John R. Al l ( ~

A Bibl iography of Computer-

Assisted Ins t ruc t ion

~.B. 7he a b b r e v i a t E o n "CAI" i s used t h r o u g h o u t t h i s b i b l i c g raphy to s t a n d f o r " C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n , " w h e t h . : or no t i t a p p e a r s in the a b b r e v i a t e d form in the t i t l , ~ s c i t e d .

~bboud, Y i c t o r i n e , and C. V i c t o r g u n d e r s o n . A C^I Program in the J~rabic W r i t i n g S) 's tem. The U n i v e F T ~ - F e x - ' ~ s a t A u s t i n Computer A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n Labo t : t t o ry T e c h n i c a l Repor t No. 4. A u s t i n , 1971. D e s c r i b e s CAI sys tem in A r a b i c u s i n g iB~l C o u r s e w r i t e r . A more b r i e f summary was p u b l i s h e d in C o_ ; .~u te r s and the liuman., i t i e s , Vol . VI.

A b e l s o n , P. H. " F o u r t h R e v o l u t i o n . " S c i e n c e , CLXXVII ( J u l y 14p 1972) D 121.

Abramson, Theodor~ and Max Weiner . "Some Detours and A l t e r - n a t e Routes Leading to L a r g e - S c a l e Exemplary Uses o f CAl." E d u c a t i o n a l TecM~ology, g l l , 7 ( J u l y 197Z), 14-16. C r i t i c a l of CAI as seen in programs on f o r e i g n l anguages and s t a t i s t i c s in c o l l e g e and a r i t h m e t i c in e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l . Program w r i t e r s o f t e n avo id t e s t i n g e f f e c t i v e n e s s and do not make fo r e a sy i n t e - g r a t i o n i n t o e x i s t i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a l s y s t e m s . Programs

o not change t e a c h i n g . Too much empl~asis on i n d i - v i d u a l i z e d e d u c a t i o n by compute r . These p rob lems a r e not i n s u r m o u n t a b l e bu t r e q u i r e t h o u g h t .

Adams, E. N, The Use of CAi in Fo r e i gn Language I n s t r u c t i o n IBM Research' ~e 'por t 'RC Z377. Yor tg~0-wn ] l e ~ g K t ~ Oc tobe r 1968.

• A S i n g l e S t a t i o n Language Lal~oratory With Novel C o n t r o l C h a r a ~ i - 6 f i s t i c s . l ~ ~ h Repor't RC Z538 [~Z194) . Yorktown l l e i g h t s , lO J u l y 1969.

• Computer Based I n s t r u c t i o n and Management in Fo re ign Language T e a c h i n g : A Systbms Coffcet-~f-.---'T~r'~.E~.irc-EE--- Repor t RE'Z658 {]ZS6Z). Yorktown I l e i g h t s , 8 Oc tobe r 1969.

, H. W. H o r r i s o n , and J . M. geddy. " C o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h a Computer as a Technique o f Language I n s t r u c t i o n . "

The Nodern Languate J o u r n a l , L i i , 1 ( J a n u a r y 19611, 3 -16 . R e p r i n t e d tn A t k i n s o n ~ W i l s o n , 173-190 , a l o n g w i t h a r e l a t e d a r t i c l e , " F i e l d E v a l u a t i o n of t he German CAI Lab" pp. 20S-ZOB.

31

Adams, V. A. "Campus Computer" Neither llonor Student Nor Dropout." College Hanagement, VI (December 1971), 6-9.

A l e x a n d e r , II. "RCA development of o p e r a t i o n a l CA! sy.~tems." Jou rna l o f l i duca t iona l liata P r o c e s s i n g , VI (Fa l l 1909), 2 1 ~ - 2 4 . h h i l e RCA nb ] o n g e r m a k e s c o m p u t e r s , t h e s e programs a re .~ t i l l in use .

A l f o r d , H. II. T. Computer A s s i s t a n c e in Learn ing to Read Fore ig n L a n g u . 5 ~ T - L~Ta'n~¥J'-dg-~,--E-~gland: L i t e r a r y a'r~d L i n g u i s t i c Compu¥ing C e n t r e , 1971.

A l l e n , John R. "ELSF at Dartmouth: An Exper iment in Com- p u t e r - A i d e d I n s t r u c t i o n in F r e n c h . " The French Review, XLIV, S (Apr i l 1971), 902-12. Desc r ibe s programs w r i t t e n by the au tho r for t e a c h i n g and d r i l l i n g French.

• "Two Rout ines fo r rise in CAI Language Programs ." _~.e:m2ttters al~d the II~l;n.n]t ies, VI, 2 (November 1971), 125-28. t. ivcs gCp2m~:nk-.~ o--i" 17rograms w r i t t e n in BASIC by the au tho r to handle p a r t i c u l a r problems in CAI I ani~ttage program~.

" Indiv idual i : . in~ , . Fore iga I.anguage i n s t r u c t i o n witl: ~ ' C o m p u t e r s at Dar tmouth ." Fore ign Lan[uage Annals ,

V, 3 (Harch 1972}, 3 4 8 - 4 9 . ~ . . . . . . .

"The Use of a Co~puter in D r i l l i n g . " l~,ic t i n t e r - r i c h t s p r a x i s (Spr ing 1972) VoI. V, No" 1, ~q~--.T~-.~. ~eiq'e-s-Cr~s-p¥ograms for t e a c h i n g Danish.

" S e r e n d i p i t o u s Pros r~ec t s . " Paper d e l i v c : ' e d ;it the Thi rd I n t e r n a t i o n a l Confe rence on Appl ied Li t ,~uis - t i c s , Copenhage)l, AtJgust 1972.

• "Cur ren t "I'rend~ it, C,~mi)- ter -Assis ted instrll~ti<~,~." ~omoute r s and the Ih :~a i ; i t i e s , %11, I (Sep:.ember l{;Tgj,

opr~etlt s .

A l l e n , N i l l i a m I I . . and Don li. Co~mbs. Trends in i i~ s t ruc - t i o n a l "[echilolo.e ~ . The I~RIC at S t n ~ , 6~-~i'-l~T7~I.~t~i*~i[

A l p e r t , D., and D. L. B i t z e r . "Advaz~:cs in Computcr-B;lsed I ] d u c a t i o n . " S c i e n c e , C[.XVII, 3925 (20 March ~ATtD, 1.~82-9il, l~es~:'r~cL'~-the PLATO system at the t m i v e , > i t y of I l l i n o i s .

A n a s t a s i o , I ' rnes t J . "The Stud). o f F a c t o r s I t ; h l h t t i n g the Use of Computers in I n s t r u c t i o n . " l : l l l i{;O~,l VII , 1 ( S p r i n g 1972), . - ~ I0, k v i c i o , s circle prevel,l!~ ~l'evelopment of CAl. l !x te rna l f i n a n c i a l suppor t at a ~ y s t age woi, ld break the c i r c l e and lc:td to grea~ improvements in educat ion .

Anonymous, "Array to Develop P r o t o t y p e CAI S),stem; O . S . Army Signa l Cen te r and S c h o o l . " Educa t i ona l Techno logy , X i l , 11 (November 1972).

"Campus Computers." College Management, V (Feb. i~o), 1o-14.

32

Anonymous. "CAI Program in H i s s i s s i p p i . " School ,qanagement, XV (April 1971), 29.

"Computer Based Learning Systems; A Program for "--- ' --"~esearch and Development." NCIiT 1969.

. "Computer For Classroom and Customers," College ..... ~lanagementp V (Summer 1970), 17.

"Computers fo r E d u c a t i o n . " NCET Working Paper ~ ] ~ u m b e r 1. Counc i l s and E d u c a t i o ~ " F r e s s , l . t d . , 1969.

• "Computer Gamesmanship." College Kanagemen ~, V {February 1970), 30-7.

• "A F u n c t i o n a l S p e c i f i c a t i o n for a Programming Language fo r Computer-Aided Learning A p p l i c a t i o n s . " N a t i ona l Research Counci l o f Canada Paper . Ottawa: duly 1972.

• "llow Computers a re Changing E d u c a t i o n . " School --~,.anagetaen_3_t, X1V (October 1970), 13-17. - . . . .

, PROFILE A u t h o r ' s Manual. U n i v e r s i t y o[" Massachu- s e t t s C o m p ~ t i h g - ' E e ~ ~ e r s t , blass. 01002), 1972. D e s c r i b e s a s o p h i s t i c a t e d language CAI system c u r r e n t l y under deve lopmen t , w r i t t e n in FORTRAN.

. " S c i e n c e , Techno logy , attd the Computer R e v o l u t i o n . " "Times E d u c a t i o n a l Supp lement , 2929 ( Ju ly 9, 1971),

• "Sp read ing the Basic Knowledge." Bus ines s tt'eek (June S. 1971), 94-98.

q~ch-',ar " T e l l i t to the Computer ," Grade "Feather . LXXXVll 1970), 108-110.

"l lse of Computers fo r I n s t r u c t i o n . " NEA Res B~I, ~ i ~ I X (blarch 1970), 3-4. Same a r t i c l e in t~Se]S,l~{~tTon

Diges..[t, XXXVl (,qay 1971), 49.

Arno id , Ron and Ruth Penny. "~'ho Should t~r i te CAI C u r r i c - ulum?" Educa t i ona l "l 'echnologv. IX, 10 (October 1969), 88-89. ~ ar, swer t~ "ftie--'f~tTe, based on tile INDICO~,I p r o j e c t , is the t e a c h e r who w i l l be . s i n g the CAl.

Ashby, E r i c . " [ l a ch ines , Llnders tanding and l , ea rn tng : R e f l e c - t i o n s • on Technology in E d u c a t i o n . " Thc Gradu:,tc Jou rna l ( A u s t i n , Texas), V l l , 2 (191)7). One-o-f'-ih--6-~S'fIy a r t i c l e s p r e d i c t i n g the impor tance of e d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y . Ashby 's s tudy gave the name to the Carneg ie Commission Report "The Fourth R e v o l u t i o n . "

A tk in son , Richard C . , and II. A. Wilson. CAI: A Bnok of Readings . New York: Academic P r e s s ~ ' ~ . - - - - - X - , ~t-~perb c o ~ c t ] o n of a r t i c l e s fo r the begh~ner as wel l as the advanced. Many new ideas and r e p o r t s of s u c c e s s f u l p r o j e c t s .

A u s t i n , B r o t h e r Dav id . "Teacher Educa t ion Through an inno- v a t i o n o f Modern T e c h n o l o g y . " N a t i o n a l C a t h o l i c Edu- c a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n B u l l e t i n , LXV (May 19t~9), -~5-~0.

33

B a l i , A. I,. "Supcr in tendent 's View o f a Computer System." School Management, XV (December 19~,~, t.2~14.

B a l l , John, and Dean Jamison. ~ O i a p u t ~ e ~ t e d inst ru~t i :on for Dispersed Popt, la t ions : : " .S~stc.m Cost MQdeIs. • : • l ~ ' c a ' ~ - k ~ ( ) - ~ - - ~ o l : the l ~ s t ; t u t e f o x H=thematical : Studies in the Socia l Scienccs at Stan[o-rd. Pale Alto , 1972. I~escribes r e s u l t s of such p r o j e c t s as the use of a s a t e l l i t e for cu t t i ng communication c o s t s .

