Conyza sumatrensis Fleabane Leaf

54. Corchorus olitorius Nalta Jute Seed

55. Cymbopogon citrates Lemon Grass Leaf

56. Dalbergia nitidula Pea Leaf, Root, Bark

57. Diospyros mesiliformis Ebony Tree Stem, Bark



58. Erlangea cordifolia (oliv.)

S.moore

Roquette Leaf, Root

59. Erythrina schliebenii Sassywood Bark

60. Erythrophleum suaveolens Ordeal Tree Leaf, Root

61. Eucalyptus globu Eucalyptus Leaf, Bark

62. Ficus platyphylla Gutta Percha Leaf, Barks

63. Ficus polita Wild Rubber Tree Leaf, Barks

64. Ficus thonningii Blume Strangler fig Leaf

65. Flueggea virosa Bushweed Root

66. Fuerstia africana Birirwo Whole plant

67. Gnidia kraussiana Yellow-Heads Leaf

68. Gossypium arboreum Tree Cotton Leaf

69. Guiera senegalensis Moshi Medicine Leaf

70. Gynostemma pentaphyllums Miracle grass Leaf

71. Haemastotaphis barteri Tursujee Ripe Fruits, Leaf

72. Harrisonia abyssinica Msamburini Leaf

73. Hibiscus cannabinus Kenaf Leaf

74. Hibiscus sabdariffa Roselle Flowers

75. Himatanthus articulatus Vahl Stem, bark

76. Holarrhena pubescens Kurchi Roots

77. Hoslundiaopposita Nyegimaalee Leaf

78. Hyptis spicigera Marubio Whole Plant

79. Jatropha curcas Barbados Nut Leaf,Seed

80. Kalancho¨e densiflora Flaming Katy Leaf

81. Kalanchoe pinnata lam Kataka-Taka Leaf

82. Khaya senegalensis Koke Leaf, Fruit, Root, Stem,

Bark

83. Lanea acida Atina Bateri Stem, Bark

84. Lannea discolour Bakhout Bark And Root

85. Lanneaacida Bembé Leaf

86. Lantana camara Yellow Sage Leaf

87. Lantana trifolia Shrub Verbena Leaf, Root



88. Leonotis nepetifolia Lion's Ear, Bara

Guma

Leaf

89. Leptadenia hastate Pers Root

90. Lippiaadoensis Koseret Leaf

91. Lophira alata Red ironwood Tree Leaf

92. Maesa lanceolata forssk Omuhanga Leaf, Bark

93. Magifera indica Mango Leaf, Stem, Bark

94. Markhamia tomentosa Balanta Leaf

95. Melia azedarach Chinaberry Leaf

96. Microglossa pyrifolia Kuntze Leaf

97. Mitragynainermis Dondoleeyeelee Leaf, Twig

98. Momordica foetida Karela Leaf

99. Morinda lucida Brimstone Tree Root

100. Moringa oleifera Drumstick Tree Leaf

101. Musa sapientum Banana Leaf

102. Musa sinensis Banana Leaf, Root

103. Nicotiana tabaccum l. Tobacco Leaf

104. Ocimum basilicum Sweet Basil Leaf

105. Ocimum gratissimum Clove Basil Leaf

106. Parkia biglobosa Locust Bean Root

107. Paulina pinnata Naahoonyeko Biri Leaf

108. Pennisetum glaucum Pearl Millet Roots, Seed

109. Pentas lanceolata Egyptian Star cluster Whole plant

110. Persea Americana Avocado Leaf

111. Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Gale of wind Whole plant

112. Piliostigma thonningii Camel's Foot Tree Bark

113. Plectranthus forskahlii wild Coleus Leaf

114. Polyalthia longifolia Fir tree Leaf

115. Prosopis africana Iron Tree Leaf, Stem, Bark

116. Pseudarthria hookeri Bug Catcher Leaf, Root

117. Psidium gujava Guava Bark, Leaf

118. Pterocarpus erinaceus Barwood Root



119. Ricinus communis Castorbean Fruit

120. Sclerocarya birrea Marula Bark

121. Securida longepedonculata Violet Tree Root

122. Senna dybomotrya Candelabra Tree Leaf

123. Senna occidentalis Coffee Seena Leaf

124. Senna tora Senna Seed

125. Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii

Schinz

Schin Whole plant

126. Sida rhombifolia Cuban Jute Leaf

127. Sidaacuta Bedawsaalong Leaf

128. Sorghum bicolour Jowari Root

129. Strychnosinnocua Yual Potiga Leaf

130. Talinum portulacifolium Flameflower Leaf

131. Tamarindusindica Tamarind Leaf, Stem, Bark

132. Theobroma cacao Cacao tree Leaf

133. Toddalia asiatica lam. Orange Climber Leaf, Root

134. Trichilia heudelotii Jasui Stem, bark

135. Tridax procumbens Coatbuttons Whole plant

136. Trimeria bakeri gilg Omwatanshare Roots

137. Vangueria infausta Wild Medlar Root, Leaf

138. Vernonia amygdalina Bitter Leaf Whole Plant

139. Vernonia lasiopus Onugbu Leaf, Root

140. Voandzei subterranean Bambara-Bean Seed

141. Ximenia americana Sea lemon Whole plant

142. Zanthoxylum chalybeum Mjafari Leaf

143. Zea mays Corn Flower

144. Zingiber officinale roscoe Ginger Root

145. Ziziphus abyssinica Catch Thorn Bark, Leaf

146. Ziziphus mauritiana Chinkee Apple Root

147. Satyrium princeae California Buckwheat Leaf

148. Leucas calostachys Oliv Leaf



CONCLUSION

In the era of 21st

century the use of traditional medicines is still on the rise because of cost-effective,

safe and natural treatment. Therefore, herbal medicine can be a potential source for the

development of new anti-malarial drugs also. The different species of above mentioned medicinal

plants can be studied further for the anti-malarial activity. The active principle constituents

responsible for the anti-malarial activity present in these plants should be studied in order to spread

the results of this work at the national as well at the international level. There are a number of

unidentified plants in the world that can be used as a source of remedy for malaria. Thus, the

involvement of scientific community and governments is very important for the further

development of these anti-malarial plants which are effective against malaria.

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Documents

A REVIEW ON PLANTS HAVING ANTI-MALARIAL ACTIVITY