Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity

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UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol. 4(1), 82-120, 2016 REVIEW ARTICLE

Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic

Activi ty

Preeti Sen, Kamlesh Sahu, Pushpa Prasad*, Shashikant Chandrakar, Ram Kumar Sahu, Amit Roy

Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur- 493111 Chhatisgarh, India

Art icl e Informat ion

Received 17 Nov 2015

Received in revised form 12 Jan 2016

Accepted 15 Jan 2016

Abs trac t

Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in

almost every age group. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high

blood glucose level. When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not able to insulin

effectively or both leading to diabetes. Presently herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of

diabetes in worldwide. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar

lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its

complications. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian

plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their

antidiabetic activity.

Keywords:

Diabetes mellitus

Phytoconstituents,Blood glucose,

Insulin.

Corresponding Author:

E-mail: [email protected].: 09907105687

1 Introduction

Diabetes is characterized in people having high blood glucose called

high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. It is one of the common

metabolic disorders, according to current survey on diabetes about

2.8% of the population suffers from diabetes throughout the world

and it may cross 5.4% by the year 2025. In India, the prevalence rate

of diabetes is estimated to be 1-5%1-3

.

It was first perceived as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and

excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Blood glucose levels are

controlled by hormone insulin provoked by the pancreas. Insulin

lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates,

insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose

level.4,5

When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not

able to insulin effectively or both leading to diabetes. Consequently,

if diabetes is not controlled commencing in acute or chronic

complication like ketoacidosis, microangiopathy, specialy eyes,

kidney, nerve, heart, blood vessals, failure of various organs,

dysfunctions, etc.6

Diabetes mellitus may present with classical characteristic features

such as blurring of vision, excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive

feeding (polyphagia) excessive urination (polyuria), and weight loss.

In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis may develop leading to stupor,

coma and, in absence of effective treatment it causes death.7

Mostly

diabetes are two types namely Type I (Insulin dependent diabetes)

and Type II (Non-insulin dependent diabetes) diabetes. The

pathogensis of Type I and Type II diabetes are illustrated in Fig 1

and Fig 2, respectively8.

2 Herbal drugs

Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in

Ayurveda. The numerous medicinal plants are reported for its

antidiabetes activity. The therapeutic activity of the medicinal plants

depends upon the nature of phytoconstituents present in the plants.

WHO estimates that 80% of the world populations currently use

herbal drugs for major healthcare9-21

. WHO has listed 21,000 plants,

which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. Among

these 2500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are used

commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of

medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world.

Herbal products beneficial agents in antimicrobial, antidiabetic,

antifertility, antiageing, antiarthritic, sedative, antidepressant,

antianxiety, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV,

vasodilatory, hepatoprotective, treatment of cirrhosis, asthma, acne,

impotence, menopause, migraine, gall stones, chronic fatigue,

alzheimers disease and memory enhancing activities22,23

.

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Available at www.ukjpb.comISSN: 2347-9442


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Senet al.Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity

UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 83

Defective insulin secretion

Fig 1: Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes

Fig 2: Pathogenesis of Type II diabetes

Insulin resistance

Environmental insultGenetic predisposition

Multifactorial and polygenic

Type II diabetes

Hyperglycaemia

-Due to insulin resistance

-Amyloid induced damage

Syndromes with sever insulin

reistance (syndrome X,PCOD)

Abdominal obesity

-Due to insulin resistance

-Amyloid induced damage

Genetic predisposition Environmental insult

HLA DR3/DR4 individuals high risk Damage of cells by viral infection or molecular

Insulitis Immune responce against

cells (normal/damaged)

cells destruction

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune attack


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The use of herbal drugs in the correct way provides effective and

safe treatment for many diseases. The efficiency of the herbal drugs

is typically subjective to the patient. The strength of the herbal drugs

varies based on the genetic distinction, growing conditions, timing

and method of harvesting, revelation of the herbs to air, light and

dampness, and type of conservation of the herbs. These raw material

are further processed and prepare methods of preparation may differ

because of the nature of the plants active chemical constituents likepowder, decoction, hydroalcoholic tincture and fluid extracts

24-29.

Diabetes is becoming the third killer of the health of mankind

because of its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. The present

century has progressed diverted towards naturopathy. This play an

important role in treatment or management of lifelong prolonging

diseases like diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus alone is

accompanied with several other diseases infecting healthy

individuals. The treatment of each of such disease can be done by

exploiting the herbal integrity of India13,14

. Plants have always been a

very good source of drug and many of the currently available drugs

have been derived directly or indirectly form them. India is the largest

producer of medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the

world15

.