Barbe)', (;u)'. I . 'E.~eignement a s s i s t ~ par Ordinateur . Bib- lioth~que-~tlon~,o~ve-Tle~ 10. MontrOal i ' "Casterman, 1971.

Bates, N. B. "Computer: is i t a Gimmick?" Independent School B . I l e t i n , XXIX Olay 1970), Sl-S2.

Beeker, J. M. "Whatever Ilappened to the Computer? CAI and C.~H." Journal o f Educat ional Data Processing, V I i i , I (1971), 3 - 8 .

B i t ze r , D. L . , and D. Skaperdas. The Design of an Econom- i c a l l v Viable l a r g e - S c a l e Compute-r-Based~,Education ~ . ' Chicago: Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory, Un ive r s i ty of I l l i n o i s , ~'1969. • Reprinted" in L ev ien , R. E., 14-33.

Block, ICaren K. " S t r a t e g i e s in Compbter-Assisted I n s t r u c t i o n : A S e l e c t i v e Overview." Univers i ty of P i t t sburgh Learning Research and Development Center , 1971/1.

Bark, A. H., and C. Mash, ann. "Teaching Conversat ions with the Computer: System Description for the XDS Sigma 7." Journal of l iducational Data Process ing , V l l l , 6 (1971}, 22-34.

Bark, A. N. "Computers in Learning; Advice to Dialogue W r i t e r s . " Journal of Educational Data Process ing , Xl, 3 (1972), 29-36.

"Terminals for Education" EDUCOM B u l l e t i n , VII, 4 {~'intcr 1972), 15-20.

Boyd, Gary, M. "Ueber die 'notwendige ~l~ichtigkeit des R e p e r t o i r e s ' a l s Randbedingung in der I~).bernetischen Padagogik," in B. R o l l e t t and K. Weltner, Fo r t~ch r i t t~ und Erliebnisse der U n t e r r i c h t s t e c h n o l o g i e . ~ " Ehrenwir th, 1971.

Brahan, J . W. and II. J . I la l lworth. "Computer-Aided Learning: A Co-Operative Research P r o j e c t . " XVIII Congre~so S c i e n t i f i c o In t e rnaz iona l e . per l ' E l ~ t t r o n i c a m Marzo ,,973, c - 1 3 .

erainerdo J . G. "Student , Teacher, and Hachine." School and Soc ie ty , XCVIII (January 1970), 4-6.

Branscombe, F. R. "COmputer Based Resource U n i t s . " Audio- v i sua l I n s t r u c t i o n , XV (June 1970), 95.

Brothers: , I¢. L. "Computer-Assisted Lesson Serv ice for Independent Study." EdUcational Techno'logy, Xi ! (Juno 1972), 6 4 .

34

Brown, Dean and Mohammed A. El-Ghannam, "Computers f o r Teaching." Computer (January 1973), 16-22.

Bryer , K. "We uust learn to l i v e w i t h computers . " Times Educat ional Supplement, 2846 (5 Ik, cembcr I!~c,9),-'~'TT-.

Bucholz, A . , J r . "Computer: an E v a l u a t i o n . " independent. School R u l l e t i n , XXIX (December 19o9), 27-8.

B u t l e r , Corne l ius F. "CA[ in New York C i t y : Report on the F i r s t Year 's O p e r a t i o n s . " Educat iona l Technology, IX, 10 (October 1969), 8 4 - 7 " Favorable repor t c,n RCA I n s t r u c t i o n a l 70 system a f t e r f i r s t year of the l a r g e s t CAI in a p u b l i c school . Study shows favorab le student r e a c t i o n , low per p u p i l cos ts , h igh student ach i .evemen t .

Buzze l l , C. II. and S. S. I lo l lanc!er . "Schools t~ithout F a i l u r e . School and Soc ie t y , C (February 1972), 97-9.

Carbone l l , Jaime. "SCIIOLAR--A New Approach to CAl . " Naval Research Revie~'s (Oc tober 1971). 1-13.

• " A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e and Large I n t e r a c t i v e ~lan Computer S y s t e m s . " P r o c e e d i n g s of the 1971 IEI!E Syste_ms t M;_.~ln and C y b e r n e ~ r - ~ , p ~ i ~ F i - T - , - ~ v l : f l ~ 3 h f f 7 .

• "Al in CAl: An A r t i f i c i a l - l n t e l l i g e n c e Approach to C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n . " IyI!_F. LTnst._o_~f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s , - - T r a n s a c t i o n s on blan-.~lachine Sys tems , Vol, .~l.~l.h~71- 1, 1~o, 4 (]3~c.-'~970). This and t ~ two p r e v t o u s e n t r i e s d e s c r i b e the SCIIOI.AR sys t em, w r i t t e n by the l a t e Jairae C a r b o n e l l , for s t o r i n g and p r o c e s s i n g n a t u r a l knowledge in a computt, r , to ask and ans~,'er q u e s t i o n s in a subse t o f l n g l i s h . See a l s o C o l l i n s , Al lan e t a / .

Carneg ie Commissiol~ on I l igher Educa t i on . The Fourth Rc.volu- t i o n : I n s t r u c t i o n a l Technology in Ili~-~i..~V.d~~CiT;(. I l i g h t s t o ~ n , ?q, J . : ~lcGraw-Il i l l , 1972. P'r-o~;~ll-(l~'-/]~e most impor t an t s i n g l e r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d in 1972. l ' re - d i c t s , ~ i t h sound b a s i s , heavy implemen ta t ion of educa- t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y in the near f u t u r e due to g r e a t e r e f f i c i e n c y , lo~er c o s t s . Sugges t s means by ~hich the i n e v i t a b l e changes may be made more smooth ly .

C e r u t t i , P. e t a l . " S t u d e n t s t u r n - o n to c l a s g r o o k cofapu te r . " l!dt,catio-n,-~'C (Summer 1970), 87-9.

C o l l i n s , Al lan lq., Jaime R. Ca rbone l l and I! leanor II. V/arnock. "Semant ic I n f e r e n t i a l P r o c e s s i n g by Computer ." Pro- c e e d i n g s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress of Cvl,erne-TTcs and Systems t Oxford~ England , hu~Ll:st--'T~2. "Also pub- l ishe~l by Bolt Beranek and Neh'man',--g3-'g~ilton S t r e e t , Cambridge, ~lass. 0213B, USA. D e s c r i b e s SCIIOLAR, See e n t r i e s fo r C a r b o n e l l , Ja ime.

C o l t o n , F. V. , and II. ~¢heeler. "CA~I; C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d Apprentice I n s t r u c t i o n . " A u d i o v i s u a l I n s t r u c t i o n , XVII ( January 1972), 1 6 - | ~ . . . . '

35

Commission on I n s t r u c t i o n a l Technology. To Improve Learn inR: A Report to the P res iden t and t he Congress o f the Un i ted S ta tes . --Washington:- U. S. Government P r i n t i n g ~ ~ A l though now somewhat da ted , t h i s i-s s t i l l one of the ma jo r s tud ies on educa t i ona l t echno logy and the conc lus ions presented here are s t i l l v a l i d .

Conference on Computers in Undergraduate C u r r i c u l a . Pro- ceedings of the 1970 Conference at the U n i v e r s i t ~ f iowa. iowa C i t y : Co-flier f6r-Co6~ferertces a n - ' - K ~ t u t e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa, 1970.

• Proceedin .~s of the 1971 Confe rence a t Dartmouth : _L. • , ~ .

• Procecdint~s of the 197Z Conference at the Georgia

~ ~ r ~ . This and the two preceding • items report on so~,e of the most current developments in the field. 'the next conference is to be in Clarcmont, California, June 1973.

Cooley, William W. and Robert Glaser. "The Computer and Individualized Instruction." Science, CLXVI (31 Oct. 1969) , 574-582.

Cooley, ~,'illia:a l~'. "Computer Assistance for Individualized l i d u c a t i o a . " J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l Data P~oce.~:~i._nng, Vl l (Feb. I~715T,--I-8-:-T'H.

C r o t h e r s , E . , and P, Suppes. Exper imen t s in Second Language !~earning. New York: Academic P~ess, 1967. - '

C u r t i n , C. " R u s s i a n Reading Program." S l a v i c and East Europe;in J o u r n a l (Sur, mer 1971).

., L. ~oodruff, D. Clayton, C. Finch~ and b. ,qoor. ~ T c a c h i n g tlle t r a n s l a t i o n o f Russ ian by Computer:

PLAIO S y s t e m . " Vtodern l .anguage J o u r n a l , LVI (Oc tobe r 1972), 3~4-60.

b a i g o n , A. " P i c t u r e s , P u n c h c a r d s , and P o e t r y . " ~ s _ h J o u r n a l , LVII1 (Oc tobe r 1979) , 1033-7.

D a n i e l s , A. "The Youn~ must Learn to Talk to Compu te r s . " Times E d u c a t i o n a l S u ~ l e m o n t , 2939 {September 1" l ' ~ l ) , 42 '

b a v i d o f f , S. II. c t a t . " lS f f ec t s of L e a r n e r C h a r a c t c r i s t i c s on Pupi 1 P c F r o ~ a n c c in a C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n Biology" Pro}iram." J o u r n a l of Research in S c i e u c e Teachinj~, V I I I , 4 (]~.TI'), '379"84'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dawson, E. II . , J r . " J u s t Ano the r Tool? CAI?" A u d i o v i s u a l I n s t r u c t i o n , XV (June 1970) , 92-3,

Deep, D. "Computer Can Ilelp I n d i v i d u a l i z e I n s t r u c t i o r t . " E lc raen ta rv Scho_ol J o u r n a l , LXX ( A p r i l 1970) , 351-8 .

Diamond, l l e r b e r t S. "The W r i t i n g of a CAI Pr -gram by an Author New to Compu te r s . " E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , Xi , I0 (Oct. 1971) , 4Z. One page d e s c r i p t i o n of spend ing 6-8 hours f o r each 15 minute segment o f C o u r s e w r i t e r 111 in med i ca l t r a i n i n g . No new m a t e r i a l g i v e n .

36

Dick, W. and R. Lalta . "Comparative E f f e c t s o f A b i l i t y and P r e s e n t a t i o n Mode i n CAI and Programmed I n s t r u c t i o n . " A u d i o v i s u a l Communicat ion Review, IS (197B) , 33-37 .

and LeRoy R i v e r s . "Sou rce s o f I n f o r m a t i o n on " - ' - - "EAI " E d u c a t i o n a l Technolos]~, X, 3 (Harch 1970) ,

36-58. Lists of schools and universities in the U.S. with CAI projects. Description and furthcr addresscs. Somewhat dated.

Duggan, Michael A., Edward F. McCartan, and blanley R. Irwin, eds. The Computer Utility: Implications for lligher Education'.' Lexingt0n'~ D, C. lleath, 1970.' '"

Dworkin, E.P. Article in Education Direst , XXXV! (.June 1971.), 27-9.

