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The Longest ConflictThe Longest ConflictIntermediate Global LiteratureIntermediate Global Literature
Early English InterestEarly English Interest 11711171
Pope Alexander IIIPope Alexander III
Ireland to Henry IIIreland to Henry II
1500’s1500’s
Henry VIII & Elizabeth I Henry VIII & Elizabeth I
Colonization increased Colonization increased
RebellionsRebellions
1600s Colonization1600s Colonization ColonizationColonization
English & Scottish settlersEnglish & Scottish settlers
Oliver Cromwell conqueredOliver Cromwell conquered
Battle of the BoyneBattle of the Boyne
Protestant King William Protestant King William
Catholic King JamesCatholic King James
King William wonKing William won
England claimed IrelandEngland claimed Ireland
Split Between Split Between North & SouthNorth & South
1912 1912 Home rule campaignHome rule campaign
N. Ireland ParliamentN. Ireland Parliament
1920s1920s North: British rule North: British rule
South: IrelandSouth: Ireland
19491949 Irish full republic Irish full republic
British government makesBritish government makes promises to Northern Ireland Parliament promises to Northern Ireland Parliament
1960s Civil Rights1960s Civil Rights 19611961
Riots in N. IrelandRiots in N. Ireland
British army deployedBritish army deployed
Irish Republican ArmyIrish Republican Army
Civilian or IRA? Civilian or IRA?
19681968 Riots in N. IrelandRiots in N. Ireland
RUC (British police) RUC (British police)
Irish Catholic youth Irish Catholic youth
RUC/IRA armed conflictRUC/IRA armed conflict
19691969 Official IRA: political Official IRA: political
Provisional IRA: hard-line indepencence campaignProvisional IRA: hard-line indepencence campaign
1970s Violence1970s Violence IRA IRA
““The British Army is a foreign army on Irish soil.”The British Army is a foreign army on Irish soil.” Organize rioting Catholic youthOrganize rioting Catholic youth Kill British Police with booby-trap bombsKill British Police with booby-trap bombs
KillingsKillings Catholic and Protestant civilians Catholic and Protestant civilians Paramilitary membersParamilitary members British soldiers and policeBritish soldiers and police
“ “Revenge Acts”Revenge Acts” Human, car & letter bombsHuman, car & letter bombs Railway stations & airportsRailway stations & airports Restaraunts & storesRestaraunts & stores
Attacks & TalksAttacks & Talks 1980s1980s
Attacks on British mainland & abroadAttacks on British mainland & abroad
Early 1990sEarly 1990s Battle-related deaths decreaseBattle-related deaths decrease
British & Irish informal talksBritish & Irish informal talks
IRA secretly meets British govtIRA secretly meets British govt
August 1994August 1994 IRA ceasefireIRA ceasefire
Negotiation DeadlockNegotiation Deadlock 19951995
International attention International attention
President Clinton to N. IrelandPresident Clinton to N. Ireland
19961996 British fail to negotiateBritish fail to negotiate
Another IRA bombing campaignAnother IRA bombing campaign
19971997 negotiation process revived negotiation process revived
hostilities stophostilities stop
British to negotiate if IRA ceasefireBritish to negotiate if IRA ceasefire
IRA hardliners bomb police stationsIRA hardliners bomb police stations
Majority for PeaceMajority for Peace
1998 1998
““The Belfast Agreement” The Belfast Agreement” 71% in Northern Ireland 71% in Northern Ireland
51% Northern Irish Protestants 51% Northern Irish Protestants
99% Catholics99% Catholics
19991999
““Good Friday Agreement”Good Friday Agreement” Difficulty convincing Difficulty convincing
smaller factions to joinsmaller factions to join
Decommission Decommission of Weaponsof Weapons
20012001 IRA refused to decommission weapons IRA refused to decommission weapons
British government pressureBritish government pressure
IRA began putting up armsIRA began putting up arms
20022002 British government unsatisfiedBritish government unsatisfied
Installed direct rule from LondonInstalled direct rule from London
20052005 IRA militants end armed campaignIRA militants end armed campaign
Decommissioning officially completeDecommissioning officially complete
British continued suspension of N. Ireland institutionsBritish continued suspension of N. Ireland institutions
Ongoing TensionsOngoing TensionsAfter almost a thousand years, After almost a thousand years,
the situation in Northern Irelandthe situation in Northern Ireland
continues as one of the longest continues as one of the longest
conflicts in history.conflicts in history.
SourcesSources 2008 Department of Peace and Conflict Resource2008 Department of Peace and Conflict Resource
www.pcr.uu.se/database/conflictSummary.php?ID=131www.pcr.uu.se/database/conflictSummary.php?ID=131
DidYouKnow.orgDidYouKnow.org
www.didyouknow.org/story/northernireland.htmwww.didyouknow.org/story/northernireland.htm