The ethnobotanical information reports about 1000 plants that may

possess antidiabetic potential among namely Combretum

micranthum, Elephantopus scaber, Gymnema sylvestre, Liriope

spicata, Parinari excelsa, Ricinus communis, Sarcopoterium

spinosum, Smallanthus sonchifolius, Swertia punicea, Vernonia

anthelmintica etc. Some of the important anti-diabetic potential

herbal plants source and their active principles are given in the table

1..

Wide arrays of plant derived active principles representing

different type of biological activity, among these alkaloids,

glycosides, galactomannan gun, polysaccharides, peptidoglycans,

hypoglycans, guanidine, steroids, carbohydrates, glycopeptides,

terpenoids, amino acids and inorganic ions have demonstrated

activity including treatment of diabetes.

The current review is focus on use of herbal drug for the treatment of

diabetic mellitus. List of the medicinal plants producing antidiabetic

potential according to the different part used and mode of action are

presented in tables 130-101

.

3 Conclusions

This review discussed selective herbal plants and showed that they

have antidiabetic activity. The medicinal plants produce antidiabetic

activity due to presence of tannin, saponins, alkaloid, glycoside,

polyphenol and flavonoids etc. It assists the researchers to

understand mechanism of action, structure and potential antidiabetic

activities of scientific evaluated plants.

4 Competing interest

Author claims no competing interests.

5 Authors contributions

PS, KS and PP carried out literature review and draft the manuscript.

SC, RKS and AR participated in collection of data. All authors read

and approved the final manuscript.

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amygdalina in an experimental rabbit model. Phytother.

Res. 1992; 6(3): 171173.

241. Sy GY, Ciss A, Nongonierma RB, Sarr M, Mbodj NA, Faye

B. Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activity of the acetonic

extract of Vernonia colorata leaves in normoglycaemic and

alloxan induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2005;

98(1): 171175.



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Pharm Sci Res. 2010; 1(1): 29-46.

243. Meenakshi P, Bhuvaneshwari R, Rathi MA, Thiruoorthi L,

Guravaiah DC, Jiji MJ. Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic

extract of Zaleya decandra in alloxan- induced diabetic

rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010; 162(4): 1153-1159.

244. Abdl- zaher Ao, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel- Hady RH.

Teucrium polium antidiabetic activity and toxicity of

Zizyphus spina Christi leaves. J Ethnopharmocolgy.

2005; 101(1-3): 129-138.

245. Kato A, Higuchi Y, Goto H, Kizu H, Okamoto T, Asano N.

Inhibitory effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe derived

components on aldose reductase activity In-vitro and I n-

vivo. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54(18): 6640- 6644.

246. Singh K, Verma B. Role of Ayurvedic Herbs on

Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus). International Journal of

Ayurvedic & Herbal Medicine. 2013; 3(2): 1136-1144.

247. Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady RH.

Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spinachristi

leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 101(1): 129-138.

248. Osadebe PO, Odoh EU, Uzor PF. The search for new

hypoglycemic agent from plants. African journal of

pharmacy and pharmacology. 2011; 8: 292-303.


14/39



Table 1: Medicinal plants reported antidiabetic activity along with active constituents and mechanism of action

Medicinal

plantsFamily Parts used Active consti tuents

Mechanism of action

(MOA)

Structure of chemical

constituentRef

Acacia Arabica

Rubiaceae Seeds FlavonoidInsulin secretagogue

activity

OHO

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,30,31,32

3,34

Abelmoschus

moschatus

Malvaceae

Whole plant,

Aerial part of

plant

Ambrettolide,

essential oils,

myricetin (3,5,7-

trihydroxy

phenyl)chromen-4-

one.

Increasing the ability of

adipocytes & to uptale

glucose

OHO

OOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

35,248

Achinochloa spp.