D~fer, Thomas A. "Some Principles for lluman Use of C~r~u~ers, . in Education." International Journal of Han-Hacbi~ S t u d i e s , I I I , 3 ( J u l y 1971) , 219-2~ . ~ T " - ~ ¢ s ;::~ l u"TT'd'st~ation o f a CAI program f o r teaching; (;er~.1~, now in use by e a r l y t e e n a g e r s in P i t t s b u r g h

" T e a c h e r / S t u d e n t Authored CAi Using the NIN~,~SIC ~ystem." Describes pedagogical advantages of a ~cncr~l

purpose interactive CA| system designed by T.A.D.

Educational Technology. Special issue on the Comput~.r ~nd Education~" X, 3 (March 1970) .

E l l i s o n , A l f r e d . "P rob l ems o f Apply ing Computer T e c h n c l e g ? to Teache r E d u c a t i o n . " E d u c a t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g y , X II (Nov. 1970), 3S-9. Interface pr0b~7-"a[~'ttlc r~'.

Elmer, R. P, "Computers: }low and Why Use Them Zr~ |li:.h S c h o o l ? " The S c i e n c e Teacher, XXXV[ (Nov. IO~9}, 69-70 .

~NTELEK, Inc. C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d Instruction Cuidc. ~,e~bury~or~, ~ a s s a c h t ~ s e t t s , 1968.

• C A [ - - N o r t h / S o u t h / E a s t / W e s t . Ne~bury|~ort, Massa- c-hus~-fC~, 1969 ' --

E s t e r s o n , D. "Not Only Hath Teache r s a r e Using C o m p u t e r s . " Time~ Educational Supplement. , 2930 (August 27, 1971}, Z3'~

Evans , N. D. , and S. L. F u l l u ~ . " B u r l i n g t o n County C o l l e g e and the Computer." Junior College Journal, XLl'(April 1971). 31-4.

Evans . R. and K. S i m p k i n s . "CAI fo r t he B l i n d . " Educ Vis }land, IV (October 197Z), 83-S.

Peingold, Samuel I . "PLANIT~-A Language for CAl." ~;~Ja- mation, 14 (Sept . 1968), 150-54.

Eeldhusen, John F. and Michae l Szabo. "A Review of Develop- s e n t i in CAl." E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , IX, 4 (April 196q), $Z-39. Although somewhat d a t e d , an e x c e l l e n t review with s t i l l v a l i d b ib l iography of source material.

37

Forguson, Richard L. "Model for Computer-Assisted Cr i te r ion - Refe renced M e a s u r e m e n t . " Educa t iOn , XCI ( S e p t . 1970}, Z5-31.

• "Computer Assistance for I nd i v idua l i z i ng Measurement." ~ n i v e r s i t y of Pit tsburgh Learning Research and Develop-

ment Center, 197118.

Fitzgihbon, N. It. and J. I I . C, r a t e . "CAI: Where Do We Go From Ilerc?" E!emontary Engl ish, XLVII (Nov. 1970} , 917-21.

Fitzhugh, Robert J. and David Kalsuki. "The Touch-Sensitive Screen as a Flexible Response Device in CAI and Behavioral R e s e a r c h . " B e h a v i o r Resea rch Hethods and I n s t r u m e n - t a t i o n s , I l l , - - - ~ T I ~ 7 ~ - D e s c r i b e s an c a r l y a t t e m p t a t t o u c i t - s e n s i t i v e s c r e e n s u s i n g a w i r e g r i d b e n e a t h p l a t e g l a s s . Cost pe r s c r e e n : $650-$800.

F l a n a g a n , 3. C. "Role of the Computer in PLAN." J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l Data P r o c e s s i n g , VII (Feb. 197]T~-'~wT"l-7.

F r i e s e n , L. E . , and II. Slocum. "Data P r o c e s s i n g Course Hoots Cor~munity 's Needs . " B u s i n e s s E d u c a t i o n Forum, XXV (Harch 1971) , 29-31.

Fromer, R, " D i s t i n c t i o n s between CAI and CHI S y s t e m s . " E d u c a t i o n a l T echno l ogy , Xll (,~ay 1972) , Z0-1.

F rye , C h a r l e s II. "CAÁ Languages : C a p a b i l i t i e s and A p p l i c a - t i o n s . " D a t a m a t i o n , XIV ( S e p t . 19(~8), 34 -7 , 140-145.

G e r a r d , g a | p h W., ed. Computers and E d u c a t i o n : a Workshop Confe rence at the |Jn-tv~-o-r-s-l~'iv o - 7 % T - C ¥ 1 ~ r ~ i ¥ , e - - 7

Gi lman, D. A., and N. A . .Horeau . " E f f e c t s of Reducing Verba l Content in C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n . " A u d i o v i s u a l Communicat ion Review, XVII ( F a l l 19h9},

Gi lman, B. A. "Cor~parison of S e v e r a l Feedback Hethods fo r C o r r e c t i n g in E r r o r s by CAl." . Iournal of E d u c a t i o n a l P sycho logy , LX {December 1~J69}, .-~7~3"78 -. .........

• "Origins and Development of Intrinsic and Adopt:. ..... Programming." Audio-Visual ComJnunication Review,

XX {~pring 197ZT~-6~

G i o r d a n o , T . , and A. P a i g e . "Computer S i m u l a t i o n of the Vocal T r a c t . " Communicat ion S c i e n c e s .!:ab_oratory Q u a r t e r l y k e,oj2.0j~, I x (Ma rc-~-T~lTT-l'V'20":

Glauberman , M. II. "Computers in E d u c a t i o n ; an RCA V i e w p o i n t . " E d u c a t i o n a l T e c ~ , IX (Sep tember 1969) , 63 -6 . A ~ - e ~ l and Ovcr|y o p t i m i s t i c rev iew of CAI p r o v i d e d by RCA and o t h e r f i r m s .

Goodfc l iow, L. O. , " P e r s o n a l i z i n g Mass I n s t r u c t i o n . " College and Univ.ersit~t Teaching, XVIII (Summer 1970)~- --

177-82.

G r a b o v s k i , S. H. "Role o f the Computer in Adu l t E d u c a t i o n . " Adult Lead, XXl (Nov. 1972}, 178.

38

Grayson, Lawrence P. "A Paradox: The Promises and P i t f a l l s o f CAI." EDUCO~4, V (March 1970), 1-3.

• "The U. S. Of f ice of Education and Comp~,ter A c t i v i t i e s : Summary of Suppor t . " Educational Technology, Xi,

l l (November 1971). Sl-4~--A summery of the book by Grayson: U. S. Off ice of Education ~upport of Computer A c t i v i t i e s ' l g b 5 - 7 l , de sc r i b ing d i s t r i b u t i o n of'"$16~" million dollars.

Green, D. R., et a l . "Learning to Recognize Words and Le t t e r s o~-'a-'~Al t e r m i n a l . " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Reading Assoc ia t ion Convention Proceedings , Xl l l ," - l -"( l~ ' rJ~, 658-64.

Greenough, R. "Spain takes a Great Leap Ahead." Times Educat ional Supplement, 2959 (September 17, I ~ , 44.

. "Comp~tters, Children and Teachers in Spain ." L School and Soc i e ty , C (Summer 1972), 518-9.

Haacke, W. and F. Fischbach. "Der Einsatz yon Computers in Fachl~ochschulen." Z e i t s c h r i f t fur I )a tenverarbe i - tun B (K61~), X, 7 (October 1972), 5 2 8 z 3 1 .

Hume l , David G. "An I n t r o d u c t i o n to CAl . " ~lodcrn [~at~ (Framingham), V, 10 (October 1972), 42-0. i n t r o d u c t i o n to CAI and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s . Exp lana t ion of why i t has not yet f u l f i l l e d i t s p o t e n t i a l .

Hammond, A l len L. "CAI: Hany E f f o r t s . " Science, CLXXVI (June 2, 1972), 1005-6.

. "PLATO and TICCIT: CAI in A c t i o n . " Science, ' CLXXVI (June 9, 1972), III0-2, reprinted tn'~-~-l'l'~

and U n i v e r s i t y Business (October 1972), ~9-43, 66. ~escr lbes Compet i t ion underway at present to eva lua te r e l a t i v e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of two major CAI systems now in use in the U.S. Cf . , "Sigcue l : Large Scale CAI-- the NSF Program." P'~oceedings of the ACM Annual Con fe rence . New York: AC/;I, 1972, pp. 314,7, r c p r l n " ~ In"~--'-~ue B u l l e t i n , VI, 4 (October 1972), 5-9, and followed by a s e r i o u s , ¥a t id c r i t i q u e by Arthur l.uehr- mann, pp. 9-13, who quest ions the wisdom of suct~ vast expenditures of money, g iven present needs and t rends in CAl . .

Hammond, K. R. "Computer Graphics as an Aid to Lea rn ing . " Science , CLXXII (Hay 28, 1971), 905-8.

Ilannan, T. "CAI: S ta te of the Art Summary." Audio Visttal I n s t r u c t i o n , XV (June 1970), 9S-4.

Hansen, B. P. "Computer in Educa t ion . " C l e a r i n l IIouse, XLV (December 1970), 195-200.

Hansen, D. N. , and M. L. i la rvey. " Impact o f CAI on Class- room Teachers . " Educat iona l Technology, 1, 2 (Feb. Ig70) . 46-8.

39

Ilansen, II. N . , and II. F. O ' N e i i , Jr . "Empirical I n v e s t i g a - t i o n s versus Anecdotal Observations Concerning Anxiety in CAl." Journal of School Psychology, V I I I , 4 (1970), 315-6.

llariess, William G. et al. "The Total Time Hypothesis and Computer-Assistc-'J T'nstruction." Educational Technology, IX, 9 (September 19¢~9), 86-90. Tests on medical students refute hypothesis that rate of learning is a function of exposure time rather than frequency of exposure. Concludes that the most effective CAI environment is learner-controlled.

llartman0 E. "Cost of Computer-Assisted Instruction." E d u c a t i o n a l l e c h n o l o ~ , Xl , 12 (December 1971) , 6 -7 .

i l a r tman , Sa rah A., T e r r c n c e W. P r a t t and J u d i t h G. Ma lk in . C o n v e r s a t i o n a l Langu~lse f o r I n s t r u c t ~ i n ~ (CI.IC} lls~~aT-. TIL'4-17, Augus~~6ta- t"i-o~-Ce-ntcr, ilni~:crsity of Texas at Austin. Oescribes CAI system which translates author language to I:ORTR~. {The translator is written in SNOBOL.) The system is currently used hy ca. 500 students per week.

Ilayman. R. W., and ~. Lord. ~ ~ d Lcarnin~ ~ . Fort Col l ins : ~ a t e ~ t y ~01c~ge of E n g i n e e r i n g (TR 7 2 - 3 ) , 1972. CAI ~),stem under deve lopmen t a t Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . P r i m a r i l y fo r t e a c h i n g p h y s i c s bu t i s a d a p t a b l e to o t h e r s u b j e c t s .

