13.3: A Global Conflict

Dardanelles

The War becomes Global Ottoman Turks &

Bulgaria join

Central Powers

Japan,

Australia &

Italy join the

Allies

•Feb. 1915: The Gallipoli Campaign

•Allies attack Dardanelles

•Narrow sea strait in the Ottoman Empire

•Gateway to Constantinople

•Plan

•Take Constantinople

•Defeat the Turks

•Establish supply line to Russia

•Turned into another stalemate, due to trench

warfare

•Dec. 1915: Allies suffer about 250,000

casualties & evacuate

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#allies-

launch-disastrous-attack-at-gallipoli

North

America

South

America

Africa

Europe

Asia

Australia

India

Japa

n Southwest Asia

Atlantic

Ocean

Pacific

Ocean

New

Zealand In Southwest Asia, The British

help Arab nationalists rise up

against their Turkish rulers

In Africa, European colonies

become battlefields as the

warring parties strike at one

another’s colonial possessions

The Japanese overrun

German outposts in China,

they also capture Germany’s

Pacific island colonies

Brazil (the only South American

country to enter the war) supports

the Allies with warships & personnel

India provides about 1.3 million

men to fight & labor alongside their

British rulers throughout Europe

The United States enters the war on

the side of the Allies in 1917

Main fighting of

war occurs on

Western &

Eastern fronts

Both countries fight

on the side of the

Allies & give troops

to fight in the

Gallipoli campaign

Global War

Submarine Warfare

Germany intensified submarine

warfare

•1915: Germans sank the Lusitania

(British) off coast of Ireland

•Killed 1,198 persons including 128

Americans

•Americans outraged

•President Woodrow Wilson sends

a protest to Germany

•They agree to stop attacking

neutral & passenger ships

•2 months later Germans sink

another British liner

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-

i/videos#u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915

http://www.history.com

/topics/world-war-

i/videos#world-war-i-

packs

•1916: Germans sink French passenger steamer

killing/injuring 80 people

•1917: British naval blockade along the German coast

•Prevent weapons, food, & other goods from

getting through

•Severe food shortages in Germany

•750,000 Germans starved to death

•Response: Germany established own naval

blockade around Britain

•Jan. 1917: Germans announce unrestricted

submarine warfare

•Their subs would sink without warning, any ship

found in the waters around Britain

Submarine Warfare

•Feb. 1917: Zimmerman Telegram

•British intercepted a telegram

•From Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur

Zimmerman, to German ambassador in

Mexico

•Said Germany would help Mexico obtain the

land it had lost to the U.S. if they would ally

with Germany

•Americans called for war against Germany

•April 2, 1917: President Wilson asked Congress

to declare war

•U.S. entered the war on the side of the Allies

U.S. Enters WWI

•Total war

•Countries devoted all their resources to the war effort

•Every able bodied person was put to work

•Unemployment mostly disappeared

•Foreign workers

•Women

•Built tanks, plowed fields, paved streets, ran

hospitals

•Supplied troops with food, clothing, weapons

•Problem: After the war, men wanted their jobs

back

•Rationing

•Short supply of goods

•Ration cards limited how much people could buy

By the time the U.S. joined the war on the side of the Allies, the war had been

going on for nearly 3 years. Europe had lost more men in battle than in all the

wars of the previous 300 years.

Total War

• •Propaganda

•Use of posters to

manipulate people

Russia withdraws from the War

•March 1917: civil war breaks out in Russia

•War-related shortages of food & fuel

•Brings the czar’s government to the brink of collapse

•March 15th: Czar Nicholas abdicates (gives up) his throne on

•New gov established

• Pledge to keep fighting the war

•1917: Russian army refuses to fight

•5.5 million Russian soldiers wounded, killed, or taken prisoner

•8 months later: Vladimir Lenin seizes power

•Communist

•Wanted to end Russia’s involvement in the war

•March1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

•Ends war between Germany & Russia

•Required the Russia to surrender lands to Germany

•Include Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania

Vladimir Lenin

•Germany sent nearly all of its forces to the Western Front

•March 1918: Germans mounted final attack on the Allies in France,

•Largest artillery attack

•Type of weapon killed more people than any other between 1914 -1918

•Biggest guns used in the Great War could fire shells as large as a soldier.

•Used more than 6,000 German cannons

•Big Bertha - could hurl 1800 lb shell 75 miles

Big Bertha

•Germans managed to crush everything in their path

•Within two months of the final attack came within 40 miles of Paris (The Marne

River).

•German military weakened

•men were exhausted, supplies were low

•Allies counter attack

•140,000 fresh U.S. troops

•Led by Ferdinand Foch - French commander of the Allied Forces

Ferdinand Foch

Allies counterattack (cont)

•July 1918: Allies & Germans clash again at the

Marne River

•Allies use some 350 tanks and smash through the

German lines

•2 million more U.S. troops

•Advance toward Germany

•Central Powers defeated

•Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks surrendered

•Austria-Hungary

•Revolution ended the empire

•Germany

•Soldiers mutinied

•Public turned on Kaiser Wilhelm II

•Exiled

•Nov 1918: Germany declared itself a

republic

Kaiser

Wilhelm II

The Legacy of the War

• New technology used

• War on a global scale

• 8.5 million soldiers killed, 21 million wounded

• Effected civilian life

– Starvation, disease, slaughter

– Entire generations in Europe wiped out

• Estimated cost = $338 BILLION

• Destroyed farmland, homes, villages, towns