Poaceae SeedsSugars, volatile oils,

rare alkaloids

Changes in hexokinase

activity CCCC

OC

CH2OH

HH

OH

OH

H

H

OH

OH

H

36

Aconitum

carmichaelic

Ranuculaceae Roots Diterpenoid, alkaloids

Increase the

permeability of the

membrane for sodium

ion

CH3

H

H

H

O

H

O

H

O

OH

CH3

37,38

Aconitum

carmichaeli

Ranuculaceae Roots Glycan A,B,C,DStimulation of in vitro

insulin secretion

OHO

HO

HOOH

O

HO O

OH

O

O

HO

OH

NHAc

OO

HO NHAc N

A

OH

O

HO

HO

HO

OHO

39,40,41

Adansonnia

digitata

Bombacaeae Stem bark

Glycosides,

alkaloids,

semigossypal

MOA not availableN

ON R2

R1

42

Abroma

augustumMalvaceae Roots

Abromine, its

hydrochloride and

phytosterol

Lowering blood sugarH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H

H

HO

42

Abies pindrow Pinaceae Root,LeafD-pinitol (3-o-mehtyl-

chiroinositol)

Insulin secretogouge

activityOH

CH3

H2CO

HO

CH3

6

5

1

4

2

3

OH

43

Adhtoda vasica

(justice

aadhtoda)

Acanthaceae leaves

Pegain-type alkaloid

volatile oil, vasicine,

vasicinone,v asicinol

MOA not availableN

N

CH2

OH

42


15/39



Allium

cepa(Onion)Liliaceae

Bulbs(oil),

stems, tops

5-methy cysteine

sulfoxide (SMCE),

Diphenylamine,

Onion,

Sulphide

Lowering blood

glucose level,

Regulation of the

enzyme

hexokinase/glucokinas

e

CH3

S O

H2C

CH COOHH2N

44,45,46,47

Allium sativum Alliaceae Bulbs, cloves

Allyl propyl

Disulphide,allicin,5-

allyl

cysteine(SACE),Allici

n(diallyl thiosulfinate)

Antihyperglycemic and

antinociceptive effectCH2

S

S

CH2

O

48,49,50,51

2,53,54

Aloe vera (ab

ghiakwar)

Liliaceae leaves

Pentosidesbarbaloin,i

sobarbaloin,aloin,Lop

henol(phytosterols),24

-methyene-cycloartanol

Maintain glucose

homeostasis,

Stimulates insulin

release from pancreatic

-cells

O

HO O OH

O

HO

OH

OH

HO

55,56,57,58

9,60

Aloe

Barbadensis

Liliaceae leavesArboranA,ArboarnB,

Aloesin

Stimulating synthesis

and/or release of

insulin

OCH3 OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

CH3

61,62,63,64

Althaea

officinalis

MalvaceaeLeaves, whole

plantsMucilage MOA not available

N

H

COOH

COOH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

42

Ajuga spp.

Labiatae Stem & rootsDiterpenoid,ajugalact

oneMOA not available

O

OH

OHH

CH3

O

CH3

CH3

O

O

OHH

OH

O

CH3

36,248

Allium spp.

Liliaceae

Onion & Garlic

cloves

Allicin, allylpropyl

disulphide & alliin

Stimulating effect on

glucose,

Utilaization and

antioxidant enzyme

CH2

S+ O

O

O- NH2

36

Althaea spp.

Malvaceae Stem & roots

Isoquercitrin,

glycosides

MOA not available O

OH

OH

O

OOH

O

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

42


16/39


17/39



Areca catechu Arecaceae Seed Arecaine & arecoline MOA not available

N

OH

CH3

O

73

Artemisia pallens AseraceaeLeaves &

flowersGermacranolide

Increased plasma

insulin lavel

Hypoglycemic,

increases peripheral

glucose utilization or

inhibits glucose

reabsorption

O

OH

O

O

74

Azadirachta

indica

Meliaceae Leaves &seeds Azadirachtin & nimbin

Glycogenolytic effect

due to epinephrine

action was blocked Aco

O

CH3

CH3

O

CO2Me

O

H

O OH

CO2ME

OH

O

me

O

me

O

O+O

+O

OH

75,76,77,78

9,80,81,82,

,84

Bamusa

arundinacea

Gramineae Leaves & stemDimethoxybenzoquino

ne, allantoinMOA not available

NH

NH

O

O

NH NH2

O

36

Barleria lupulina Acanthaceae Aerial part

Alkaloids,tannins

Diterpinoids,cyanogen

etic compound,

saponin

MOA not available OHOO

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

42

Berberis

aristata(DARHAL

D)