I ledges , W. D., and O. M. Paum. "Computer G e n e r a t e d T e s t s fo r I n d e p e n d e n t Study P r o g r a m s . " The N a t i o n a l Asso- c i a t i o n of Seeond:~rv School P r i n c i p a l s B,Jll~i~J'i-//-~, LV o l ~ - F - l ~ Y r l T ? , ,-JV:~,

}l ickey, A l b e r t E. CAI: A Survey of the L i t e r a t u r e . 3rd e d . , N e w b u r y p o r t , " ~ s s : ENTELEK, 1968. '

I l icks, Bruce L. "C1DAC--A Concept in E d u c a t i o n a l Tec t ino logy . " Audio Visua l I n s t r t t c t i o n (Sep tember 1971) , 68-70 . Yet a n o t h e r ac-r-6n.-~TT~'mmunication among I n e x p e n s i v e D i s p l a y s and Computer . Some i n f o r m a t i o n on the t e c h - no logy and p o s s i b l e u t i l i z a t i o n s of compute r s p lus a) an x-y p l o t t e r and b) an E l e c t r o w r i t e r . l l cve lop- ment needed .

H i l l , J . R. "Computer : ^ V e r s a t i l e Tool f o r the Community C o l l e g e . " Peahodv J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t i o n , Xl.Vlil ( J u l y I971)° 294- . ~ 7

l l i I l , R u s s e l l II. and Norma F u r s t . " T e a c h e r Behav io r in CAI C l a s s r o o m s . " E d u c a t i o n a l T echno logy , IX, 9 ( S e p t . 19b9) , 60-2 . V a r i ous changes in t e a c h e r b e h a v i o r n o t e d in a d a p t i n g a CAI program in P h i l a d e l p h i a .

I l i c k s , Bruce L. " ~ i l l t h e Computer K i l l E d u c a t i o n ? " The E d u c a t i o n a l Forum, XXglV (Harch 1970) , 307-12. A T ~ i n The E d d c ~ t i o ~ ' D l g e s t , XXXVI (Summer 1970) , 10-2 .

I I lady , A . H . "A Touch S e n s i t i v e X-Y P o s i t i o n Encoder f o r Computer I n p u t . " P r o c e e d i n g s of t he F a l l 2mint Com- p u t e r C o n f e r e n c e , X~X'V (196§) . . . . . .

40

Holden, G. S. " E f f e c t s o f Computer-Based Resource Uni ts upon I n s t r u c t i o n a l Behav io r . " The Journa l o f Experimen- t a l Educat ion, XXXVI] (Spr ing 19~9), Z7-3o.

Holtzman, Wayne H. , ed. CAI, Tes t ing m and Guidance. New York: H a r p e r E Row, 1970.

Houz iaux , MutienoOmer. Vers l ' e n s e i s n e m e n t a s s i s t ~ p a r o r d i n a t e u r . C o l l e c ~ i o n SUP, l ' E d u c a t e u r , 39. P a r i s : P r e s s e s u n i v e r s i t a i r e s de F r a n c e , 1972.

Hrasky, W. C. "Remote Computing versus the Free-Standing Computer." Independent School B u l l e t i n , XXIX (Dec. 1969), 25-6.

H u l f i s h , N. R. "Use o f D r i l l Programs to Teach Abs t rac t Concepts by CAl . " Aud iov isua l I n s t r u c t i o n , XVI (Feb. Ig71) , 35-6.

J a m i s o n , D., P. Suppes , and C. B u t l e r . " E s t i m a t e d Cos t s o f CAI f o r Compensatory Educat ion in Urban Areas . " Educat iona l Technology (Sept. 1970), 49-$7.

Jensen, A. "llow Much Can We Boost IQ and Scho las t i c Achieve- meat?" I larvard Educat iona l Review, No. 39 (1909), 1-123 .

Jerman, Max. "Computers, I n s t r u c t i o n and the Cu r r i cu l um. " Educat iona l Technology, X, 5 (May 1970), SS-b. Ou t l i ne o f var ious modes o f CAI: D r i l l ~ P r a c t i c e , T u t o r i a l , Student Research, Computer-Managed I n s t r u c t i o n (here c a l l e d "Computer-Hediated I n s t r u c t i o n ) .

"Use o f Computers to I n d i v i d u a l i z e I n s t r u c t i o n . " The Mathematics Teacher, LXV (May 1972), 395f.

Johnston, R. J. "Computers in Educat ion: an IBH V i e w p o i n t . " Educat iona l TechnologE, XI , IZ (December 1971), 10-18.

Johnson, Roger L . , Donald L. B i t z e r and II. Gene S lo t t ow . "The Device C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the Plasma Disp lay Element . " lEEk Transact ions on E lec t ron Dcviccs, Vol . ED-18, No. 9 (September 1971), 64Z-~. A r a the r t e c h n i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f the p lasma s c r e e n . See a l s o S t i f l e , J a c k .

Walikow. Danie l N. I n f o r m a t i o n P r o c e s s i n ~ Models and Computer Aids fo r Iluman Performance.' Cambridge, Has~achusetts: Bo l t Be~anek and Ne~cman Report No. 2351, 15 March 1972. Describes a CAI system fo r teaching p ronunc ia t i on by showning a diagram of the s t u d e n t ' s mouth and tongue p o s i t i o n as he says d i f f e r e n t words. Comparison of tha t w i t h tongue p o s i t i o n s of na t i ve speakers leads the student to c o r r e c t h is p r o n u n c i a t i o n . The device a l s o measu res v o c a l cho rd p i t c h f o r t e a c h i n g tone l a n g u a g e s such as Mandar in Chinese.

K l o t z . G. R. " D r i l l - a n d - P r a c t l c e Systems." Journal o f E d u c a t i o n a l Data Process ing . Vl (December '~969}, 507-17.

41

Koffman, E l l i o t B. "Genera t ive Computer Ass is ted I n s t r u c t i o n : An , A p p l i c a t i o n o f A r t i f i c f a l I n t e l l i g e n c e to CAl ." F i r s t lISA/.lapan Computer Confe rence 1972, S e s s i o n 2 -5 . l ) e s c r i h e s p roposa l ()f CAI in which computer d e v i s e s q u e s t i o n s at random from i n f o r m a t i o n in a Data Bank and a n a l y z e s c o r r e c t n e s s of response in n a t u r a l l anguage . System works now but has too slow a response t ime• Cf. Ca rbone l l i tems c i t e d h e r e .

• "CAI Systems tha t P roce s s Na tu ra l Language." ~ u t e r Sc i ence Program in the Department of E l e c t r i c a l ~ e e r i n g , 17ni~er.~z¥'yof C o n n e c t a c u t , ' " A p r i l 1972, Rev i sed November 1972.

I ( o p s t e i n , Fe l ix F. "h'hy CAI Must F a i l . " Educa t iona l Tech- ~ , X, 5 (Harch 1970), 51-3. Sugge'sts t h a t f o r p o l i t i c a l r e a s o n s , e g . , e a r l y f a i l u r e s o f i m p e r f e c t programs a t t a c k e d by t e a c h e r s who f e e l t h r e a t e n e d , CAI w i l l succeed only i f shown to be e c o n o m i c a l l y s u p e r i o r to t r a d i t i o n a l r~odes o f i n s t r u c t i o n . Argues tt'~at t ha t is the wrong reason for adop t ing CAl.

. , and Robert J . S e i d e l . " I n f o r m a l Educa t ion u i t h . I n s t r u c t i o n a l Sys tems?" E d u c a t i o n a l Technology , X l t , 1 ( January 1972}, 35-9. ~ ' n - e x c e l l c n t a r t i c l e in f avo r of CAI as the "most advanced form of s y s t e m a t i c p e r s o n - a l i z e d sys tems and the example fo r ~.hich t h e r e e x i s t s an ahundance of not mere ly a n e c d o t a l but o b j e c t i v e and r e a s o n a b l y r e l i a b l e e v i d e n c e , " shoo~iag f a v o r a b l e s t u d e n t r e a c t i o n and g r e a t e r l e a r n i n g e f f i c i e n c y .

Kowitz , G. T. " T i g e r In the C u r r i c u l u m . " The E d u c a t i o n a l Forum, XXXV (,~;ovember 1970), 55-63.

L a s s e r , M. L. "llumane Computer: Some S F e c u l a t i o n s . " ~ ndent School B u l l e t i n , XXIX (December 1909),

La t ta0 R. F. and D. D. ( ; i l b e r t . "Bas ic Ques t i ons Concern ing CAi and C~II." Collc[~ c :.lana~ement , VII (October 1972), 15-17.

L e h e r i s s e y , B. L. e t a l . " E f f e c t s of Memory Suppor t on S t a t e Anxiety- ' f fn~r-performance in C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d L e a r n i n g . " Jou rna l of E d u c a t i o n a l Psycho logy , LXI! (October 1 9 T I ~ O .

Lekan, I le len A. , ed. Index to CAI, 3rd ed. Boston: S t c r l i ' ~g I n s t i t u t e , 1972. ~ e d i t i o n of t h i s work c o n t a i n e d over 900 e n t r i e s d e s c r i b i n g pragrams used or produced at 85 CAI c e n t e r s .

Lev ien , R. E . , ed. Com. ~puters . in I n s t r u c t i o n . . Santa Monica: The Rand Corpo r : t t l on , 1971.

• The Emerging Technology: I n s t r u c t i o n a l Uses o f " : t h e ~ ~ i ~ ] i e ' r Educat loP. New York: McGi'Aw-

B i l l , I972. A l s o " a v a i l a b l e from ERIC: ED 051 736 mic ro f i che 65~. hardcopy S5.29. Discusses types of computer se rv ices a v a i l a b l e and t h e i r poss ib le ,uses, types of i n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s and future t r e n d s .

42

Lewis, P. "Computer P o t e n t i a l Shows Slow, but Steady, Growth." N a t i o n ' s Schools , LXIXVI (i~cember 1970), 66.

Lewellen, L. "Computers in the Classroom." Journal of Educational Data ProcessinB, VI I I , 2-3 (I971) , 3 3 - 6 .

L i p p e r t , itenry T. "Computer Support o f I n S t r u c t i o n and Student Services in a Col lege or U n i v e r s i t y . " Educa- t i o n a l Technology, XI , 5 (May 1971), 40-3. Sevcra-"~'F suggest lo~s fo r changes in the usual access to computers at u n i v e r s i t i e s f o r the b e n e f i t o f a l l s tudents and s t a f f , r a t he r than those whose major f i e l d is compu- t e r s .

Losche t te r , g. and W. P i l and . "Coopera t i ve Use of Computers Can Serve the Classroom and the Community." Col lege and U n i v e r s i t Y Business, XLIX (September 1 9 7 0 Y ~ - ~ .

Luehrmann, A r t h u r . " D i s c i p l i n e - C e n t e r e d Deveiopment." Dartmouth Co l lege , I lanover, New I lampshire, U.S.A. Professor Luehrmann a lso has an a r t i c l e c i t e d in t h i s bib l iography under tlammond, Allen L.

Nacror ie , K. ' ; Pe r c iva l ; Analysis of Essays by Computer." Media and t le thods, VI {March 1970), 45-6.

Majer , K. " D i f f e r e n t i a l Re la t i onsh ips between P e r s o n a l i t y and Performance under D i s s i m i l a r Modes o f I n s t r u c t i o n : CAl . " Aud io -V isua l Communicatton Review, 18 (~ummer 1970), ~69-79.

Manwell, Tom, Walter I)aughcrity, Sam Beach and La~rence Stolurow. "Tom Swift and his E l e c t r i c R i l i n g , a l Crand- mother ." SiFt*to g u i l e , i n , VII , 1 (January 1973), 5-17. Describes program for teaching Russian.

