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ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSAP Psych, Myers – Ch. 7
“His was a great sin who first invented
consciousness. Let us lose it for a few
hours.”F. Scott Fitzgerald
CONSCIOUSNESS
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment (constantly processing information)
• Slow, sequenced• Limited capacity• Good at problem
solving
Conscious Processing
• Fast• Parallel tracks
simultaneously
Unconscious
Processing
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Consciousness is a continuum ranging from alertness to unconsciousness.
FREUD’S STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Conscious Perception, thoughts
Preconscious Memories, stored
knowledge Unconscious
Unavailable/hidden Repressed memories,
dangerous/sexual desires
Protection from anger, guilt, shame
SLEEP“I love sleep. My life has the tendency to fall apart when I’m awake, you know?”
- Ernest Hemingway
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
Periodic physiological fluctuations controlled by your “biological clock”
Circadian rhythm - regular bodily rhythms that occur in a 24-hour period
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM – FUN FACTS
Light processed by retina triggers brain to increase/decrease production of melatonin
Can be disrupted/reset by adjusting sleep schedule Jetlag, sleeping in late, etc
Artificial light delays sleep 25-hour circadian rhythm The 24 hr sleep cycle is a product of
industrialization and constant artificial light
SLEEP STAGES
Sleep - periodical, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
5 Stages (90 min cycles) 1 2 3 4 REM
Awake/relaxed Just before you fall asleep Alpha waves
STAGE 1
Slowed breathing, irregular brain waves (typical of unremembered moments)
Sleep talking can occur
Hallucinations – sensory experiences that occur without sensory stimuli feeling of free falling to
be awoken by a jerk
STAGE 2
20 minutes into sleep cycle Periodic appearance of sleep spindles (bursts
of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity)
STAGE 3
Lasts only several minutes
Begin to produce large delta waves – the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Hard to awaken
STAGE 4
Combined with stage 3 to last about 30 minutes
Delta waves – deep sleep
Hard to awaken At the end,
sleepwalking or bedwetting or night terrors may occur.
REM SLEEP
REM sleep – rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which dreams commonly occur
Occurs about an hour into sleep cycles
Ascend through stages 4, 3, 2.
Sharp, short brain waves – look like waves of stage 1
REM SLEEP
Heart rate and breathing rise Eyes dart around behind the lids Motor cortex is active, but blocks movement
messages – essentially paralyzed – paradoxical sleep
Gets longer throughout the night Easier to immediately slip into if awoken towards
the morning Hallucinatory dreams – vivid, story-like
SLEEP THEORIES
Protection evolutionary
Recuperation body and brain
Memory Shed unimportant info, strengthen important info
Growth Growth hormone – babies sleep more
AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? – TRUE OR FALSE
1. I need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time.
2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.3. Weekdays mornings I hit the snooze button several times to get
more sleep.4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week.5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering.6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being
creative.7. I often fall asleep watching TV.8. I often fall asleep after heavy meals.9. I often fall asleep within 5 minutes of getting in bed.10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.11. I often fall asleep in lectures or warm rooms.12. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.13. I often need a nap to get through my day.14. I have dark circles around my eyes.15. I often feel drowsy while driving.
3+ T’s = YOU NEED
MORE SLEEP!
SLEEP DEPRIVATION Depression Increase likelihood of accidents Decreased alertness Decreased concentration Irritability
SLEEP DISORDERS - NARCOLEPSY Uncontrollable sleep
attacks by falling into REM sleep at inappropriate times ~5 min 1 in 2,000 Brain malfunctions
Underproduction of neurotransmitters that signal alertness
Reticular formation Medication can help
SLEEP DISORDERS – SLEEP APNEA
Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings 1 in 20 Typically overweight men Irritability due to awakenings
Treatment - weight loss or mask that pumps air to keep airway open
SLEEP DISORDERS – NIGHT TERRORS
High arousal and an appearance of being terrified Stage 4, not REM (like nightmares) Intense fear, panic, and movement Mostly in children
Sleep Infographic
DREAMS“Dreaming is a phenomenon of purely individual consciousness, and consequently impossible to thoroughly deconstruct by a community of researchers. BUT dreaming matters.”
-Andrew Weil
DREAMS
Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts during REM sleep
Lucid dreaming – awareness of dreaming while dreaming
Modern theories: Information processing (to file away memories) To develop/preserve neural pathways. Activation synthesis theory (to make sense of
random neural static)
FREUD’S DREAM THEORY We dream to satisfy unconscious
wishes and desires Manifest content – the
remembered storyline of a dream Latent content – the underlying
meaning of a dream Unconscious drives and wishes that
would be threatening if expressed directly
Freud – dreams are the key to understanding the unconscious
Modern scientists – Unscientific, everyone can interpret dreams differently
HYPNOSIS
Complete the Attitudes on Hypnosis Questionnaire.Wait for instructions on how to calculate your score.1. Reverse the value given to statements 6,7,9,10,11,13,
and 14.2. Then add all values for the 14 questions.3. Scores can range from 14 to 98. 4. Higher scores reflect more positive attitudes toward
hypnosis.
Do you have past knowledge or a personal experience that influenced your answers in the questionnaire?
HYPNOSIS
A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur SNL Hypnotist
Power of hypnosis lies in the subject’s openness to suggestion
FAQ - HYPNOSIS
Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes – depends on suggestibility and belief Highly suggestible people usually have rich
imaginations/fantasies, often become engrossed in novels, movies, storylines
FAQ - HYPNOSIS
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events/memories? No – highly suggestible people can fall victim to
leading questions from hypnotist
FAQ - HYPNOSIS
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? Sort of – depends on the suggestibility of the
subject and the desire to conform to the “orders” of an authoritative figure
FAQ - HYPNOSIS
Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes – has alleviated headaches, skin disorders,
asthma No – does not help addictions to alcohol, drugs,
or tobacco Post hypnotic suggestion – suggestion made
during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
FAQ - HYPNOSIS
Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes – hypnotized patients in surgical experiments
were found to require less medication, recover sooner, and leave the hospital earlier than nonhypnotized patients
Inhibition of pain-related activity
FAQ - HYPNOSIS
Is Hypnosis an altered state of consciousness? Maybe…. 2 theories
YES NO
SYSK - Hypnosis