Berberidaceae Stem bark root

Berberine, palmitine

jatrorrhizine

columbamine

MOA not availableCH3

O

42

Bhighia sapida

SapindaceaeUnripe fruits &

seedsHypogylcin A& C MOA not available

CH2

O

OH

NH2

42

Bhighia sapida

SapindaceaeAkee apple

seedsHypogylcin A& B MOA not available

OH

CH2

NH2

O

36

Bacooa monnieri ScrophulariaceaeAerial parts,

leaf

Hersaponin,

bacoside A

MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

85,86

Balanites

aegyptiacaZygophyllaceae

Mespcarp of

fruit

Pure saponin,

steroidal saponinsMOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

87


18/39



Bauhinia

candicans

Fabaceae LeafTrigonelline,kaempfer

ol dirhamnoside

Reduce plasma

glucose level

N+

CH3

OH

O

88,248

Bauhinia

purpureaFabaceae Leaf

Flavonoid containing

fractionMOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,89

Bauhinia

variegate

Caesalpiniaceae &

FabaceaeBark, leaves

Flavonoids

,RoseosideMOA not available

O

OH

OH OH

OH

O

CH3

CH3CH3

OCH3

OH

90

Beta vulgaris Amaranthaceae Root

Phenolics

,betacyanins

Lower blood glucose

level by regeneration of-cells

C

H

H

C HH

H

CH3

OH

C HH

H

C

H

H

C HH

CH3

C

H

H

OH

91,92

Berberis vulgaris Berberideceae Root bark Saponins MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

93

Bidens pilosa AsteraceaeWhole plant,

leafcytopiloyne MOA not available

CH3O

OH

94

Bombax ceiba BombacaceaeFruit, heart

wood, leaf

C-flavonol, glycoside

shaimiminMOA not available

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OH

O

OHOH

OH

OH

95

Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Gum resin Oleo-gum, resin MOA not available

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 H

HH

OH

O

OH

CH3

CH3

89

Bougainvillea

spectabilis

Rubiaceae &

nyctaginaceaeSeeds

Alcohol, pinitol, D-

pinitol (3-o-methyl

chiroinositol)

Increase glucose

uptakeOH

CH3

H2CO

HO

CH3

6

5

1

4

2

3

OH

36,89

Bryonia alba

Cucurbitaceae RootTrihydroxyoctadecadi-

enoic acids

Metabolic changes

induced in diabetic

O

OH

O

OH

O

O OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

96,97


19/39


20/39


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 101

Cluytia

richardiana

Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Saudin (diterpenoid) MOA not available

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3H O

CH3

42

Ceiba pentandra

Malvaceae Roots ,leaves Saponins,tannins MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Centratherum

anthelminticum

Asteraceae Seed Alkaloids MOA not available

N

ON R2

R1

36

Clerodendron

phlomoides

Verbenaceae Whole plant Valeporiates MOA not available

R1

CH3

R2

CH3

36

Camellia

sinensisTheaceae Leaves Caffeine & catechins

Increase insulin activity

and prevent oxidative

damage,

Responsible for the

hypoglycemic activity

C

C

C

N

N

C

N

C

CH3

O

CH3

O CH3

106,107

Capparis

deciduasCapparidaceae Fruit

Spermidine,

Isocodono carpine

Hypoglycaemic,

hypolipideamic NH2 N NH

H

108

Cinnamomum

zeylanicumLauraceae Bark

Cinnamaldehyde,

eugenolMOA not available

CH

109,110,11

112,113

Combretum

micronthumCombretaceae Leaves Polyphenols MOA not available

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

114,115,11

117,118

Camellia

sinensisTheaceae Leaf

Epigallocatechin 3-

gallate

Increases insulin

secretion

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

119,120


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Cajanus cajan FabaceaeLeaves, seed,

fruit

Arginine, ascorbic

acid

Lowering plasma

glucose level

NH

NH

NH2 O

OH

NH2

121,122

Caesalpinia

ferreaCaesalpinaceae Fruit

Ellagic acid

(EA),2 (2,3,6-

trihydroxy-4carboxy

pheny)

ellagic acid (TEA)

MOA not available

O

O O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

89

Caesalpinia

digyna

Fabaceae Root Bergenin MOA not available

O

O

O

CH3

OH

O

OHH

OH

OH

CH3

OH

89

Caesalpinia

bonducellaCaesalpiniaceae Seed Caesalpin F MOA not available

O

O

CH3 O

O

89

Caesalpinia

BonducCaesalpiniaceae Seed, kernel Caesalpinianone MOA not available - 89

Coccinia spp.