Markley, g. E. and S. J. Dwyer I I I . "Random-Accessible Aud iov isua l I n fo rma t ion T e r m i n a l . " Aud io-V isua l I ns t ruc - t i o n , XVI (February 1971), 23-7.

Har sha l l , C l i f f o r d and Thomas O. Haguire. "The Co~p.ter as Soc ia l Pressure to Produce Conformi ty in a Simple Perceptual Ta~k . " Aud io -V isua l Communication Review, XlX, I (Spring 1971)~ 19-Zg.

Mathis, A. et a l . "Col lege Stodents At t i tudes Toward CAl." JournaT-or 'Educa t iona l Psychology, LXI (February 1970), 46-51. ""

McKinnon, A l a s t a i r . "CAl - -Wi th a D i f f e r e n c e . " Pr~_~_rammed Learning and Educat iona l Technology, IX, I ] ~ ' 6 - u ' ~ 197Z), ] g - Z l . ' '

Heincke, P. P. H. "The Use of APL in Computer-Assisted Lea rn ing . " U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto. P r i v a t e l y p r i n t e d .

Nered i th , J. C. The CAI A u t h o r / I n s t r u c t o r : An I n t r o d u c t i o n and Guide to the p r e p a r a t i o h o f c A Y ' N a t e r i a l s ; En~lew~od C l ' i f f a , N . J . : Educat iona l Technology Publ~¢'ati0n's, 1971. Shows how a competent t eacher can use Computer tech- nology.

43

H i l l e r , L . W. "flow can t w o - y e a r C o l l e g e s use the Computer?" C o l l e g e Hana~ement , VII (Octobe r 1972) , 30-2 .

• "The I lumanis t and C A l - - o r U n t i l t he L i g h t n i n g ~ t r u c k . " E d u c a t i o n a l T echno l ogy , X l I , l Z (December 1972) , 52 -58 . L igh t Comic e s s a y d e s c r i b i n g p rob l ems t r y i n g to set up a C o u r s e u r i t e r CAi in E n g l i s h i n a sma l l c o l l e g e in M a r y l a n d . Sugges ts p o s s i b l e dangers - in c o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s and i n c o r r e c t g o a l s .

~4 i t ze l , I t a r o l d E. "Computers and A d a p t i v e E d , , c a t i o n . " American E d u c a t i o n , Vl , 10 (December 1970) , 23-6 . P - ~ s p e c t i v e view ~ f CAI. D i s t i n g u i s h e s i n d i v i d u a l i n s t r u c t i o n ( s e l f p a c i n g , l i n e a r ) and i n d i v i d u a l i z e d (CAI). Goal .~,hould be to s t u ~ t}~:- s t r iden t -)s ha~.',-~ - as we have been stt:2/~:~g ~h.~ # u b j e c t ~,ot~cr ~: ~>,=~))~ Review r e w a r d s ) b r a n c h i n g , and the a d v a n t a g e s o f h a v i n g each s t u d e n t answer o f t e n .

• "CAI and Cable T e l e v i s i o n . " I n t e l l e c t , CI (Oct . 1 9 7 2 ) , 1 3 f f .

" E d u c a t i o n a l Dcvelopment and D e l i v e r y S y s t e m s . " - ' - - - - - V c n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . U n i v e r s i t y P a r k , Pa .

U.S.A.

q o l e n d a , H. It. "flow a Schoo l S~s~,.;,; ~c~ , i ~ u LA~ " .~'.~di,, Visua l I n s t r u c t i o n , XVl (June 1971) , 86-7 .

~4olnar, Aadrt.w R. " C r i t i c a l I s s u e s in Computer -Based L e a r n i n g . E d u c a t i o n a l Tcchn~l._o~z, J(l 8 ~,.~.b'gu~t 1971) , 60 -4 . P r ~ f i n t e r n e e i=: C~i f o r c e ;)ign devclo|)n~c;,t c o s t s , ) 'e t t h e r e i s g r e a t p o t e n t i a l .

~4organ, C. and W. H. R i c h a r d s o n . "Computer as a Classroom Tool : P r o j e c t IH!I~I.I~(?T, ~tontgc~ery County P u b l i c S c h o o l s , Hd." E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , XI I , 10 (Oct . 1972) , 71-3.

~ l o r r i s o n , II. W. and E. N. Adams. " P i l o t S tudy of a CAI L a b o r a t o r y in ~erman " The Hodern Language J o u r n a l , L I I , 5 (Hay 19¢,g), 279-87 . R e p r i n t e d i n Atk~nson i tem c i t e d above .

~4urphy, P. " S t u d e n t - ( ' o m p u t e r D i a l o g u e . " E d u c a t i o n a l Sc reen A u d i o v i s u a l Guide , IL ( June 1970)) 12-3.

Hyers , S. S. "S tudy of the E d u c a t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g i e s of CAI, I n s t r u c t i o n a l T e l e v i s i o n , and Class room F i l m s , based on a t o u r of s i t e s , w i t h d i s c u s s i o n . " E d u c a t i o n a l P r o d u c t s Repor. t , V (June 1972) .

N a t i o n a l Academy of E n g i n e e r i n g Commission on E d u c a t i o n . E d u c a t i o n a l Technology in l l i g h e r E d u c a t i o n : The Promises and L i f i i t a t i o n s of ITV and CAl . ~ a s h i n g t o n : N a t i o n a l Academy of E n g i n e e r i n g , 1969.

N ibeck , R. G. " T e c h n o l o g y : the C h a l l e n g e to make i t your own. G r a d e T e a c h e r , LXXXVII ( J a n u a r y 1970) ) l 1 6 f .

Nee, T. g. " E d u c a t i o n a l Usages o f t h e Compute r . " C l e a r i n ~ Iious..e., XLVi (Sep tember l g T l ) , 6 5 - 6 4 .

44

O e t t i n g e r , Anthony G., with Sema Marks. R~nt Computer, Run: The Mythology of Educat ional Innovat ion . Cam- b r idge , Mass: llarvard Un ive r s i t y Press . 1969. 302 pp. $S.9S. A hard look at some of the u n r e a l i s t i c and ove r ly e n t h u s i a s t i c claims made for CAl. "The most outrageous book of the y e a r . " A demand for vigorous standards of programming and c o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s . An a t t ack on t echno log ica l gimmickry, i l ighly c r i t i c a l of expens ive , low-performing computer i n s t r u c t i o n , yet not an a t t ack on t e c h n i c a l innovat ion as such, P resc r ibes b e t t e r ideas , b e t t e r programs.

O 'Ne i l , j r . , II. F . et a l . " E f f e c t s of S ta t e Anxiety and Task Di f f i cu l t~ -o~-Compute r -Ass i s t ed Learn ing ." Journal of Educat ional Psychology, XL (October 1969), 343-50.

" E f f e c t s of S t re s s on S ta te Anxiety and Performance ...... in CAl." Journal of Educat ional psychology, LXlll

(October 197"2), 47;=81.

O 'Ne i l , J . C. A CA[ Multi-Media I n t e r f a c e System. ~t.S. thesis, Colorado Sta te U n i v e r s i t y . Fort Collins, January 1972.

Orr, William D. Conversa t ional CompOters. New York: John Wiley, YeJ68. Describes some programs under development fo r making computers understand na tu ra l language syntax and thus approach Soc ra t i c d ia logue in CAl.

Pagen, J . and R. Arnold. "Computerized I n s t r u c t i o n : here to s t a y l " lndicom P r o j e c t . I n s t r u c t o r , LXXIX (February 1970), 114-5.

Palme, Jacob, A S imp l i f i ed English for Question-Answering, S t o c k h o l m : R ~ s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o[ National Defense, 1970

Paper t . S. and C. Solomon. "Twenty Things to do with a Computer." Educational Technology, XII. 4 (Apr i l 1972), 9-18.

P e e l l e , tloward A. "Pygmalion 's Computer." Controversies in Education, (Saunders Publishing Co., f0*rthcoming.) General review of cur ren t p r o j e c t s and specu la t ion on the future of CAI.

Prt tchard, Alan. A Guide to Computer L i te ra tu re : An In t ro- ductory Surveyor the Sources of Information. II~mden, Connecticut: Archon Books,1969. 130 pp. '~5.00. A bib l iography compiled by a B r i t i s h l i b r a r i a n . Some 350 pub l i ca t i ons included.

P r t t cha rd , C. A lbe r t . "Use of the Computer in the l a t e r - mediate F r e n c h C o u r s e : a t the U. S. Naval Academy.' ProceedinBs. Of:the Symposium ,o~, .the Use of Computers in the Naval Academy Curricul 'um. December 197~. ''~ (Annapolis , Maryland: U . S. N~ml Academy, 1912), 235-238. Describes an elementary 'program INTFREN to d r i l l students in French,

45

P r o c e e d i n g s of the Canadian S~mposium on I n s t r u c t i o n a l - :Techno logy (Calg'~ry, May'~4-6 , 1972) O b t a i n a b l e

[rum t~e Na t iona l Research Counci l o f Canada, A s s o c i a t e Committee on I n s t r u c t i o n a l Technology , Ot tawa, Canada. A very impor t an t c o n f e r e n c e . Many e x c e l l e n t papers~ which have not been l i s t e d s e p a r a t e l y h e r e f o r r e a s o n s of space. One of the most wor thwh i l e works in t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y .

Prosser, F r a n k l i n and Donald D. Jensen. " C o m p u t e r - g e n e r a t e d r e p e a t a b l e t e s t s . " AFlPS-Conference P r o c e e d i n g s , XXXVIII (~tontvale , N . J . , "076~5: ~FIPS P r e s s , ~971) , 295-501.

P r o s s e r , F r ank l i n and Jean Nakhnik ian . "Computer P r o c e s s e s in Repea t ab l e T e s t i n g . " Fa l l J o i n t Computer Confe rence ~ 1972, 6 4 1 - 6 4 7 .

P o u l t e r , V.k. " C o m n u t e r - A s s i s t e d Labora to ry T e s t i n g . " ~lodern Language J o u r n a l , LI I I (December 1969), 561-4.

Raynaud, R~gine R. "Enseigr~ement a s s i s t d par o r d i n a t e u r : l e syst~mc PlCO [Programme d ' l n t r o d u c t i o n de Cours dana un O r d i n a t e u r ] . ' Cen t r e de T r a i t e m e n t de l ' l n f o z - m a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t ~ Lava l . QuGbec. (No d a t e . )

Rath, Gustave J . "The Development of CAI." IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s on Iluman F a c t o r s in E l e c t r o n i c s , lIFE-8 (June 1967) , glY-/~.

Reed, Ca ro l . "Computer Teaches Grammar." The Ohio Stat......~e L a n t e r n , ~1onday, February 14, 1972, p. 8. A very 1T~T'GT'-Jescription o f CAI German programs at Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , where some work i s a l s o be ing done in Span ish and Russ ian CA1.

Roberge, James J . and Ca th l een M. Kub in iec . "A Computer program fo r Verbal Feedback on ~ ! u l t i p l e - C h o i c e Examina- t ions ." Edt~aL~£~d.._Psychologic~L.~.9,__asAIJ.~e~nX, IXX (Spr ing lt~70), 175-81. l ) e sc r ibe s program at Temple Ih, i v e r s i t y to g ive s t u d e n t an a p p r a i s a l of what a r eas he should s t u d y , based on r e s u l t s from t e s t s showing he had or had not ach ieved cer t :~ in o b j e c t i v e s .

R o b e r t s , A. ~. and P. A. t i r k e l . "Computer A p p l i c a t i o n s to I n s t r u c t i o n . J o u r n a l o f Secondary Education!, XLVI (blarch 1971), 9 9 - ~ .

g o c k a r t , John F . , ~lichael S. S c o t t ~|orton and Zenon S. Zanne tos . ' ° A s s o c i a t i v e Learn ing P r o j e c t in CAl." I !ducat ional T c ~ , XI, I1 (Nov. 1971), 17-23. ~A/ ~cl'ope'i~-c'~-at Sloan School of ~lanagement at ~$1T. O b j e c t i v e s : 1) s t u d e n t c o n t r o l o f o b j e c t i v e s 2) ca se work o f t e a c h e r 3) i n t e g r a t e i n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s a c r o s s f i e l d s 41 ge t r e s e a r c h s e t t i n g fo r e d u c a t i o n . Next g e n e r a t i o n CAI needs : 1) semant i c c o n t e n t a s s o - c i a t i o n , 2) sys tem should l e a r n i t s e l f , 3) i m i t a t e a human t u t o r , 4) have g r a p h i c t e r m i n a l fo r h igh speed communica t ions . The i r MIT system l e t s s t u d e n t ge t d e f i n i t i o n s o f words used and branch to i n t e r e s t i n g a r e a s a t s t u d e n t ' s d e s i r e . Lets s t u d e n t ask q u e s t i o n s which a r e a n a l y t e d and answered . Seeks answers by d i c t i o n a r y search based on simple r e t r i e v a l , complex r e t r i e v a l and r e l a t i o n chain. I f i t cannot answer quest ion , machine asks for a rephrasing.

46

Rodgers , James L. " C u r r e n t Problems in CAl ." V a t a m a t i o n , XIV ( S e p t . 1968) , 28 -53 .

Rosenbaum, P. S. The Computer as a Lea rn ing l !nvi ronment f o r F o r e i g n Language I n s t r u c t i o n . IBM Resea rch Repor t RC~Z3SZ. Yorktown I l e i g h t s , 1968. Resea rch on e x c e l l e n t programs in German d e v e l o p e d by IBM and used p r i m a r i l y a t S tony Brook.

"Toward t he Automated workbook: a flew d i r e c t i o n ' f o r CAl ." E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , X l l , 5 (Slay 1972) ,

56-8.

Rosove, P e r r y E. "The i n t e g r a t i o n of Ilumanism and E d u c a t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g y . " E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , X l l , I ( . January 1972)., 10-18. -A c r i t i c i s m of CfE2 ~ i l b e r m a n ' s C r i s i s in the C las s room: t he Remaking o£ American E d ~ l ~ (New Y o i k ~ Random l louse , 1970) . R0sove a rgues t h e r ~ i s no i n c o n s i s t e n c y "be tween a human i s t app roach to e d u c a t i o n and an app roach in which e d u c a t i o n a l t e c h - no logy i s e m p l o y e d , " and t h a t l e a r n e r c o n t r o l o f t he sys tem i s becoming t he more dominan t CAI. Review of s e v e r a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r use o f CAl.

Rusk, B. , ed . A l t e r n a t i v e s in E d u c a t i o n . T o r o n t o : G e n e r a l P u b l i s h i n g Co . , 1971. ......

Ryan, K. A. " T e a c h e r and School in t he 1 9 9 0 ' s . " School ~lanagement, XlV (Oc tobe r 1970) , 29.

S a l i s b u r y , Alan B. "Computers and E d u c a t i o n : toward a g r e e - ment on t e r m i n o l o g y . " E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , XI, 9 (Sep tember 1971) , 35-40 . P roposes C A l b t . t he b r o a d t e rm. CAl. ( C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d L e a r n i n g ) would be a b e t t e r term bu t wide usage of "CAI" makes i t more u n d e r s t a n d a b l e . These d e f i n i t i o n s a re not very im- p o r t a n t .

"An Overview of CAl ." E d u c a t i o n a l Techno logy , Xi , 10 (Oc tobe r 1971) , 48-50~ D e f i ne s moJt, s'i d ~ i l l

p r a c t i c e , t u t o r i a l , d i a l o g u e ( S o c r a t i c ) , m o n i t o r ( f r e e s t r u c t u r e ) , gaming. V a r i e t i e s of b r a n c h i n g a l s o d i s c u s s e d .

S a s s , R i c h a r d E. "A Computer Based I n s t r u c t i o n a l Management Program f o r Class room U s e . " U n i v e r s i t y of P i t t s b u r g h L e a r n i n g ~ e s e a r c h and Development C e n t e r . 1971/3 .

S c h i a v o n e , J . e t a l . "CAI in r e a d i n g . " E d u c a t i o n , XCl ( A p r i l 19T2")~ '301-2.

5 c a n l a n , R icha rd T. " C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n in L a t i n . " C l a s s i c s J o u r n a l , LVI, 3 ( F e b r u a r y - H a r c h 1971) , Z23-ZZ7.

"CAI in F o r e i g n Languages a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f - " - - - r i l i n o i s . " F o r e i g n Language A n n a l s , IV, 4 (Hay, 1971) ,

423.

• "PLATO i n L a t i n . " F o r e i g n Language A n n a l s , V, 1 {October 1971), 84-89.

47

S c h o l l , P i e r r e Claude , Maryse S c h o l l , J . Barson , P. Suppes . "An Experiment in French CAl." Teghnical Report-lNSSS, S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , Autumn i972. D e s c r i b e s the most advanced s o f t w a r e system ye t w r i t t e n f o r t e a c h i n g and d r i l l i n g French .

Schrag , A. F. "(:omputcr Termina l s in the C l a s s r o o m . " Bus ines s r d u c a t i o n Forum, XXVI {February 1972), 48-9.

S chu t z , R. E. " C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d E d u c a t i o n a l Research (CAI'R)." Psvcholo',E~ in tile S c h o o l s , VII (A p r i l 1970), 108-11.

S e i d e l , Robert J . " T h e o r i e s and S t r a t e g i e s Re la t ed to Iqeasurement in I n d i v i d u a l i z e d I n s t r ' . ~ c t i o n . " Educa t i ona l Technol? , ,~ , Xl, 8 (August 1971), 4d-7 . Argues"'T'o~ ln~-~r-S-tTd r use of computers ~.n t e a c h i n g .

. , Bever ly i l un t e r , and Mar t in L. t~uh~n, A Stu,lv of - - - - - - C o , : ? u t e r - B a s c d C u r r i c u l a : The t'rocer'.s ~ + ' ~ - - - -

K lexand r [ a ~, VTr~T~'fiT l l ~ ~ 2 ~ : - J t tesearch c~rgani- z a t i o n , November 1971.

S : l z e r , R. A. "CAl--l~'hat I t Can and C,~n,~t [~,)," Atnericarl .Ps~hc_~_logij~t, XXVl, I ( i 9 7 1 ) , 373-7.

5 e r ~ e r , B. I.. ;~nd L. ,q. Stolt~row. "Co;=p;~ t , . r -~s i~ te~ Learn ing in LangtL~ge A r t s : l larvard P r o j e c t O~,\Cl.}-." t~lj,f,c_n.- t a r v I~li._~L~ , XI.VII ('qay 1970), ( ,4 i -5~.

S i l b e r , Xent;eth. "The L(.arni;~.g System. A New Appr,~a~h to F a c i l i t a t i n g Learn ing based cn F~ .,.dew from the Future and Educa t i ona l Tech~o logy . " t ;o~ 'c rnor ' s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ; Park Fores t Sou th , I l l i :~ :~is .

S i l b e r m a n , Cha r l e s E. "Technology is K~;ocking at the Schoo l - house Door ." F o r t u n e , LXXlV (August 19f~o), 12,)-f,.

S i l be rman , II. F. and R. T. F i l e p . " ln forc , a t i o n Systems A p p l i c a t i o n s in E d u c a t i o n . " Annual i~e~ie~ of Informa- t i o n S c i e n c e and Technolo~2', V'ff . F T ~ - ~ T ~ i ~ ' y "7

Slamecka, V lad imi r . "An Andiol~raphic System for S c l f - l n r : t r u c - t i o n . " For thcoming a r t i c l e ~hich upda te s V . ~ . , A l t - " P. .Iensen and Pr;in;}s ~tlnde, "All Audiograph ic i~epos l lory of Knowledge fo r Cot~versa t iona l L e a r n i n g , " E d u c a t i o n a l Technology' , IX, 9 (Sep t . 1971), 15-20. llescr--q~e.~" a sys tem which s t o r e s on o r d i n a r y magne t i c tape a sound r e c o r d i n g of a l e c t u r e and the e l e c t r o n i c i n f o r m a t i o n to d r i v e a d e v i c e which r ep roduces d iagrams dra~n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y by the l e c t u r e r . Another sys tem l i n k i n g an e l e c t r o n w r t t e r and audio c a s s e t t e s is be ing d e v e l o p e d at the M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e of Technology by P r o f e s s o r S t ewar t ~ ; i l son . See Co l l ege and t l n i v e r s i t £ Busin.e..ss (August 1972). p. 78.

S l o t n i e k , II. B. and d. V. Knapp. "Essay Grading by Com- puter: a laboratory phenomenon?" English Journal., LX (January lg71 ) , 75-80.

48

Sterr i t t , G. tl. "Us ing CAI as a Learn ing I n c e n t i v e . " I n s t r u c t o r , LXXX! (August 1971), 133f.

S t i f l e , J a c k . The PLATO IV S t u d e n t T e r m i n a l . The I h ~ i v e r s i t y o f I l l inois--E~fer- : ' f iLqse ' -d~T:tT~ca- t 'Tdf i - -Wt; ' sc :*rch I . a l , o r a t o r y { r e v i s e d } R e p o r t X - I S . I l r b a r a , March 1972. F i r s t ~ u b l i s h e d in March 1970 and H a r c h 1971 u n d e r t h e t i t l e A P l a s m a D i s p l a y T e r m i n a l , " t h e r e p o r t d c s c r i t ~ e s t he

p l a s m a d i s p l a y p a n e l w h i c h p r e s e n t s g r a l , h i c i n f o r m a t i o n w h i l e in c o m m u n i c a t i o n o v e r v o i c e g r a d e t e l e p h o n e c i r c u i t s . No m e n t i o n i s made h e r e o f t h e t o u c h - s e n s i - t i v e s c r e e n o r random a c c e s s a u d i o f e a t u r e s o f t h e new PLATO IV t e r m i n a l .

S t o l u r o w , Law rence M. "The l l a r v a r d CAI L a b o r a t o r y . " Ed- u c a t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g y , ( S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 8 ) , 1 1 - 2 .

S p e n c e r , Dona ld D. "The C o m p u t e r C, o e s to S c h o o l . °' AI!ILq J o u r n a l , VI , 1 ( F a l l 1 9 7 2 ) , 3 - 3 0 ; g l , 2 (1 : )72) . T~o p a r t a r t i c l e . ° 'Well w r i t t e n a r t i c l e u s e f u l ;is an i n t r o d u c t i o n o r as a s t a t e of t h e a r t sum~aar¢ ." About 40 r e f e r e n c e s .

