-.,LOSSETENTAGRANDESINVENTOS
YDESCUBRIMIENTOSDELMUNDOANTIGUOContenido..._"' .. ..-..--
__.....-..-,_ " ".. _-_.. "......""' _"' ,._ .., ""'",_ -""","do '
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w.o..""_ _""'-,""""" _, " ,_ """ _" ,e-c_.. __.,""' ,_ ,._
---......,.. _ ..\00t "Jmen' OI m",icales no..m..COd,gos y c1ave,
noIibm, y m"A.Slrologia yaltronomia m.sy medi, ion no..y,.,60 ypara
cont r W..y dinero'"ez P"""" ym.,Medi, ina m"( ir(JgiJ e in,
lr"mentJ I'".. Momi. , y mom,fi'"' iOn'"Adornos personatesinlroduc,
i6n66 y 6 7Y pel"cJ'6 8 JoyJ,69 1 0 Anticonceptivo, y .
'BibliografiaFuentes d.. I. ,ind'cemmONno'",..Colaboradores.... "
.., ..41. ' ,., . (,on....,. "'... u.G'..AN.... NV f . A.' NI "
P''''''''' Of ' ''t.," ,iOn .m"..,. , '''' "'''''"0' ,;,;'" ., loon
Thomo ,-K" . LW. Ull'" " "'0'.... , .." ..,,'"Oi"'oo.. M oL'''''''
msn . " ",,,,-,,,,," poc.""' " '" "Wo,"'.. ""' ,,,. ....,..,on "
c".....-..d,".. ."''''mj, "",,,.."""'",,"""' ''m. &'0""A'l"
(10"I. "'""""c"""", .."'", r9;!2), ' hoCO, ">"""""'- ,
."'"""'''''' , "_(100>:' , """"". 'oo "''''''L.1ff,,,,..
"",...,. """"'''9' ''' kqt".. ,,, Wt"" I"003" " " ' " " "" of "
9""'"ON PO". 00 ".A' ..n E""" __do ..0_'In.., ,, ,,,, , , ,. " E ,
! , " ''0'," ,m" mo, ... . '"",do "" ,, "'., '"' '''''''''''
'"'0id, Iogl, .." ..""","""," " ;' ,""">d. ...""., " ",d,,,,,_
"' C""" On ..., .. , '"_ El"' '' . """"" "" mcoI"m, do.."." " "
'pro . " , ""''''''' ''"'"''"' ', T" ' ,,",'.. ill ,_ _ .
_""""'''',m",M.,."o""", "'.....''''Amo... Con'''' .... "" ""'"
Eg;prodo',_ .mlom""' . rt:"''''',..."."......... .."""it",""'""",_
' e.... ',CO; " ,""" ;",,,", 'olOto f,"",,'o"., , _,W ',_ .....,
.'A..,,. ""f"""..,,,,, do""",., "''''''' e,O'
'''''.""0'e""lmolntroduccion'>omo , Homra poo ac,;de n'. on uo
nOga' y e' OlI. v"a q"p"na' fo' e, o, . e05t urnb rodo 0t ,aba ja,
CMluego pot. coe. , la " Cilia, inl eota "fundi, ohOt , ozo. Uno (.
'W', i,tud pUdo habe' ';00 lade la " ' p", impntac;"oI'c;""huma
naPO' e' poso o elo e" tra moo, y la n..' moy ;en,;II.. t iempoy
1o; mo, im;e nlo;o e 10;"",a , I, a"., an' malesu, , a, a<
o.golpo, C. ""'''illoP, ot>J bl< ment e, la 10"'ioo que
C..empoiK> I. bo-9U' c< F, Jj20 fueco. ,,10< , 10l Y ofr"a
l>o nAparte eel ej. mplo c. la F>eJ PO, ' 0' ,,0< Ce
ho-9O"a.lIo"",no< "'"' muy"'''''"". Un po-,Ibl. t. en 01yaoimi.
n, o c. ae", h.. Pit ,No' folk. y d.' a d. hoc. 500.0c0 ."0,.no
osmun. lon, t ie" a , oyo ,u . lopar. " c. m..i. do qu. maco y 11X.
li" co comopara oebeDj" de p .e-d" en "",., "" "'_', 1 "" ' 9'
icuttc.-..... I. d< p;..,,, ""ti l;t>b'" a n ' emo, d. f,.,
no en for m. doco,az6n:'"I" ' ''"b,,, vall" con V"., de " .1'''''
0Pal, cooduei, 10' pe, I"a tramp., (pag. 1731; 10corte.. de.bodul '
e do blol>a yc",i, pora fa bric. , I" bolO\ ,n" rumen,,,,revela"
una f, miliarid, d conel mundo n. tur,1hay pe ' dida e ilu",an el
(, a biljom, nu.1 do indlvid uo, e"' u . ,t ... nia
'.qu,.,d. "M"W' T"",m.d.,q" Ia, ."a.-adQ"" , n"" au.El . 1":\ 0
d . la navaja KOy en Oi, O1u,ho.e1e hu-m,o' \O'. IcMwon ' "oot"n,
ial '''9Mi vo tot dl, la h.-biidad ",,'a mona" ol. n. a, einnM. '
,1. 1mi, n\O1'1' 000 qUtlll","" ydE' form. 1>o""'9'!" e.
QuOPO-dian aolito, I;-1'1"",f", """-00 ""."""'0>,,'I. '''''
"'''',.'''',do"M'",'"IN !1'""""."",.,."""'''' '" '"",,,,,,'da'"C"i
two, I", objeto, hast . 6300 a, C. unO' l.ooo ",0' oe;-pu" de (
u,ti". , tr,go y 00""011 " un l,pdo .g" , ultu'o ' ''or gM.oo
y.dODt.. un. form.'Men", ri. E; mOO"' " mO1>",, '"8 u"' '" ..;
"- .. J -g 8.2 '"G8 .:!! _.8'".. g g.. a _ 8
...... "'0;;;0.;O ," ", ..
a E " :;; 5. '5 "'. ;:-"' :8 " ", a.'"E 00 cont ldad puo-de
vo,;" entre un , incoy un qo;"'. PO', ie"'o. El;,r' m, e aporeooen
el Mundo Antiguo en Mesopota miol y Analoli. h. ci. p. incipios del
tercer milento. Elprobl. mo es que el, ,, oolo es on m",,1muy e,
coiO,Lo, a,q uo6log", han e",onlrado , 0cienleme l11e ioo,..t", de
u.... p.o i>'X!' a con",gui"e Un mater i, 1m"cho melor. Uo ,
'e,;c;ooma' conoc;do de" . n,, gue doOes el b,o",o. "oamezcla de
co;,re conun'.''''.''1"'_ FI""Q9""'1" '" 'lenoie,,,,, con el 0' 0
de la moneda, po' oen EU",pal'" m"'OOoode "'p"' . ,i 6" '"
modihca,o"poco oe>pue. o.l. Eooo M. Oi. ,e ;", Iu, o n. , '" m"
""de e" o"a, oa t'" d., mundo,En Sud" m",;ca I. metalu'gempezo en
el se-gunoo mil. nio . c.. y " ,b.jo , "" me!>l" p""io-"" ,
iemp" lue muy importante. La, cu't u,", , ud.-meri", n., ,,o'" ",0.
' unqoe ' icontrol. bon'" com"""'i6nyfobtKab' n u" met" co"""ido
''''''''t umbogo. P. " ell o el cob'e, e oriod" a I.
aieaci6nn"tur,1 y plot. , Y'0' objelo, se moloe. b.", on ma"i1 I",
0 bien ,e"",. b." , De,puo!' la ,u pe, M e ' e t,.toba con
elemento'quimico, . ,1r inge nt",quo o';oobon . 1' ob'e, que'" e'
l"i.con "" mue,ao CO"", idooo'goni' o, hho, mn jugo'de fM'" '"
b,unia I. ' upe rlkie n. , t. qo.ooq ui.ri, . 1o, pecto de "' 0
ou'o,PlataLa plota empezo a u'""e en O" e" te P,6, ;mo a p" '-t i,
del quinto mden;o a.c.. ounque Oe fofm. En America 01hi"ro00 em"",o
, fe"d""."te del"
-- :"i" "',
,,7/0--'l a fabrld. , ie, . ,,,Ii)ye.1: "'''9d.b.ent ri.""
LosOOjeto' de vidrio , el "id' io '0 mediante un p,,,,did, io 00:,
id"",."Egio' 0y , I Mcdito"Meoo.-i, nta l " I>,dan ,onmO'
d"(.oooediag," mal. E, tometodoimplicobo moldea,on. m.,. do b. "o,
[>ai' 0 . ,tiolrcOl, 0 Oienotro,m".dal., "".men"" blo" al'oded
O' do un palo[>a' adoo'.' I. fo'm, del interiord. laj",," que "
. qui,ilo:o !.lnln 'O.,.,io,hab,i. n ;o, . " t. ooHila .El h'lo '"
hat e juntadoy ""rol l. " """." . , lib", ' 0' -ta, par, erear
uMhelY. mM1\.orte y" , g. El hUM> f. , il' t,@' te ttabajo manu,
l,y'i'd""";,sele' '''de . l-gonp,.,o 0.;,.1hilo , @@" 'oll.eo p'ra
l,. "o,umenta '; I.t"""oo y el hilom. nte nd, o ' Ufo, madur."le
mo. ,;oml>O. se h. " e",o"tr. do " n.tes ""la - .'....... - .""
\ .,'
CO""""""" '''''0' '"'1>' c'p-I10s o d. I1 lido P'.""..... 'o'
d' la.cd'-' " ,Igd o "' "" III"',ylD< " " ""' , II;zo m6>l" J
IOOS Y" " [DOR ES . !"''''n,...,,,,'''''',._ ..:,,'": ,..:' .."
""', ,',, "l. ,'" ",""'."" . "''' .-to"'On ,,'n".nu" ,"_
>t.""omm", d. di"in""""'""''' """i''''', "...;c:,', __.,__. v
,,"-'t -'.
- t '--'- 'l"'"..... . ...c...'.,_,,,,,,"""' .. """lO.'
""'I.qy;., "'0''''''''0,n",,"Ic;onde" hori:ontal qve ,ecoloc.baen
eI 'u"lo, " I d. c1ntu' . 10depalrto ,) del ,ud.,tedey el o. m."o
verti,, 1del no'te d" Eu,.,i.,t.mbi ..... : nlng,.o ot' o ' itlo
clu'>O a..',-..' .. . , de 10, ti"",po, """" ""'oto"Cobijo
y5upervivenciaRef .,gioo de __c.-a.",o yPoOjo. e..... de pc'hy
pOlo0 ' " Imponen,,,, ; '" 9""'" 11.0 ," ...." do ' ''''''
mUecon,ini6..., unte ma ctuc;.la te n", end, y molino ,ornoeIfY\OI
loi 1cukiv,""eliarol" -euyo-aorOinario.,ao mono""". Algu ,ni"", '",
d" com-pV., i", ,0' e M", hum. no< meio rd,n10vida
do-n>e>tic. , pue; .P"'1.,o ninnovaciooe>corM "I....e
decooin" yI. , belli,"'" I:>d "" de ' '''eal", lermenta""'
,elem.., to, important ", pa', 'umpl l, ,on I.,..d o" '"de la h""
pita liOad de la nueva w.;iedad. , aoIvie'oo Coo,
ol",;one"on>oI. , ,ho,..I.. (""" de hje!o, mren" " que ""
noble>'''e pri"' i' i""". 1i9u, 1que """,oni"", I""
""""',onrellIpora; ", " i"ienm' pravi' ion, le, conpiod",
Sinpulir,a-no, yacimiento, afficano, ha!>', n ' odoado morad..
qoeprobable", e"'le era'" dehue,o; 0polo; r I" P'J"'" Y'" cub"'o
conpi"I", y hoy en d"tod, vi, , . u'i l;" n. U , o' , ob" u"
""'''''00 d. ' olmillo ""de", q'" de olro modo 'eh, -"" OOPodrido
coo la humed'd dej ; u.lo. Eoel ,;glo 'N10' inu;' y 10' chokchl '
onuyeron ",truo'le diNon "" "evolu vivi'nd" ,. teempi"""" po< ',
d,;llos d,b'''o, 01prio, ipio , ;"ul". , y m; , ' ..de r. et,nqul.
-r"" ,Igun,,, Mcon .ori" ","nci". cil d,nPO" una 9tl1 ooyen par.
forma' uo gru po, , omo un campom@nto, po'@j@mplo, la; y' Mq uia; g
rupo ""',0 tro-..., Oe 10 ar Qu;te,!ur. media nte1. @"ala, lo , o
mpl@jida dool. formoo l. de(ede-or etemo, de linoore"i,ca ranin"u,
rorionesdeOrOF""M'fdon!oqoe' degre,,e tron,.port"on a di' ta n, i"
de 30 kmCimi.. nlo. depiedraLOI reia ' iOO"110' "'."d ,,"' _tu"""o,
"''''''',"'' '''....' T"""", doK_ ",",pto, I""", 1500". C.'0'
""""",le,d' 9"'MO /Ou,oolo g',"por' e do ' u , o" "'ido hizo p""ble
di, ponet de grood.. de pied'" p"" la "onS-"u:,6n ,
POX'"kilometr"'do , u,14u'.. yacimiontol. piod.. toni, do, '
u.lidod" m..que i" 'o'o"ba'"10' ogipci"" e'. impo' ",Ode buena
"IiIPo""""" ch A"",,, G,,,,,,,,"' ....'4J8 . c. "
"",.,,,,,,01',,,,,'" log", ch "'"""" ,W",""''''''''' 0""'''''',''
,j","",,,,,"U """,0"''''' .'",,'0 "".,,,,,,,*,,, ""'to'"',,9""'0""a
,__
"'" 'P"f'""""""""""'do''""",.iJi"'","" IQ,"""" ri.' u,""",
P>6 ,'igl",, ' Cl."""tero, "ege"le. y"mit,, _Peroh, ,,. el
p""lodo dio, ;t itetriaogul;l cion par. .01, , u rigiaoz. Lo' ."
e..no,' 0 ,.ft"ban en"ou,et",de tre, PO""' '' mol';'' sehacian
Dlogabl o,00' a,"""lone' con b'on,e, Finalmen,e, la cl..e med i,
oSilbataoure' o' ' OO pa,,, de "nimdle, 0 ,ed oM a' ,que 'e-nlan .
, .eolo, a. doble trama ,ob,o los S. ' 010,"0. un cojint l mo bilia
rio en D'iente Pro. imoLo, muebl e, f"bricOdO' en A' iria y AM,
,,I,a te nian.. muyoi" in,."on g'.n I" dive" ;o,,d 'u1,",,,1que",
dlen e..., 'I "d"de; e;-tado ient e'.De "" exc."a, ;one, he' ha'eo,
uOIO.,i"o noc ion , ultu,. LE' TO."""" l.l focn' ."'l>i"""ndo"
delt","o ",,,,ntom hO o"Jetodo U" ,,"or. do""bot. ' '' '''h'"o';'
00,., y te, "'os_",,,,h,,,""";,,,, 'o"io"", ,om"d'j"",n'".. que 10"
0 ' 0 " ,6" 9, i,.0Teodoro o. SomoHnel ,;glo" c.r, _,', 1p"n",.
p'"""" I"et"';" do qy.'" .",onbO'"" l> tumbo "''''.'''';(> do
P. , o" n. " Tu'". ' _Gu. "". "",pto I, IT' ,,), y que do" ., ,.
;noO. FiI;pa ''''d. o;)2l- 31',qL>, m. "" h. U,do, "" wpe";" .
o. '0' 0'010' d. ""'0.. o",de",. , "",n , omo'o." Gord'o, . T, ,,,,
,,, fue"''' g,."d" ;"""'oreo"a la'v,II ,,1p , 0J," Ulwn, ' 01JQo
'""""0'00' , '"""D{] -OZO6,"""" "" " ' od,",,,"'" """'"'""1' 000/""
""'""' '0',",,"'-) '0 I 0 "'" JO0"1"101" "- ' lloao, ur'P, qu@a
voco,p, ,,, .nt.lxln f. d ' . d. , om.ment,d" con e"ult u,,,,, ,
urti-do,,., y g' an "'b",,,. EnM@SCiP Dtamiay Eg;ptose in"""""on
,.mbi.n m"".ni,mo, po,ao",. or"gu.en g", ndes Can"dad""corno t"
mO'. ""icie,on g"egos V'00' "" 0' IpoQ101iEllran ,porl. della ,
muje,e, " empro'" ".n enea'gado de " "" , por _'a,el"9u"
de>douna tu.nt. ci' t.rn" hw a !, ,"saV" fuo,. 0" j."'"boI"" de
pi.. qoH'''9ab,n en,nl m.I "" El tr,"sporte de "gu"en m" j or.,
,.n,' "" de>0 al o ''''9Dde g,.1nd'" dl".n ""0""" d. dOmu, no,,
i"em., do'me,ncos de 100'Me,j,. L" deplomo 00, 00'lit oi.nun g"o
peli9' 0 PO" I, "Iod, y' Qoe 9"npo' le de 10' ""em" monlcip.l., del
mondomedl' e"" oeo, 0mi" ls\[.l0 .gu.muy do,., qoe eMe-go' d,
lo,,,,,,b, on depo, rto dec,lcloC" bOMtildoqoe ai,I'b' el 'guo del
plomoLo' por iocipa;es inc""veoieo,,,,,en I.
con"'ucci60decol"coeducto, 10' ,ond"" o'. "n , ubt"n "neo' , ycoo,
H i' oencomeo' oy,"o,le'de ""mposted. _El un,1'" elev, i),l ,obd de
Ro"'-'. Mientras quo I., ,,-neo'" , poe(l a, avispa"2,5259) a pi...
el' " pi< O"". 0..-""'" ..."".ndid '""W, EI.......' ocon"
dol_.._ .lo 00"' __T,,,,,,,",, ..,., unelt_""""""" Iofiantwo..aLo
Crnlu'alo' _,mpI;ca.ba .. PO'" p!a,u apo,.ntay a"onmt , "" "",, d.
C.(ho,Do,.,h ,"p..;..R',",'iOOY.""i''''''''"'" "O"VJ"". ' 0" fi"",
."",.,"o.., p',,"';da' . I.. d. l. pl. n" -.,,"eo; dob"",j ,
"cl.,,. ae9!m"'","'"'- h""'n ;"!to"'_""", nod. ,,, m."",' '",i,,'"
do1. com, nid"" '" _ sug" '" quO ' " 0('"'"'"_"',je con '
0,j,It,1Ouio de " " uno de 10e9u ran>ente I. primer. h0, 00do
10" ,m","critu,. '. origi,"" "'" .., , upo",,' QuEnEu' ''P''. los
y,dmionto,h' "proteg' ,,', y"' ". "' " or.. d. ' gu>. p.,0, .
1""do 0"", o, to ",""""I!>n d, 1i" ' ''' o deA'Ql.'''' _ '
no,..,lto b' ,'" "",,, que 11"90" ... ind"" I. 1at,,,..nI"",,"'0 do
A,., O(ci ' ur de dichos de"n.I..,.le!", de ",;" etid" de"rue,iva,
o,ue " I. , ca 'u nomb< e " .te. gi,' , e"'10' " 10.
I'"0'KJ1i"'" tamb;"n,. ho' "" ", yI.9'"1' , mp, o"' , ,,,""mac 5in;
. )ooq"" 9"""'''''''a, """"" ""'''''"'",mj" ",""" >, Jc, "",""
""".,ra,"'''''''''''" """''''' ;",,-;,, om"" ",,",,,", ".
.."",,,,,aI",,_""""'mo" "",,'.'GAOl-Ino 01'"qon,dOS'0' "0,p""';opuI
.., Iq01' 9I1c ""ap 0' ' I 0' ,op-.' I,d , oUlp,, 1' 01'J 'I' '"
015" 10 U3 -.10'" ,Cu. ", Y.luc", '0"'0' < en on ,,"'nqJ e do
ja, din os un animal do>-m.,tico, 101" 0 Qoo lo, (@, do,
aman,ado' Qoopac@n@n l. male:.,>ee' Que, e h ubieo-a" ",,"e';
011", loe h", i. =.,C.L or inme" i6nre,ul",l. en I.el.IxI ,., iOng
n v.,ied, d d. co mid. , de, d. l.,f"me nt.d.< 1I61hooto 10
\.Opa . Ado-m;"las oil" de , e,;m:" "n mayo'e, de
,omida.LO'horne>" ;0' poMder,,;, que debieron de ,e,I", prom",
,,, c",ine, ore' y , hirnenoa' tombi" n ovo' udona-ron. al igual
QUo la "oOuil>n doo.-aa"",om" la miel,la;uva, y0"3 por la du l-'
e y Color'd' f, u", que re'''9,.n Y. Im"eo.b.n '0' e' ipOen' e, d.
maa era, pied,,__ pel 0 Sajo el peso de la' pie,a, que qued,b, n pm
encim" en el I" ndo dedi, h.. v"ijd' d'bieralael' boracion
debebida, mediao' e e, e p'oce>o. L>spobl"" ione> , eden"'
i"lI evaron , I, prod",,;on espe-: i, li..aa, 10 'u.l.um' nt6 Ia
demand. yeIcomer-do. M emo"'" creoc,on de I. ce,om"a
pe,mniocon,e,v., io, b,eb;lj'" "" v.,ij" c.....""., Y,.., i'
tonto,a..,.n""'0 "" unconocim'""to m;, ,mplio de ' u,p,opidMo;
Mli;eptie... Io, hum' M ' ,". d'.,onhie,b;l, Y"" inos de ;,001. '
u, bellid.. p'" evit"qu. ,. " in.g"" n 0,. 1mono" 0''' . ncub,i,
10, m. ,10' 010,., y"'00'.',Lo' Qulmio" do, de eso, beb,oos de bio
depe,,,". ,,e d.quo ; i .., . d'. uv., U ot ,,, !rut., , on un .
Ito con, . n;oo en le" du.. , cu. IQui., ' u' ta n6. dulc I.fe,
-m@nta, ion", facd;t.b;l y,col. rab, . En lo(@,,,, con1'1;.
1.!ruta, y , @ro. I.' . "' igno.. , ; I.,inno,oc ;on@' qu.lI...,a,
on ocu' ne ,on d. forma iod. pendien-le, pero O',ece qU@I"v""'"J"
oe.grogOl jugodef' ut< f",m@ntado omi@ldi; "id>,. conoci.n
on.mb.,a",o;,El p,[email protected]. fermen to,O'u co"" decere,l "' e,Q'-"M ,
. h,lI an m.lpi' . le, ArMr i, a, ent,, 1y Sud. rrw,i, .l O'
p.""e"'n,;.Ie>de , u f,b, ic. , ;On , onme" I. I", mi,mo, eo
tod" pa' t. ' ,a: '" ,o""h.n ' u'g' 'nde,f,o IO'; 21 10' 9,.
no,Qo"'O nt ieo" n , ee"'Oque f. ,""'nt. n, mome nto en Qoe
I.p.Jlp. q"" ' od... I. , ,.mdl. , ;eco,,,,;e' Y el pe, loOoi" m"'
i' ''meote po;teno" en10; P' i' eI eU'ODe< , o,6Iico; eI '"
l>ebido Iudu," n'. 25 ."0' . Do,de el Dunto do vi' ta de
'u',omponent.' q Uimic' .. m,h, impl" Que .. , how -lale, y ' u
"'ectoeI Um" " '"e ;edebe '" ' ..."i....,0un-Quo"'mbien coot l "'"
'oo,k1", ableinOu. nci. ""v anje". Ento nce "el \et omo lorm.,muy
di' linl'" ' u' hoj" ..co, podi"n" " de' ,.,....' u e'tado ....M ol
0 bi"" , omo >,,Ud'",,. do Ch,,,' 0' a e" il bebida dman' e I.
opaca rang la ' OO'''''aninclu'OcOO un' e,pec ie oe
na'"cuajada.Fuep'eci,amen'e en Chin, /;l ajo, I milM Mo Tilngdonde
o00, Nu,'"Vo< ' . _ d,"n i"'''' r", "I'oI, 1!om>Oo Thorn..
Adilm,b,,"""""'""'Mo;"" ",0 '" I, """"",,,iJ"m', Q"O .. o"' b, pm
10 """, 9"""' Un,,.,uoli"po' que n,"9 unbonoa" vOpde2400 . C,
de"ubterto' en un,cuov. Albunol. en Pin, ,- Gronocla. ""'IIa,o"
m"'''''' c"9011o< de ",t< p1,n"q ue c. u..b.nse con,id..
rab.n de gran ,o' or ", piri-t", 1y. "'"el, como " ntr' ico,
y,w,on,"IO-".brim dO..... "'09" on_ 10'0 fl , ...............on la
""'" 00 10 oc..... A_ _ ....,.. la _0. looo. sagrados en AmeriCIl
'" ."ocos u,.b, "cIe ",Iw-''''v.,. , uy" ,,,n' U"'O ,,,ntro l,b.n
'0' ,.,. rdoto,' up'.mO' y '0' ch" ..., nes,Uoo de 'us di"' ",
Xo< hi-pilli , 01"p,' ocipo do I., 80'''_,lito.. lmonlO10, ..,
ad", de -P\>"Io -'9uodod uav'" de ,burr-d.b. 01cetaban j,,,,
",,,n.. al "'!ua ere.. COft ingooio y p'og.... ti' mo " no.. hech"
de,.bl.. b. " o, d610 .no.l o, 'omaoo' depe"d ian 'n wan medida de
, u, enol'-""" omborc",ionoq oi' n.,i.,,,,, en el Mundo Ant'9uO,
m,ent'.; Quela< raqUet.'l5 pe' t n"""" eo,i lod.. al NueVde I.
""and< nav.. sopl en" ioo.1h,,'" I'" ainu d. JapOn, pe'o en
Nu.Va,de ' u. ""en, ia, l '" ,."os ",-queol6gico; mcl, d.m, pe rt
en"en. 10; . ' QUlS . Elorqueologo G,. h.me Cark reg i'trOmO, a. 20
ba,Que, I>o",al.., .,,, ndln,VD' donde to N bia....... h.51.I.
E"'d ""IEn' u, pr""",,o'K. B.Wol un da"co eJemplo 00I. Ed'd de
P'od,.pro",denl'd. R'him''', en '" , ur d. F;nlanOi. El delnort. e,
ma, 1" 90, o"'ed'loy, on doftnit iv.,ade-k. on e'no' te de Sue, ia,
y oat. oe N , i. 3000 a. C- Ad.ma",. han deubie'to t.lI.. de
"'qu'ador., .....cu.v",oe No"-'ega y Su",i., as; g' opo; dehobl
lgonQuin, queh, bi,. o.nI., 'e-9iQo", nO'1o, m",ic.no< dol no-de
"e y " :bl. pi ,,,,, que '"; oj" taO" "10' p;e lorg ' 0-li, n ;e,
do0 de . bo'Q. En Norueg. y Coro'" seh.n nallad 0 . ' Q. i; ne
delanw,W",bo0 .. en uno oa.pto' ion 1o, riele, de 10' " i"eo"Lo
Equu, ",I"",11>\"'0) YEquus h.miOOus I.,no)Idmbien"""""pe"",on
0n;mPOn.olvo;. ' '''';0 ' re, ""t",,,,ore,. Equu, [NW"mani, fquu'
f""" 9main! le! ..,pa n, 0 0000110 " Ivdledel ";lede Eotopa y 00'
''. de Ro, i. ), amlx>s et. 01pri m..milenio, .C. fue, on ;
"90.. menle00" ae Wn;twClo'e; ",,,,,,..I;lta; de (0" e' e, .., y
not!t'I ...... ""'''''' _ .....cl>o ,_" " ..",,, f ;" 6 on .I.
noI I 2 a. C, y la' ",,,01091. que ,e."'01. 6 on ,u c""''''u" lo n
0' -!>ablo", . n'. , . in' 01, 6 . n la d. l" En ..910, a. C, ""
;n9*ni*ro, '"",ano< yad "oI l"""una " "a' ,.., i.,' os p,
i""",os _ ..._ .. "' ci..,.., d.... CQn,-'N"'nil """"';" y '"bnoron
....." 85.000 a.ud", c boO ... '''9'_do una .,.,,"'"...11< 1. 1
cl. CJ , ..mi-nand una ",_*,atr.olc!.oY'ORn...'..,..._conbord_
c1__"I>on bloI,.... .... t..1..._ VioApo_" on""" el, de m. de-'"
,( ubri' uno, 6,7 rn, ;e , poy, bon en bo>e, depied, . conmuid"
con I. rn i,,,,,, ' 0" IQ,mu,o,p.', redu, ;, I. br", h. , b" '
'''nic. , . u, o10' pr;-""",".."'.....Pl" N" S Y C"" l S P ; " ele
en' onen ' u U,O,"" anoo ' ""'00"''''"""o"
a,,,'"po,"'",00'''"'"''''00'5< d O.'"ox;".n, i, on Am' , i"
,mient,.. q"e lo, . jemplo ""el ' ude"e .,i;\t i< ime' o, ,
Iglo' d" I. ef. CI;, h.n . DeI. mi"'" epoc. es o,," lep'odu"ion ,
hino d. Chang, h" con unremo delimon0onacavod' d en la popa. S" vo
poli o,limo, d" 1o>urn;"". e"p. ",ce que " I 90-toemo de 10,
i>a"o' , . bo,oi>a.n 10' mi, mo, me-coni'mo' que la propul'
i6n, qoe a vec e' incluia laoyud. de quOte,If'" de defiv. ! En Eg
ipt,I. i>arc. d"Keop,. hac;;2550 . , C. Ipag156), y 10' n,,'io,
deD"h, hur, ;'a, i. 18,0 . C., ti"-nen untimOn I.ot . ral . n I.v",
.." ",0'"110""",I '",,. ""'i/'''''''_>op01""'r>do ""'or,*, ,
"""., /H, rio, "' ,_do/rnar. ' ''' t,,,,o, do'''0',.."",""rnan
"",Mo","",.,,, .. """",, I",,,",,,'"''''''''k"" " 0/0"0' "''
""ra00'''''''''' k"E,,, "",a"l"" oJOIl
"pro""","""""'",,,""a,_'"Navegaci6n,puertos y farosTodowonlO pidoe,
un gran borCQ y uno "r,elloquekJqui_ MA>(F( LD,
1900'.p.,;",",;mooctu"",,"nh_ffflo ""'" m"",- """'."",,,,"""rOOO o.
Cl, ti J< .....,,' . ..."""",n ,""'''''' "'"'"0'0Mm (0 ,,",0,
",,,la..,,@de " ""he. $i ", iel" e't' ""u'o, re, u".n 10, pun,o,
deorigen Oe"', ,ienlo; y 101ola; que empui' " el ba,co.[ lt a fmma
d." . ,-egor , @conoc@como m-bi@"" I', d.do q ue el m.ri"o s.
sirv@delo informa( ' on que I' p'opo'tio na ..1So "",rod'"I!"
chio.Fo,o.Du,on, e el , ;t'o tedel b'"'o occid.nt.1Nil oIe
e"a-blett,c;lodo,," y sela li' cn i0"".,.I" r"""le"" ,du-d. "e,
Wlu"'e; C. PO' O' "" ' oport. , ' i' io'. In- nume'o\O' b. j. ' e".
,.,. n.., con>.'""'ig,,."'Id'''ol mue0"11,,. "'. l;.g', .
,"IObre tIIb"' ,,,, Que''' ''In ki> predeo'" del ' jedr'"
'cazaao,e, "'mbien u' ili z. ",n '0' ", co,pM. luchM, "'
em....t. ' io deYebel ,.h.bM" oun '."lOU'.' I'' ''''.1. ,unUOJ
OO"op '0"'''' '01I. P(.OJqm"p ' ,11''' ' OUunoope,n)' ) '0 o< U'
I'W0V'''' I'POlOPI.'.lo.ow '0'" '"0''' UOJ""' Q. p "qwo,.1 ,n,
.l>pu.J p'p'H'.U. 10,5,,,, " Ol>npoKl 'OlU'l" P op' IWO>op
"', uop.'," m npo.id0 " ,!JO,-u'P'"... UOJ. nj 'OUOW"4 OUJJOj'
I.I'"P" .. I. ' 0"01 JOloqoJl 0 UO""nj 'Oupwn4 00106""1'- OOP'U'W04
ool'SOIO' I'W'0'. p o,m"uOJ\ I. UO) '" u" dn' .IOdOJ "'o1..._ ,
t..>_ .... CO'lCl ""',""",""",,_dic I" "' mt.'.,,"' '''
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,a" lo< Eu' op' occd , ntaleICuandol." ,om"""..,.nuev.
t,,,,,,,109'', Io, mal' ", de Mol l'" lIe90, ,, """'" d. p'e
""",algodon a'oI' o""o bie" de pe.. - .. tunica") .' ""9'" Orm", do
"''''10'.k."". ",br. todo dol ,_co J I.17S),quom'n " n"'.' ;In ,
loo ..d..... d_ ..". """...... ' 0 Od., El "' "'0quo hoy' Iq ....n
pio lo ' 00' 9M '''' ' '''' y""'u"'""I. dina"'- , Ming
11368-16-441, 1>,1;.11""0' de o!)ro'o, I,'b.).,on en I. mu,. II.
dU"nl"gon.,..lon. , pa,. , c."t'uir . " . fomlicaCi ,;"do p"'ck" I.
drlll o, Yt iN'" comp;>Of10,"""'" d eso,m1_'"
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fo, i1 ,-". ". n>l,o'lObl.. QU' ......di m. no,, ' uO' 0'0
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u., pli, il yn. boo'''''' d. mono,Q"''' mi'''''' to....U,""O y ."
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o.!..cO. w ......"" ,,_ ''mo1 pe" ,....... lI0'10".. ,.., ......"
.m. mo, " mpl' ....... tI e........ eolo.:oba."t iba.n
101"'""'"QUO" " .qu. tO pan" yn p' "'",""'''',,,.,11,,, '"
''''"cor, y""(' ''''Jo,df",""im""n "no'0'" ,j"","",,,,, '"
"",,""d"pn'"'" , "'p,,(N1ord' , hi"",5hiHo",, "D'. q", mumm .IaMm
"" ."",.,d,'"", plo"""""",. d, "'0''0"" ,,"'"''9"" 10 re",,,,,Q"
dJan egur. "'enl. >e lomen"b' n ""'.m'n' on., a10>", ;lIta'
o, onbuono lo rma y p", ,,,,.do, , Tod" io ,.bemo, muypoo,eo ,
elpan"ation(u""' ",,,,,iede lucha librei, carrera> "" carro, y
un pontad"nque "' c1ui, " rreraba; ;co>no e, i;t ;.n. Noh.b'.
m.-r"on nide .gu' ni de ni t. "'PO'op.rti, ipabaneqo;po> n;
mojre; , , ; bien ,,\to, ,on-,.b.n ,on ' u propi. compel,,;';n,
m,> mod"' t., enotr. ;' poc.Se h. , on .. rv. do",o ' u impe,i
o, ' igui6 el mi,mo p.tr6" , y con,i-de " b. 10' juego, g" ego,
,omouna .!dObo .....Mdo...lO. < )' 9 r.ba.1, on Amoodel
S",.1m,lmOqu< ..,[ ""'PO, _loQ... pott'l>_ n' .ti....trvido
---..con'" 1010) 1) A lL..Arte primitivof , bonito.Peroi
econmateri, le' pe' e, wondoI", p, im. ,o, humooo, mode'
no,lI.g"oo0Eu,opade, d. '0Afnnif t"ione, ., 10>. __.uUr-.'981.
.. _e""'....... 10> "....,..'" ' ''''''1'''' do ,,,,,,,,"",,"'"
p o m.."", ",q""""'lr'''' 4.fiolo< q"" aa'''''"",Mi"""""",,"' ,,
' OOQo. C......,," .me'''''' d;q"oc"'" ,-"'"'oJ,e9""0, aMe,io,e,'
I" 9"bocione, '00 d.tal n",,,. I..., quo " 0 pod. ",,,, ,
o'p"ch.,tu' nO" ' pMeci6 1. mu,k . , n; ,divino, 5U,onido. Lo '0
"",wollo . p",I i, ceun , ntigu o p.,' "un , illemo de
"mholo.gr,fi, o, que se puedeemp'' para tr..m;,ic , u.l-qu'e' pen",
"',ento dmoner, ,oo-- pleta._>egun",toI, prot"""ntura incluye
10;" mbolo, deI., ,"ve, n.. de la Edad del Hielo, 10; ' ;0' 1' 010'
glip-tleo'de 10' picto" y 10' re, los dj,e"o, .1""..",.1g, .do de'
b'M"ioo quo .,. " .. podemo'com-pr. ne. '' 0 ' 0010
'u-U>,,,,,,,,,,,,."'">to,, "d."c "",,"',"", I '" Ra. ,'"
",,"'" ""',,",ov, """m,"oo"'"",,,., ',d_ """"0."" .. E'""" _..
""',W""" '"',"o"",f>. /0, "",,"0.''' 0""',.0. 1. ",,,",,.'"'
."'. y"iI"_""'.1", ,'''''''''"""9"'""" ''''''''de 1930.Sin ,
mb.'go, , I con, PIleaon tr.,m(t ir I. inform.ci6I1 y"."ende r . 1.
'p"er"" .mano cOn c.'.eter", cuneilo,me, utilizondoun e, t itotede
cona y c",id""y 10' '0110' egipc:io' deP"Pi,o, "'''i'o' contontoy
pin, e!.CorMel f' mo' oLib"''' eloClarlode l pape4 me>-de mo.
La> hojas de P' pi'o '"hacian... ndo ySqO" , d. Uoo ,gj""
4.,,,;a'c< '"P,,,i, En ,,", ""''''"",""'10"""" ""0m", "'""""'"a.
"'....JO, ,,"""',,, I"",,,,,,pi6i' olgom"4" ' """", ,,""c"'""""
cll" aOOrKia....ro POrdo>i""o"", i""",,, p"mero, Ir !todo'"""
,OJ>!'''""I""''''oa,o.",,,,"(AA;" Ul o. (J, b'eI. , dln'
nt.,Babilonia. Se inventoron "' t"',, ".' p" . " " '" de conjun,
'one, pIMe",i". Pm ejemplo, lasP""JK,' 10\ feMmeno< ,_""
,y,>b'o 'och W' hi>- palab' " cou, de "p"',ion.,,ii'ili.Lo;
mop" ' rell e).nI,conOl "n"" del ",pa(t o qoe ",u ve,
denvapo"bdement. de una9"nv>ri.dadd"p"". :pecti.", local,
region'!'9'", 1y ce l." lol. Ajuz9'"PO' '0' objet o, "rti"i< o,
hon eopo, iblepen,", que 1o, ..\ ... no. Ple h;;!o,ico, de
lViejoMundointent.", ,,pl.,mar 's. ,0n,;on, lo,, unQu e p",In, ojo,
mo-demo>, ,u, repr""enLlc iQne>,..ottan",mrnOtic., q,'. d. ",
1;'0 , oda interpret. cioo liable(ompr.nd,mo, mejor I"
im,;,g,,,.,,on.""vod" d, I.. , ivili..01 han nomno"'''0', y que
co"espo" den'I, d ud, "MA"u, io(Orange, 00 Fra"t6fan" , citod,
ma,La' p, irne' a' 1\" m"'o' chino, c""", ido"Que uti- cl de l'O'
i(i01\ '''''im' l, fig""n"" hue-' 0' . di, in"ono , de10enUe 1500
y2000 . C AImeno, 500 . C, '" v.rilla, de , on"" de m,ml y oomoop"
. 'eoli"' "(. k u-10' "itmet., o, y . Igob"ico"di,ponidee l ' iglo"
" d. CI'" m"ydl u,ili' ''M , ,, mplejo, , glilo' ,on f"rm, dec.
be,.. , c;>","de ",,""""""..,,;" 650y600. c.,"",_i",,, ""Oil.
0"'""' 01' 0"'_ " "'_en,I,,,,,,,,,,, yv"" """'0"",wo"",,,,,,
",,,,,,,,lo,",'me"" moo,do, .. 1>,,,",""'" ,,"'
C(>,v""o)rodo""",""""'''''',,,,,,," qv'" ,"w""'", """""Im,",,'""
'i P"" Ola, Co"",'''O"IopOoomiay Egipto , Lo QueI" di,-,inJuiron
I", d;.."'" que II. v. mn g"l;I3on c""tn>, lI a""a.. ,",h. E'
t< io" , umeoto, , e m o, p1.t"y bronce, y QUocircul, wn con
00"PO"mbionjo. E, e , i""",. d",ap. ' ",i6 en eI' iglo.
O.C.rx>rqueI" 0"."" de p1M' c", ,,,,i,M (on 10,pro\in'"I''' I.,
... "ten"" p' '' 0""0' dle01es; eu' oqulpo, 10'med;co, ' 0""' 00'
.E' impo' iblodete, mi"", la , ap.Cl dad y 10' re' ul-rado, "" 0' 0
meoico. po' o podorm, o'ta ' >gu'o, hocl. ' 00 .
c.,,"',..,It""'""'''' 0UI ' U'9Otom"go. el hig. do, lo, ou'mooe, ""
pot o, yadomo' lujoW, ",,"idura, y 10'so'oovi"'i"o"M.,i,o '"9"lo""
n.1P"'o &> 10' ,opol.'L privilog;oypoo...., y SO' a I. vi\!.
&> ' 00"', T. nianmu,h, import, ni ",ogu"ban la Inmort, lioa
dT'., f..tuo;o; &> ""go ,'opu-I_nci.aOi viMmo,I. vanidao
p""onal y los M"no,"mbOO' I. mod. , I" ,utd", intrig" la , d'
.po-C' post.rior_En Amenc. d. 1Nort. , en I. cu,,". d.no """
"'';,,,e, >oo denbr" vegetol. , l,l , 00;"e'., qco ooar".O. n el
o"eegioc;" do3100 0, c., y I., nov. ' on'90 el """.,andoli "
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