CucurbitaceaeCoccinia

root/Tvy gourd

Cucurbitacins

(triterpenoid),

-elaterin

Stimulation of glycogen

synthatase activityOH

O

MeMe

Me

H H

OMe

OH

Me O

MeOH

Me

OH

Me

H

36

Coptis chinensis

Ranunculaceae Whole plantRanunculin glycoside,

isoquinolin alkaloidMOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

OH

36

Corchorous

olitoris

Tiliaceae Jute leave cardiac glycoside MOA not available10

5

1

4

2

3

8

7

9

6

13

14

12

1117

16

15

OH

CH3

CH3R

OH

36

Cucumis sativus

Cucurbitaceae Cucumber fruit

Cucurbitacins

(terpenoids),

-elaterin

MOA not available OH

O

MeMe

Me

H H

OMe

OH

Me O

MeOH

Me

OH

Me

H

36

Cuminus

cyminus

Ambelifereae Cumin seed -Pinene, -terpinol MOA not available

CH3

CH3

123


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Curcumo

domestica

valeton

Zingiberaceae Leaf

Curcumin, -

pinene,camphene,

eugenol, -sitesterol

MOA not available

OH

OCH3

O O

O

O

C

124

Cuscuta reflexa

roxb

Convolvuraceae Stem

Flavonoid,dulcitol,

bergenin, loumerins

glycoside, lactone

MOA not available OHO

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,124

Cryptostegia

grandiflora

Asclepialaceae Arial part Triterpene alkaloids MOA not available

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

42

Cuminum nigrum

(zira siyah)

Umbeliferae Flower, seeds Volatile oil MOA not available - 125,126

Cyamposis

tetragonolobus

Leguminasae Fruit seeds Gaur gum MOA not availableO

CH2OH

H

OH

H

H OH

H

O

H

OH

CH2

H

O

CH3 H

OH

H

OH H

O

OH

H

OH

H

OH

H

CH3

HOH2C

H

127

Cynodon

dactylon

Roaceae Whole plant

Mucilage, arabinose,

xylose, ,uronic acid

derivetives

MOA not available

NH

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

42

Daucus carota

linn.

Apiaceae Root

Carotenes,

carotenoids,glycoside, flavonoids,

suger quarternary

base

MOA not available

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3CH3 C3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

128

Dendrophthoe

memecylifolia

Loranthaceae Whole plantGlycoprotien,

Polypeptide lignansMOA not available NH2 C CNC C NC C N

C

H

R O

H

R

H

O

H

R

H

O

H H

C

R

C

O

36

Diflocyclos

palmatus

Cucurbitaceae FruitCucurbitacins

(terpenoids) -elaterinMOA not available OH

O

MeMe

Me

H H

OMe

OH

Me O

MeOH

Me

OH

Me

H

36

Dioscorrea spp. Dioscoreaceae Tubers Diosgenin MOA not available O

OH

CH3

H

H

H

CH3

CH3 O

CH3

36


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Dipteracanthus

prostrates

Acanthaceae Whole plantAlkaloid, terpenoid,

diterpenoid, saponinMOA not available

N

ON R2

R1

36

Discorea batelus

Discoraeceae Tubers Mucilage alkaloids MOA not available

NH

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

42

Dioscorea

Demetorum

Discoraeceae Tuber

Mucilage, saponin,

alkaloids discoretine,

dihydrodiscorine

To posses

hypoglycemic effect

NH

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

129,42,89

D.japonica Discoreaceae - Discorane A,B,C,D,E MOA not available

OHCOOH

CH3

NH

89

Echinops

echinatus

Asteraceae Roots

Isobutylamide,

steroidal

glycoalkaloids

MOA not available O

OH

H H

H

H

H

H

CH3H

36

Eleuthrococus

senticosus

AraliaceaeSiberian

ginseng

Saponins,

eleutharansMOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Ephedra

dislachya Ephedraceae

Stem & Roots

arial stem

Ephedrin, ephedrans

A,B,C,D,E MOA not available NH CH3

CH3

OH

130,131,13

Eucalyptus

globules

Myrtaceae Leaves Calytosides

Increase insulin

secretion from clonal

pancreatic beta line

(BRIN-BD 11)