S p o l s k y , B. "iI~M C ompu t e r f o r N a v a j o l a n g u a g e t e x t b o o k s . " S c h o o l and S o c i e t y , X('IX (December 1 9 7 1 ) , . to,q-9.

S t e l z e r , J . "CAt and V o c a t i o n a l I . d u c a t i o n . " l !ducat i ( ) :~a l T e c h n o l o g . ~ , Xl ( H a t c h 1 9 7 1 ) , 4 3 - 7 . A serTc-.~-'t-~-i'-'i:~:~:'~;~:~* ~ n s " t o t a k e a d w m t a g e o f r e c e n t h a r d , a r e i n n o - v a t i o n s " to b u i l d c h e a p e r h y b r i d CAI s y s t t . m s r a t h e r t h a n t h e more e x p e n s i v e l a r g e s t a n d a r d s y s t e m s . L i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n w h i c h i s n o t a l r e a d y kno~,,n by t h o s e who h a v e been i n t e r e s t e d in t h e s u b j e c t f o r t h e p a s t few ) - e a r s .

S u p p e s , P. '"rbe U s e s o f C o m p u t e r s in E d u c a t i o f ; . " S c i c t ~ t l f i c A m e r i c a n , S e p t t . n b e r 1966, pp . 2 0 6 - 2 1 .

. , and ,qona . ~ l o r n i n g s t a r . " C A l . " S__cit,j2c_},, It,(.. (19¢ ,9) , 2 0 6 - 2 1 .

. , and ,q. Jerman. "CAI a t S t a n f o r d . " l d n c a t i o n a l " - " - ' - T e l e v i s i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l , I l l (Sep tember - - I ' ) ' (~9) - , - ' rT~-9 .

. , and M. 3 e r m a n . " C A l . " The N : l t i o n a t A ~ s * ~ c i a t i o n o f Secon, la rv Scboo I I.r i , ,c i ~ _ T ~ . ~ I T ~ L T . - 7 - u r ~ " --CZq, i '~ i£, ry I 9 7 0 } , 2 7 -' 4 ll'i~, . . . . . . . . . . .

. , and .q. H o r n i n g s t a r . "CAI and C o n q , c n s a t o r y E d u c a t i o n " i n V. g o t t e n , S. Cook and .1. I . a cey , e d ~ . , P s ¢ c h o l o g v

and t h e P r o b l e m s o f S o c i e t y . W a s h i n g t n n : " - A ; ~ b - ~ f n ~ P ~ V ~ f f 6 ~ T f ~ T ~ r T i - f T 6 i ~ , 19 ~ o .

S u t t e r , G. and J . B. R e i d . " L e a r n e r V a r i a b l e s and I n t e r - p e r s o n a l C o n d i t i o n s in C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d l n s t r t , c t i o n . " J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t i o n a l Ps~ch_..._o.l._og~, LX ( J u n e 1 9 0 9 ) .

Symonds , b l a r t h a . " C o m p u t e r D e t e c t i o n o f M i s s p e l l e d k o r d s . °' N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f Canada, R a d i o and E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n R e p o r t ERB $43 ( A u g u s t 1970} .

T a y l o r , L. C. R e s o u r c e s f o r L e a r n i n g . Penguin S p e c i a l , 1971 .

49

Te: , cza r , Paul J . and Wi l l i am Golden . S p e l l i n ~ l Word and Copcept R e c o g n i t i o n . The U n j v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s Computer- ba sed L d u c a t i o n Resea rch L a b o r a t o r y Repor t X-55. Urbana: O c t o b e r 197Z. D e s c r i b e s a s o p h i s t i c a t e d word r e c o g n i t i o n and e r r o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n sys tem w h i c h a v o i d s s y n t a c t i c p a r s i n g . Used in t he PLATO IV--TUTOR l a n g u a g e .

T i c k t o n , S idney G. , ed. To Improve L e a r n i n g : An E v a l u a t i o n of I n s t r u c t i o n a l Techno logy , Z Vols~ New York: R . R . Bowker, 1970"and 1971

Tomko. C . J . , and E. N. Adams. The IBM Resea rch E x p e r i m e n t a l ~ l . a b o r a t o r y . IBM Resea rch Repor t RC 2518 (12137) .

- l T e ~ 4 J u n e 1969. D e s c r i b e s a h i g h l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d (and r a t h e r e x p e n s i v e ) t ape r e c o r d e r f o r use in l anguage l a b o r a t o r i e s . I t has the a b i l i t y to s t o p the t ape a u t o m a t i c a l l y f o r l e a r n e r c o n t r o l d e c i s i o n s , v o i c e a c t i v a t e d s t a r t i n g and s t o p p i n g o f r e c o r d i n g and a u t o m a t i c r e p l a y a f t e r each e x e r c i s e . Summarized in A l i e n , 1972d. C f . , Adams, E. N. , 1969a.

Tondow, M. " C o m p u t e r s . " Today's E d u c a t i o n , hlX (November 1970) , 40.

Tango, Fred FI. "Design of a Programming Language and System fo r Computer-Assis ted Lea rn ing . " IFIP Congress (Edin- burgh 1968) Booklet I (Supplement), pp. II15-9.

Trezise , R. L. "R epo r t on a N a t i o n a I C o n f e r e n c e on Compu- t e r A p p l i c a t i o n s to L e a r n i n g . " E d u c a t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g y , X (December 1970) , OO-Z.

U r i o n , I lenry K. S i m u l a t i ? n of the Syntax of a N a t u r a l l.an- guage: I t s ~ ~ ~i t he {~nntext"of C o m p . t e r - ' .... Bated i . a n g u a g e ' ! n s t r u c t i o n M.A."thesis, Thaye r School o-T'E-m-'g'T~'eering0 Dartmou-~College, Hanover , New Itamp- s h i r e , 1972. D e s c r i b e s CAI sys tem f o r v e r b d r i l l s in F r e n c h , German and E n g l i s h , in which t h e compute r checks s t e m s , e n d i n g s and p a s t p a r t i c i p l e a g r e e m e n t .

Van der An, II. J . et a l . Computers and Educat ion. An l n t e r n a t i o n a l l i E T i o g r a p ~ on Computer Educat ion. W o l t e r s - N o o r d h o f f , 1970. 115 pp.

. , e t a l . New L i t e r a t u r e on Automat ion . An I n t e r n a t i o n a l class"~'f] '~d a b s t r a c t s j o u r n a l on Automat ic Data P r o c e s s i n g p u b l i s h e d by the N e t h e r l a n d s C e n t r e f o r I n f o r m a t i c s , Amsterdam. One s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h " A p p l i c a b i l i t y in t e a c h i n g . "

Van Dyke, B. F . , and J, M. Newton. "CAI: pe r fo rmance and a t t i t u d e s . " J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h , LXV (March 1 9 7 2 ) , ' 2 9 1 - 3 .

V i n s o n h a l e r . John F. , Danie l N i l l i n and G e r a l d N . G i l l m o r e . "Computer Management o f I n s t r u c f i o n a l R e s o u r c e s . ~ ' E d u c a t i o n a l Technology, Xl . 5 (May 1971)~+-$2~35;,~! b e s c r i p c L o n o f a ~omputer-Managed I n s t r u c t i o n sys t em a t Mich igan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .

SO

V insonha le r , John F. and Ronald K. Bass. "A Summary o f Ten Ha)or S tud ies on CA! D r i l l and P r a c t i c e . " Educa- t i o n a l Technology, Xl f . 7 ( Ju ly 1972). 29-32. A summary o{"30 exper iments w i th 10,000 sub jects in language and math; shows s u p e r i o r i t y o f CA[ d r i l l 6 p r a c t i c e of 1 to 8 months in time sBved in a two year p e r i o d , accord ing to S tandard Achievement T e s t s . More d e t a i l e d s tudy is found in the a u t h o r s ' Ten Major S tud ie s of the E v a l u a t i o n of CAI D r i l l 6 P r a c t i c e , ISA Report No. 21, ~lichigan S t a t e lYff~versity, uA'~ust 1971. In the t e s t s , the tlawthorne e f f e c t was n e u t r a l i z e d . There may, however, be l e s s expens ive methods of ac- compl ishing the same t h i n g : Suppcs ~ M o r n i n g s t a r ' s a r t i c l e "CAI" in S c i e n c e , Vol. 160 (Oct. 17, 1909), 343-350, sugges t s t"¥h-'i~"~O minutes of d r i l l ~ p r a c t i c e in a c lassroom g ives the same r e s u l t s as ISm inu tes of CAl. Dick, W. and R. LaSts, "Comparative l ! f fec t~ of A b i l i t y and P r e s e n t a t i o n Mode in CAI and Programmed I n s t r u c t i o n , AD-694 OZl, Clear inghouse for Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Techn ica l I n fo rma t ion , S p r i n g f i e l d , Vs . , 1969, sugges t t ha t in c e r t a i n c i r cums tances CAi is i n t e r i o r to Programmed I n s t r u c t i o n in mathemat ics . P o s s i b l e causes of CAI advan tages : d i r e c t e f f e c t of CAI, " n o v e l t y " e f f e c t which w i l l d e c l i n e ; chang¢~ in t e a c h e r s ' b e h a v i o r ; changes in s t u d e n t s ' behav i ec .

~ a i t e . Stephen V. F. "Computer-Supplemented Lat in l n s t i ~ . " ~ o r at Dartmouth C o l l e g e . " ~ and the I lumani t i es , IV, S (May 1970), 313-4. Descr ibes ~o~e v ~ r y e f / T f i e n t programs for d r i l l i n g La t in vocahulagy and verb form~.

Watkins, L . , L. Newell, J r . , and F. Greenwood. "Computer~ on campus: t h r ee r e p o r t s on what t h e y ' r e do ing , what they could do . " Col lege and U n i v e r s i t y D~s.iness , XLVIII (May 1970), 71-7.

~a t son , P. G. "CAI: from the Educa t iona l T e c h n o I o g i s t ' s po in t of v iew." Educa t iona l I lo r izons , XLIX (Spr ing 1971), 81-7.

Weber, L. "New Dawn at btlT: Conference Repor t . " Grade Teacher , LXXXVIII (September 1970), 86f. ~

Wentz, Larry Alan. CA|: An A p p r a i s a l . M.A. T h es i s , Moore School of E n g i n ~ ] ~ l n i v e r s i t y of P i t t s b u r g h ) , 1972. E x c e l l e n t , comprehensive overview with good b i b l i o g r a p h y .

Wilcox, J a r r e d . "A Survey. Forecast of ~ew Technology in U n i v e r s i t i e s and C o l l e g e s . " Working paper , A l f red P. Sloan School of Management. Cambridge: Massachu- s e t t s I n s t i t u t e of Technology, 1972.

W i l l s , Mantee. "DOVACK's machines he lp c h i l d r e n r e a d . " American Educa t ion , V i i , $ (June 1971), $-g. Acron)~ is D i f f e r e n t i a t e d , Ora l , V i s u a l , Aura l , Computer i ted , K i n e s t h e t i c . Descr ibes program developed by Mrs. F l o r l n e Way and Will iam P e t t y , used in M o n t i c e l l o , F l o r i da to t each r ead ing . Chi ld makes up a s t o r y . I t i s r e d i c t a t e d In ano the r d i a l e c t and keypunched. Next day he reads i t and hears i t . n i c t l o n a r y of words used by the c h i l d , wi th l i n e r e f e r e n c e s g iven to him. He ts tested every 6th day, g iven p rog re s s report . Costs are high "but wort~ i t . "

51

Wilson, II. A. and N II. F i tzg ibbon. "Pract ice and Per fec t ion: a p re l iminary ana lys i s of achievement data from the CA! elementary English program." Elementary Eng! ish , XLVI! (Apr i l 1970), 576-9.

Wit t i g , L. J . "Model for the development of a learn ing module fo r CAl." Audiovisual I n s t r u c t i o n , XV (January 1970) , 22-3.

Wood, Cec i l . "Teaching Programmed German;" "Computer- Assisted German Ins t ruc t i on ; . . . . German Beginning Language In s t ruc t i on - -The S ta te of the Art as of Hay 1972.'~ Ser ies of p r i v a t e l y dup l i ca ted papers wr i t t en by C.W., Department of German, 219 Folwcll i t a l l , Un ive r s i t y of Hinncsota , Hinneapol i s , Hinncsota 55455, U.S:A., to answer the large number of reques ts he has rece ived for in format ion on his CAI programs developed ove r the past I0 years .

Yeo, R. D. "Computer Ass i s ted Learning." Im_mp_E_oving College and Un ive r s i t y Teaching, XX (Summer 1972)~ 167=9.

Z i e l i n s k i , J . "Computers and School~: ~deas and Exper- iences concerning the Use of Computers fo r Ins t ruc- t i ona l Purposes," ( t rans. Wcrner Sonnenschein). Journal of Educational Data Proccssin&, VI (December I~69)~ 281=99. [~s~ribes a ~ ~ e f using compu- ters in educat ion . Out l ines an experiment at Bad: , Ueberkinger in which s tudents took t e s t s by punching holes in |BH "Port -a-Punch" cards to correspond to mul t ip l e choice ques t i ons , ~hich then f a c i l i t a t e s a computer ana lys i s of each s t u d e n t ' s p rogress . :: :: i

Zinn, Karl. Final Report of Pro)ect CLUE (Computer Learning Under Eva lua t ion ) . Ann Arbor, Michigan: P ro j ec t CLUE, 1970.

. , and Susan McClintock. A Guido tO the ~ t teTature on I n t e r a c t i v e Use of Com~uters for I n s t r u c t i o n , ERIC, J~nuary 19~ 19--'. A l S o includes a g lossary o f CAI terminology.

ADDENDA

Andersson, ~ke. The Computer in Schools--A Summary. Stockholm: National Board or Educat{on '5-105 42, 1975.

Black, J. et a l . Computers for E0ucation, W6rking Paper 7, NCET.~A~ i lab le from Councils and Education Press L td . , 10 Queen Anne S t . , London WD! 9LD. Report of a study car r ied out for the NCET in to the po ten t i a l of Computer-Rased Learniqg,

Coulson, J. E., ed. Programmed Learning and Computer-Based Ins t ruc t ion . New Y o r k : : J o h n Wiley 6Sons, ! n c . , 1 9 6 2 .

Dyer, Charles A. Pre a r in for CAl. Englewood C l i f f s , N . J . : Educational Tec no ogy u l ~ t i o n s . I l l u s t r a t e d in t roduc t ion . I n f o m a t l o n on how the computer works , how to plan programs and t r a i n programmers. B ib l i o - graphy and glossary.

52

Feldhusen, John H. A Pgs ! t ion Paper on CAI Research and Development. EgIC. ,Februsry 1970. An uncommonly c r i t i c s l view of CAI andlc la ims made for i t .

Finch, John H. "An Overview of Computer-Managed I n s t r u c t i o n . " Educational Technology, XII, 7 (July 1972), 46.7. Types of a p p l i c a t i o n s of computers toward helping a t eacher manage educat ion without having the compu- t e r a c t u a l l y teach. (Test s co r ing , d iagnos is of s tudent weaknesses, e t c . )

. "Computer-Managed I n s t r u c t i o n : An Annotated B ib l io - graphy." Audiovisual I n s t r u c t i o n , March 1972.

G e n t i l e , J . R. "The F i r s t Generat ion of CAi Systems: an Eva lua t ive Review." Audiovisual Communications Review, XV (1967), 23-53.

Hayman, R. W. and W. Lord. "A Technology Rased Educat ional System Using Computer Management." Educational Tach-

S , Xl I , 12 (December 1972), 43-51. Descr ip t ion Colorado S ta t e CAI system on a CDC 6400 in

the College of Engineering. . Wide a p p l i c a t i o n s . Empha- s i z e value of l e a r n e r c o n t r o l . Aims to i n t e g r a t e a l l aspects of teaching in to the computer.

O e t t i n g e r , Anthony and Soma Marks. "Educat ional Technology: New Myths and Old R e a l i t i e s . " Harvard Educational

• Review, xgXVlll , 4 (Fa l l 1968), 697-717. Adapted l r ~ ' l u n a Computer t Run ( c i t e d above) . Followed by 34 pages of commentaries by s ix c r i t i c s and a f ive page reply by Oe t t inge r and Marks.

Saturday Review of Education, I , 4 (May 1973). Supplement on Educat ional Technd~ogy. Severa l a r t i c l e s .

N e w s l e t t e r s v h i e h dea l d i r e e t l u or ¢ n d i r e ~ t ! ~ ~it 'h CAI and the use o~

eOmFk¢,~ra ~ r d u e a ~ f o n .

ACM Sigcue B u l l e t i n (The Assoc ia t ion for Computing Machinery: Specia l l n t e f 6 s t Group on Computer Uses in Educat ion) . Edited b~ A. gent Morton, g iewi t Computation Center , Dartmouth C o l l e g e , I lanover , N.II . 03755, U.S.A. Sent to members o f S igcue. Wr i te ACM, 1133 Avenue o f the Amer icas, New York , N.Y. 10036. Usual cost per yea r : $6.00. For A i r m a i l ove rseas , send $5.00 more to the e d i t o r . For most readers t h i s is the best o f a l l the n e w s l e t t e r s ment ioned here .

ACH Sig laah N e w s l e t t e r (The Assoc ia t ion for Computing Ha- ch inery : Specia l I n t e r e s t Group on Language Analysis and Studles in the Humanit ies) . Publ ished S times per year . Usual c o s t : $11.00 per year . Nr i t e S lg l a sh ; c/o AOl; P.O. Box 12105, Church S t r e e t S t a t i o n ; New York, N.Y. IOZ4g; U.S.A.

53

CAI Newsletter, published by the cAI gr0up at a l len Fraser Univers i ty , Burnaby 415, B.C., Canada. This and the AIK~IS newsletter c i ted below pub l ic ize CAI a c t i v i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y among users having IBM Coursewriter f a c i l i - t i e s . Free d i s t r i b u t i o n .

Computers and T e a c h i n g . N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y ; Z O O S gher i~Iaf i 'Road; E ~ a n s t o n , I l l i n o i s 6020L; U.S.A. Free d i s t r i b u t i o n .

ED..UU. D i g i t a l Equipment C o r p o r a t i o n ; Haynard M a s s a c h u s e t t s 01754; U.S.A. Free d i s t r i b u t i o n .

EDUCOM B u l l e t i n . P u b l i s h e d q u a r t e r l y by the I n t e r u n i v e r s i t y Communicat ions C o u n c i l , Box 364, Roseda le Road, P r i n c e - t o n , N . J . , U.S.A. D i s t r i b u t e d w i t h o u t c h a r g e to s t a f f of member i n s t i t u t i o n s o r f o r $5 .00 pe r y e a r t o educa- t o r s and s t u d e n t s .

The F i n i t e S t r i n g , p u b l i s h e d by t he A s s o c i a t i o n fo r Coapu- tat~----~'~'na-i'l-~t,~-'~guistics. Only i n d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to the use of compute r s in e d u c a t i o n bu t somet imes has e x c e l l e n t summaries of a r t i c l e s on H a c h i n e - A i d e d Language L e a r n i n g .

lip E d u c a t i o n a l Users ~roup N e w s l e t t e r , p u b l i s h e d by l l e w l e t t - P a c k a r d , " I I 0 2 0 ~ o l f e Road, c f i p e r t i n o , C a l i f o r n i a 95014, U.S.A. Free d i s t r i b u t i o n , lip a l s o p u b l i s h e s a semi- annua l J o u r n a l o f the liP Users Group, ed. B r i a n a 8 u r n s , same a d d r e s s .

N e w s l e t t e r of the A s s o c i a t e Committee on I n s t r u c t i o n a l - - - ' T ~ ih'~/'~logy, ed. J . W. Brahau . N a t i o n a l Re'search C o u n c i l ;

{ ] T { ~ n a d a . Free d i s t r i b u t i o n . Each a r t i c l e a p p e a r s in b o t h E n g l i s h and F rench .

~ e w s l e t t e r of the A s s o c i a t i o n f o r the Development o f Computer- B~lsed l ~ i s t r ~ - - - c ~ . ~ (ADCIS) , - e d i t e d by Alan r ~ - g ' m ~ h o f t he nU'ff] '~rslty o f H a i n e . P r e s i d e n t : Dr. gona ld C h r i s t o p h e r . Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1030 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210 , U.S.A.

N e w s l e t t e r of Germanic P l t i l o l o g y , p u b l i s h e d by James W. Harchand , C e n t e r fo r Advanced S t u d y , 3022 Fo re ign Language B u i l d i n g , t l n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s , Urbana , I l l i n o i s , OI$OI. U.S.A. go t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to com- p u t e r s bu t o c c a s i o n a l l y p u b l i s h e s CAI i n f o r m a t i o n .

ON-LINE, ed. Hary J i l l A u l t , C e n t e r f o r Resea rch on Learning - " - ' ~ d Teaching, 109 East Madison, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104,

U.S.A. P u b l i s h e d 5 t i m e s a y e a r . . A t p r e s e n t i t i s s e n t f r e e to c e r t a i n c e n t e r s , but w i l l soon be on a s u b s c r i p t i o n b a s i s .

P u n c h l i n e , t h e n e w s l e t t e r o f LACE ( t h e LaCrosse Area Computers i n - ~ . d u c a t i o n ) . U n i v e r s i t y o f Wiscons in s t LaCrOsse, W i s c . , U.S.A. Free d i s t r i b u t i o n , r "

R e c a l l . E d i t e d by g l s u s Bung ; Depar tment o f L i n g u i s t i c s , ' Cambridge, England. P u b l i s h e d : b y L6ngma¢Ltd~' ?Z

Tottenham Court Irold',: LondonWl.:LThe t i t l e ~ t l ! a n acronyu f o r the ;Review o f Educat iona lCybe~ ' lae t i c s an~-A]~plied L i n g u i s t i c s . ~ h i l e t oo t e c h n i c a l f o r t he c a s u a l r e a d e r , t h i s i s on e x c e l l e n t review for those i n t e r e s t e d i n c y b e r n e t i c s and i t s r e l e v a n c e to e d u c a t i o n .