- 133

Eriobotrya

japonica

Rosaceae LeavesMerolidol glycoside &

ursolic acidMOA not available

O

CH3CH3

H

CH3

H CH3

H

CH3

CH3

O

H

CH3

O

36

Euphorbia

prostrate

Euphorbiaceae Whole plantTriterpenoids,

eupohol, euphorbolMOA not available

OH

CH3CH3

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2

42

Embelica

officenalis garthEuphorbiaceae Fruit

Vitc (L-ascorbic acid)

polyphenol, ellagic

acid, galic acid

MOA not available

OH

OH

CO2H

OH

134


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tannins

Elephentopus

scarber

Asteraceae Whole plantTerpenoids, & 2,6,23-

Trienoloids

To reduce the blood

glucose level

O

CH3

OH

CH3 OH

O

OO

OH

CH3

OO

OHOH OH

OH

135

Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaf

Uniflorin A, uniflorin B

(+)-(3a,4a,5b)-L, 2-

methylpiperidine-

3,4,5-Triol

Regulation of the

enzyme


e

NH

OH

OH

HO

H

CH3

H

89

Erigenon

breviscapusCampositae Plant extract Scutellarin MOA not available

O

O OOH

OH

OH O

OH

OH O

OH

OH

89

Eriobotrya

japonicaRosaceae Leaf

Corosolic acid,

3-epicorosolic acid,

methyl ester,

2--hydroxy-3-

3oxours-12-en-28-oic

acid,

turmeric acid methyl

ester,

ursolic acid

MOA not availableOH

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3O

OH

CH3

CH3

OH

89

Enicotema

littorale

Gentianaceae Whole plantSwertiamerin, ophelic

acid, tannins,alkaloids

Decrease glucosylated

hb & glucose 6

phosphatesO

O

OHO

OH

OH

OH

H OH

O

CH3

136

Embelica

officinalis

Euphorbiaceae Fruit, seed, leaf

Polyphenols,

Flavonoids,

Kaempferol,ellagic

acid,gallic acid

MOA not availableOH

OH O

OH

OH

10,137,138

Eleusin coracana Poaceae Seed coat Polyphenols MOA not availableOOH

OH O

OH

OH

OH

89

Eichhornia

crassipesPontederiaceae Shoot rhizome

Terpenoids,

glycoside,

flavonoids,tannis,

alkaloids

MOA not available

N

N

N

CH3 O

CH3

OH

CH3

89


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Exostema

mexicanumRubaceae Stem bark

4-phenylcoumarins

glycoside, chlorogenic

acid,ursolic acid

MOA not available

O OOH

OH

89

Exotema

caribecumRubiaceae Stem bark

4-phenylcoumerins

glycosides,

chlorogenic acid,

ursolic acid

MOA not available

O OOH

OH

89

Eulipta alba AsteraceaeWhole plant,

leaf

Coumestane like

eudelolactone,

tesmethylecedelol

acetone,

furanocoumarins

oleanane, taraxastane

glycosides

Regulation of the

enzyme


eCH3

CH3H

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

H

H CH3

CH3CH3

139

Ficus

bengelensis

(Anjir jangli,

katumani)

Moraceae Root Bark, bark

Bengalinoside,Phytost

eroine flavonoids,

glycosides, glycosidal

fraction,

Leucopelphinidin &

leucopepargonin

Inhibit insulin

degradative process

CH3

OH

H

HCH3

CH3

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

140,141,14

143

F. glomerata

Mortaceae Bark Sitaosteryl glucoside MOA not availableO

OH

HOH2C

OH OH

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

42

Ficus spp.

Moraceae LeavesNerolidol glycoside &

ursolic acidMOA not available

OH

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3O

OH

CH3

CH3

OH

36

Foeniculum

valgare mill.

Apiaceae Fruit oil

Volatile oil,

fenchone,anethole,lim

onene, anisaldehyde,

estragole

MOA not available

CH3

CH3CH3

O

124

Fumeria

palviflora

Papaveraceae Whole plantSanguinarine,

alkaloidsMOA not available

NH

+O

O

O

O

CH3

42

Ficus erligiosa Moraceae Bark-sitosteryl-d-

glucosideMOA not available

O

OH

HOH2C

OH OH

O

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

89


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UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 108

Hamada

salicornica

Hamamelidaceae Whole plantHamamelitanin,

hamameloseMOA not available

O OH

OH

OH

OHOH

42

Humulus lupulus

Cannabinaceae Sterobiles Humulon & lupulon MOA not availableCH3

OH

CH3

CH3 OH OH

O

CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

42

Haldinia

cardifolia

RubaceaeStem & roots

bark

Indole,

oxindole,quinoline,

purine alkaloids

MOA not available

NH

36

Hippophae

rhamnoide

Elaeagnaceae Thorn plantIndole alkaloide ,

cyclitolsMOA not available

NH

36

Hordueme

valgare

Gramineae Barley sproutsVolatile oil,alkaloids,

saponin, terpenoidsMOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Hydrostis

Canadensis

BerberidaceaeGoldenseal

root

Hydrastine, berberin

& canadine alkaloidsMOA not available

N+

O

O

CH3OH

CH3OH

36

Hygrophila

auriculata

AcanthaceaeBerleria plant

root, seedSemidrying oil MOA not available

CH3CH3

CH3CH3

O

36

Hovenia dulcis Rhamnaceae Entire plant Flavonoids MOA not available OHO

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,89

Holostemma

adakodienAsclepiadaceae Root Flavonoids MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,89

Hintonia

standleyanaRubiaceae Leaf Phenylcoumarins MOA not available

O O

150

Hintonia laciflora Rubiaceae Leaf, rootNeoflavonoid,

coutareageninMOA not available

O O

89


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UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 109

Harpagophytum

procumbensPedalliaceae Root

Isovenillic acid-3

hydroxy-4-methoxy-

benzoic acid

MOA not available

OH

OO

CH3

OH

89

Hydnocarpus

wightianaAchariaceae Seed hulls

Acetyllbetulinic acid,

betulinic acid, ursolic

acid , acetyl ursolic

acid

MOA not available

O OOH

OH

89

Hypoxis

hemerocallideaHypoxidaceae Root tuber Hypoxoside MOA not available

OH

O C

C

H

C CH CH

H H

H

OH

O

151,152

Inula heleniam

CampositaeElecampnae

rootInulin MOA not available

O

HOH2C

H

H OH

OHOH

O

H

H

CH2

OHH

OHH

OH

HOH2C

H

36

Inula rocemosa

Asteraceae Root Volatile oilLower plasma insulin

and glucose level- 153

Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Root, leaf AN acidic glycoprotein

Reduced insulin

resistance & blood

glucose level

- 154

Juniperus

communis Cupressaceae Dried berries Isocrupressic acid

Increase peripheral

glucose consumption &induce insulin secretion

CH3H

O

OH

CH2CH

3

CH3

OH

89

Juglans regia

JuglandaceaeRoot, leaves,

unripe fruit

4-hydroxy -tetralone-

4-0--D-E6-0-

(3,4,5,trihydroxybenzo

il) glucopyranoside &

4 hydroxy- -telralone

MOA not available - 155

Kalopanax pictus

Araliaceae Stem bark Kalopanax, saponin A MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Kalanchoe

pinnata

Crossulaceae Leaf Bryophilin A MOA not available

O

OO

H

H

OH

H

OH

CH3

H

O

OCH3

O

36


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UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 110

Lantana camara Verbenacae Leaves

Lantanoside,

lantanone

MOA not available

OOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O O

O O

O O

O

O

CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

OH

H

H

O

OH

CH3

OCH3

CH3

H

156

Lagerstroemic

speciosa (jarul)

Lythraceae

Bark, root,

seed, leave &

ripe fruits

Alkaloids,nephthaquin

olone,lausone,gallotanins-

penta-o-galloyl-

glucopyranose (pgg)

MOA not available

OH

O

O

157

Lathyrus spp

Papilionoceae Whole plantBerberin, kaempferol,

quercetinMOA not available

OH

OH O

OH

OH

36

Launaea

nudicaulis

Composite Roots Glycoside MOA not available

O

OHH

CH3

H

H

R1

R2

CH3

O

OH

42

Lepidium

ruderaleCrucifarae Arial part Lepidine MOA not available

N

CH3

42

Leucena

leucocephala

Leguminosae Seed Mimosine MOA not available N

O

OH

CH2

CH

HOOC

NH2

42

Larrea tridentate Zygophyllaceae Leaf

Masoprocal

nordihydroguaiaretic

acid

MOA not availableCH3

CH3

OH

OH

OH

OH

89

Lithospermumery

throrhizon

Boraginaceae Whole plant

Caffeine, ferulic p-

coumarin

lithosperman A,B,C

MOA not available

C

C

C

N

N

C

N

C

CH3

O

CH3

O CH3

36

Lupines albus

Leguminosae Lupin seedLinolinic & palmitic

acid

Lower serum glucose

levelCH3

O

36

Documents

Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity