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100:00:00,567 --> 00:00:03,434NTV company presents:

200:00:05,472 --> 00:00:08,566To the 300th anniversaryof the Russian Empire

300:00:10,944 --> 00:00:14,778and the 300th anniversaryof St. Petersburg

400:00:23,323 --> 00:00:26,724'To Alexander I -from grateful Russia. ' -

500:00:26,926 --> 00:00:28,086reads the inscription. Themonument to Alexander I

600:00:28,294 --> 00:00:33,789as the liberator of Europe andthe pacifier of the Universe.

700:00:34,034 --> 00:00:37,094Afterthe collapse of Napoleon'sEvil Empire,

800:00:37,303 --> 00:00:40,568Russia became the leading power

of the single-polar world,

900:00:40,807 --> 00:00:43,833and the Alexander Column wasto be the tallest in the world.

1000:00:44,044 --> 00:00:47,445Forthat they grew the pedestaland added 3 more steps.

11

00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:48,578And the tallest it was,

1200:00:48,782 --> 00:00:53,185second only to A. Pushkin'spoetic 'Monument'.

1300:00:53,420 --> 00:00:58,414

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They said the emperor had theface of an angel, so on top

1400:00:58,625 --> 00:01:03,858they put an angel with theface of emperor Alexander,

1500:01:04,097 --> 00:01:07,760who was granted the title'Blessed'.

1600:01:49,776 --> 00:01:56,614The first of Russia's twopatriotic wars lasted 6 months.

1700:01:56,850 --> 00:02:01,480Napoleon invaded the countryon June 12, 1812,

18

00:02:01,688 --> 00:02:07,251and in early 1813,the Russians repulsed the enemy

1900:02:07,494 --> 00:02:10,258and launched its ownforeign campaign.

2000:02:13,266 --> 00:02:16,497The strongest army in the worldcrossed the Neman River,

2100:02:16,703 --> 00:02:22,005famous by the Tilsit Peaceand the Union with Napoleon,

2200:02:22,208 --> 00:02:25,075and invaded Russia underthecommand of the greatest ever

2300:02:25,245 --> 00:02:29,045

commander -the Emperor, andmarshals Davout, Ney, Murat.

2400:02:29,249 --> 00:02:32,412Napoleon wasn't planning onenslaving the Russians.

2500:02:32,585 --> 00:02:35,315

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He wanted to crush them neartheborder and conclude a new Tilsit

2600:02:35,522 --> 00:02:39,891Peace Treaty-one that wouldfinally be observed.

2700:02:41,394 --> 00:02:43,726Emperor Alexander l:

2800:02:43,930 --> 00:02:46,558'I will sooner grow a beard andstart eating potatoes

2900:02:46,766 --> 00:02:49,428'with my farmersin Siberia,

3000:02:49,602 --> 00:02:53,129

'than put my signature underthe shame of my country.

3100:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,999Russia's war minister, theFirst Army commander

3200:02:58,211 --> 00:03:01,840general Barklai De Tollimanaged to persuade the emperor

3300:03:02,048 --> 00:03:04,482of the expediency of a retreat.

3400:03:04,717 --> 00:03:08,585To the south of Barklai's troopsthe Second Army was retreating

3500:03:08,788 --> 00:03:11,450underthe command ofgeneral Bagration.

3600:03:11,624 --> 00:03:14,684Davout could have crushedBagration near Minsk,

3700:03:14,928 --> 00:03:18,731Napoleon could have finished offBarklai near Vitebsk.

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3800:03:18,731 --> 00:03:22,189But the Russians outmaneuverthem, push them further

3900:03:22,669 --> 00:03:26,730inside the country, andmeet them near Smolensk.

4000:03:27,106 --> 00:03:31,509After a 3-day battlethe Russians surrender Smolensk.

4100:03:31,711 --> 00:03:37,513The French saidit resembled the burning Vesuvius.

4200:03:41,921 --> 00:03:45,413For 6 days Napoleon stays

at Smolensk, he offers

4300:03:45,658 --> 00:03:49,492negotiations,threatening to seize Moscow.

4400:03:50,263 --> 00:03:51,958Napoleon:

4500:03:52,532 --> 00:03:57,993

'A capital captured by the enemy,is like a girl who lost her

4600:03:58,171 --> 00:04:01,902'virginity. Whateveryou do,you can't get it back!

4700:04:03,576 --> 00:04:07,068Alexander keeps silence,the Russians keep retreating.

4800:04:07,280 --> 00:04:09,714The 2 armies joined forces,but there are 2 commanders.

4900:04:09,916 --> 00:04:13,215They need a Commander-in-Chief,one with a Russian surname.

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5000:04:13,419 --> 00:04:15,353After all it is a Patriotic war.

5100:04:15,521 --> 00:04:19,651Reluctantly, despite his personaldislike, Alexander appoints

5200:04:19,859 --> 00:04:24,353Mikhail Golenischev-Kutuzov, theoldest Russian general.

5300:04:24,530 --> 00:04:29,900He is 67, and will live foranother 8 months.

5400:04:30,103 --> 00:04:33,903In Krylov's fable a wolf is tornto pieces by a pack of dogs.

5500:04:34,073 --> 00:04:36,439The dogs' elder says tothe impostor:

5600:04:36,676 --> 00:04:40,168'You're grey, but I amgrey-haired, my friend. '

5700:04:40,413 --> 00:04:43,576The hint was at Napoleon's

grey field jacket,

5800:04:43,783 --> 00:04:46,775and Kutuzov's snow-white head.

5900:04:49,922 --> 00:04:54,484You're grey, but I amgrey-haired, my friend.

6000:05:02,035 --> 00:05:07,632

Finally Kutuzov chooses theplace of the decisive battle.

6100:05:07,840 --> 00:05:11,970Village Borodino near Mozhaisk.The night before the fight

6200:05:12,178 --> 00:05:17,206

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he cries and prays to theSmolensk icon of Our Lady.

6300:05:31,397 --> 00:05:35,561Borodino wasn't thefinal battle for Moscow.

6400:05:35,702 --> 00:05:37,294From here Moscow was160 km away.

6500:05:37,503 --> 00:05:40,495Even in the next Patriotic war,when the speeds grow

6600:05:40,707 --> 00:05:44,108and distances shrink. - it stillisn't the nearest approaches.

67

00:05:44,310 --> 00:05:48,474The sign on the monuments of1812 and 1941 reads:

6800:05:48,648 --> 00:05:52,482'Distant approaches to Moscow'.

6900:05:55,955 --> 00:05:59,413The Borodino battle -the Frenchcall it 'the Moscow battle' -

7000:05:59,625 --> 00:06:04,494will be the biggest battleof that century.

7100:06:08,935 --> 00:06:10,197Lermontov:

7200:06:10,403 --> 00:06:12,633'People and horses-all mixedin one blood bath,

7300:06:12,839 --> 00:06:17,208'salvos of a thousand canonsfused into one drawn-out howl.

7400:06:21,547 --> 00:06:24,482Main defense positionsof the Russians.

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7500:06:24,650 --> 00:06:29,349In the centre - Kurgannaya height,with Raevsky's battery.

7600:06:29,589 --> 00:06:33,753On the left flank - Bagration's fleches.

7700:06:39,265 --> 00:06:42,200'Fleche' is a French word,translated as 'arrow' -

7800:06:42,402 --> 00:06:47,339earthen fortificationsin the shape of an arrow.

7900:06:47,573 --> 00:06:49,768The French launch 8 offensives,

8000:06:49,976 --> 00:06:52,877the Russians lose the fleshes,then win them back again.

8100:06:53,112 --> 00:06:56,377The impregnability of thefleches are due to the

8200:06:56,516 --> 00:06:58,381commandre's talent, they go down

in history as 'Bagration's'.

8300:06:58,551 --> 00:07:03,454The soldiers pronounced the nameof the Georgian prince

8400:07:03,623 --> 00:07:06,854as 3 words - Bag Rati On- 'The King of War'.

85

00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:10,129During the 8th offensive theFrench seize the fleches.

8600:07:10,329 --> 00:07:12,627Bagration leads his regimentinto counteroffensive,

87

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00:07:12,799 --> 00:07:16,997and is mortally wounded.The fleches are lost.

8800:07:17,236 --> 00:07:20,467By that time the landscapehad changed unrecognizably.

8900:07:20,640 --> 00:07:24,474The ravine is filled with deadbodies, piled up in 6-7 layers.

9000:07:24,677 --> 00:07:28,204Remains of the French generalRanef

9100:07:28,414 --> 00:07:30,541on the bottom of the ravinewill be discovered

9200:07:30,783 --> 00:07:36,153by Soviet archaeologistsonly in 1984.

9300:07:40,893 --> 00:07:44,556The general battle -was the generals' battle.

9400:07:44,764 --> 00:07:48,495Except 2 Commanders-in-Chief, all

commanders are with the troops.

9500:07:48,701 --> 00:07:53,331The French lose 10 generals,3 great marshals personally

9600:07:53,506 --> 00:07:55,770take part in offensives. Davoutis shell-shocked.

97

00:07:55,942 --> 00:08:00,379In the morning the Russianslost their artillery commander,

9800:08:00,580 --> 00:08:02,673general Kutaysov.

9900:08:03,082 --> 00:08:05,983

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Boldly confronting deathBarklai De Tolli

10000:08:06,185 --> 00:08:09,621lead his troops wearinghis full-dress uniform

10100:08:09,856 --> 00:08:14,691and decorations. Five of hishorses and 9 out of 12 adjutants

10200:08:14,894 --> 00:08:17,954are killed, but Barklaicomes out without a scratch.

10300:08:20,533 --> 00:08:25,232The then up-to-date telescopeis today's regularfield-glass.

104

00:08:25,471 --> 00:08:29,840Napoleon's observation post isonly 1.6 km away from the fleches.

10500:08:30,042 --> 00:08:31,839Close enough to see the picturewith one's bare eyes.

10600:08:32,044 --> 00:08:34,604But the smoke from cannon-firecreates a thick screen.

10700:08:34,780 --> 00:08:37,715Leo Tolstoy, himself an artilleryofficer like Napoleon,

10800:08:37,917 --> 00:08:40,147described this effectclose to life:

10900:08:40,319 --> 00:08:43,345

'For an instant the smokedisperses, showing a glimpse of

11000:08:43,556 --> 00:08:46,525'the battlefield, Napoleon putsdown his telescope, not able to

11100:08:46,759 --> 00:08:49,523

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'understand, what hehad been looking at a moment ago.

11200:09:00,606 --> 00:09:03,473Kutuzov didn't see the battle- Not because he only

11300:09:03,876 --> 00:09:07,175had one eye, but becauseit wasn't his intention.

11400:09:07,346 --> 00:09:10,747Just once he visited hisobservation post.

11500:09:12,985 --> 00:09:17,888Here, at his post in theBorodino field, Kutuzov lunched

116

00:09:18,124 --> 00:09:19,819on chicken. Millions of peopleform the image of the great

11700:09:20,026 --> 00:09:24,087commander by the 'War and Peace'.

11800:09:24,497 --> 00:09:27,330The outcome no longer dependedon him, it depended

11900:09:27,533 --> 00:09:31,594on the invisible spiritof his men,

12000:09:31,771 --> 00:09:34,706that connected the army andhim, Kutuzov,

12100:09:34,907 --> 00:09:39,640the last of the flock of

Catherine's glorious eagles.

12200:09:46,152 --> 00:09:49,087Kutuzov-in his dispatchto Alexander l:

12300:09:49,689 --> 00:09:55,594'ln the end the enemy didn't win

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a single inch of land.

12400:09:59,265 --> 00:10:03,793Both the French and the Russiansthought Borodino their victory.

12500:10:04,003 --> 00:10:05,732And they still think so.

12600:10:05,938 --> 00:10:08,600Kutuzov is promoted to therank of field-marshal

12700:10:08,841 --> 00:10:13,676and gets 100 thousand Rubles. Thesoldiers get 5 Rubles each.

12800:10:13,946 --> 00:10:16,779The day becomes a

memorable date in Russia,

12900:10:17,016 --> 00:10:20,782and every year in Borodinothey arrange a fancy-dress party.

13000:10:20,987 --> 00:10:24,252When it gets dark and you nolonger see the grenadiers' cars,

131

00:10:24,457 --> 00:10:28,052the resemblance with 1812becomes more striking.

13200:10:33,065 --> 00:10:37,559Borodino is the most famous drawin the history of world wars.

13300:10:37,737 --> 00:10:42,834Neither of the armies won,the French didn't crush the

13400:10:43,075 --> 00:10:46,169Russians, but the Russians areforced to surrender Moscow.

13500:10:46,345 --> 00:10:48,905On the night before Kutuzov says

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13600:10:49,115 --> 00:10:52,050there will be another battleat sunrise,

13700:10:52,251 --> 00:10:55,880but by midnight it becomes clearthat reinforcements

13800:10:56,122 --> 00:11:01,116are not coming. When the horrificlosses are finally counted,

13900:11:01,327 --> 00:11:04,387Kutuzov gives orders to retreat.

14000:11:09,201 --> 00:11:12,068The Russians have losta third of theirtroops.

14100:11:12,304 --> 00:11:18,072Another battle -the battle forMoscow -would be detrimental.

14200:11:22,782 --> 00:11:25,478Kutuzov before Borodino:

14300:11:25,851 --> 00:11:30,413'The loss of Moscow will meanthe loss of Russia.

14400:11:30,823 --> 00:11:33,291Kutuzov after Borodino:

14500:11:33,526 --> 00:11:35,790'Until we have a functional army,

14600:11:35,995 --> 00:11:39,931'even the loss of Moscow willnot yet mean the loss of Russia.

14700:12:04,890 --> 00:12:09,987When they draw the final results,Borodino will be named the

14800:12:10,229 --> 00:12:13,892Russian victory, and thesurrender of Moscow -the only

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14900:12:14,066 --> 00:12:16,398correct decision. The decisionbelonged to Kutuzov alone.

15000:12:16,602 --> 00:12:21,096At the famous war council in Filiit found no support among

15100:12:21,307 --> 00:12:25,209the officers. The country, thearmy, Moscovites, the Czar -

15200:12:25,478 --> 00:12:30,211no one could understand how theenemy was allowed into the very

15300:12:31,150 --> 00:12:33,209heart of Russia. The outcome

was soon to follow.

15400:12:33,452 --> 00:12:36,114On his first night in theKremlin Napoleon couldn't sleep.

15500:12:36,322 --> 00:12:39,587Aterrible fire raged outsidethe walls.

156

00:12:40,626 --> 00:12:42,389Napoleon:

15700:12:42,628 --> 00:12:48,089'Heaps of red whirling flamestossed up to the burning sky,

15800:12:48,267 --> 00:12:51,236and plunged back into thefiery ocean.

15900:12:55,608 --> 00:12:58,668Kutuzov and governor of MoscowRastopchin ordered to

16000:12:58,844 --> 00:13:04,077remove all fire-extinguishingmeans out of the city, and set

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16100:13:04,283 --> 00:13:08,652shops and depots on fire. Somepeople burned down their houses.

16200:13:08,888 --> 00:13:10,856There were gunpowder depotsin the Kremlin,

16300:13:11,056 --> 00:13:16,119and Napoleon with his entourageevacuates to the city outskirts.

16400:13:23,302 --> 00:13:27,534The Petrovsky Palace,once the gate of Moscow,

16500:13:27,740 --> 00:13:30,265stands on themodern Leningradsky prospect.

16600:13:30,476 --> 00:13:34,071Here Napoleon contemplates thegrandiose fire.

16700:13:34,313 --> 00:13:39,012'Lost in thought, he observedthe monstrous flame.

16800:13:39,218 --> 00:13:43,177

And his thoughts were farfromoptimistic.

16900:13:43,455 --> 00:13:45,013The campaign, struggled asit was, becomes

17000:13:45,191 --> 00:13:47,853hopeless, the situationgets out of control.

17100:13:48,060 --> 00:13:50,790'Awild Scythian war. -Napoleon is in shock.

17200:13:50,930 --> 00:13:57,631The Russians first surrenderedthen burned down their capital.

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17300:14:02,541 --> 00:14:05,23734 of Moscow was destroyed,

17400:14:05,477 --> 00:14:08,571the victorious French armystood on burning ashes.

17500:14:08,814 --> 00:14:11,476In severe winter.But Napoleon insists:

17600:14:11,717 --> 00:14:14,880'Moscow is not a military,but a political position.

17700:14:15,087 --> 00:14:19,046From here he has to dictate theconditions of peace.

17800:14:19,225 --> 00:14:23,218Alexander's mother, brother andArakcheev pressure the emperor,

17900:14:23,395 --> 00:14:26,091but he is beingamazingly stubborn.

18000:14:26,298 --> 00:14:30,462

He says he is ready toretreat as far as Kamchatka,

18100:14:30,669 --> 00:14:33,069and become the emperorof Kamchatka dwellers.

18200:14:33,239 --> 00:14:37,505He leaves 3 Napoleon's peaceinitiatives unanswered.

18300:14:37,676 --> 00:14:40,611Alexander is deaf toMoscow's call.

18400:14:41,013 --> 00:14:45,245Afterfive weeks of uncertaintythe French hold the only parade

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18500:14:45,417 --> 00:14:50,684of occupants in Kremlin history,and head for Kaluga.

18600:14:57,096 --> 00:15:01,897At first this maneuverwas not a retreat.

18700:15:02,067 --> 00:15:04,695It didn't make sense to stayin the burnt-down city.

18800:15:04,904 --> 00:15:08,032Napoleon's plan was torelocate his army

18900:15:08,274 --> 00:15:11,505down south, to the wealthyprovinces,

19000:15:11,677 --> 00:15:14,612and carry on with the triumphantcampaign.

19100:15:14,847 --> 00:15:18,283The retreat started when atMaloyaroslavets the Russians

19200:15:18,484 --> 00:15:22,614

blocked the way of Napoleon'stroops and forced them to head

19300:15:22,821 --> 00:15:24,311westward, along the OldSmolensk Road,

19400:15:24,523 --> 00:15:28,960where they said, 'one couldn'tencounter even a cat'.

19500:15:34,633 --> 00:15:37,830Kutuzov with the new reserve,heads along the parallel

19600:15:38,003 --> 00:15:41,564New Smolensk Road,today's Mozhaiskoye highway.

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19700:15:41,774 --> 00:15:47,110It was an exceptionally earlywinter. 18 below on October 24.

19800:15:47,313 --> 00:15:51,443As they said, the French weredriven by 'General Frost'.

19900:15:55,220 --> 00:15:57,780In the beginning of the campaignNapoleon thought of declaring

20000:15:57,990 --> 00:16:01,858the abolition of serfdom inRussia, as he did in Poland.

20100:16:02,027 --> 00:16:04,461But he was afraid of awakeningPugachev's spirit.

20200:16:05,764 --> 00:16:09,860Now he was facing the great'bludgeon of the people's war'.

20300:16:10,069 --> 00:16:14,005Armed with axes and pitchforks,the people rose by villages,

20400:16:14,173 --> 00:16:16,971

partisans were roaming theforests.

20500:16:17,142 --> 00:16:21,078Hunger provoked cases ofcannibalism among the French.

20600:16:24,116 --> 00:16:26,607Kutuzov-in a letterto hiswife and daughter:

20700:16:26,852 --> 00:16:29,446'Yesterday we found two Frenchmenin the woods,

20800:16:29,688 --> 00:16:33,556'they were frying and eatingtheirthird friend.

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20900:16:35,794 --> 00:16:39,252The pioneer of the nationalpartisan movement,

21000:16:39,431 --> 00:16:41,922hussar lieutenant-colonelDenis Davydov,

21100:16:42,167 --> 00:16:45,796a poetic soul, sensing theupsurge of patriotic sentiments,

21200:16:45,971 --> 00:16:48,963issued a ban to officerson speaking French,

21300:16:49,174 --> 00:16:52,200grew a beard and dressedin a sheepskin coat. Quite a

21400:16:52,478 --> 00:16:56,676difference from his image on thepost-war portrait by Kiprensky.

21500:17:14,033 --> 00:17:17,059Hardly one third of Napoleon'sarmy

21600:17:17,236 --> 00:17:23,038

reached River Berezinain the west of Russia.

21700:17:30,783 --> 00:17:36,187In 1812 the landscape lookedmore or less like now.

21800:17:36,388 --> 00:17:41,087Except for one detail: theriver was not yet covered with ice.

21900:17:41,527 --> 00:17:44,553The Russians tore down allthe bridges.

22000:17:44,730 --> 00:17:48,791Napoleon was planning to crossthe river counting on the ice

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22100:17:49,001 --> 00:17:53,631and ordered to leave behindthe pontoons and travel light.

22200:17:53,972 --> 00:17:58,966A lucky circumstance: the Frenchreconnaissance discovers a ford

22300:17:59,211 --> 00:18:04,513nearthe village Studenki, itisn't marked on Russian maps.

22400:18:04,750 --> 00:18:07,947The pontooners disobeyed theemperor's orders,

22500:18:08,153 --> 00:18:10,986end kept part of theirequipment.

22600:18:11,156 --> 00:18:15,092Napoleon spends the night inStudenki, in a peasant's hut,

22700:18:15,294 --> 00:18:19,697and his pontooners, standingchest-deep in freezing water

22800:18:19,932 --> 00:18:23,197

amid ice-floesarrange two crossings.

22900:18:23,602 --> 00:18:25,570The first to cross are the units

23000:18:25,804 --> 00:18:29,535that are to hold a bridgeheadon the other side of the river.

231

00:18:29,741 --> 00:18:33,268The next to cross are Napoleonand his Guard.

23200:18:38,417 --> 00:18:44,822The Russian scheme was to crushthe enemy completely.

233

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00:18:45,023 --> 00:18:49,221In St. Petersburg they design adetailed plan of the concluding

23400:18:49,461 --> 00:18:50,792stage of the campaign.But it fails.

23500:18:50,996 --> 00:18:53,590Napoleon gathers a new armyaround the elite units on

23600:18:53,765 --> 00:18:58,293the other bank of Berezina. Thewar will last for another

23700:18:58,504 --> 00:19:02,4401.5 years, and France will seethis crossing as a miraculous

23800:19:02,608 --> 00:19:04,303salvation. Even though theFrench suffertremendous losses,

23900:19:04,510 --> 00:19:08,037and in Russia it is consideredFrance's crushing defeat.

24000:19:12,851 --> 00:19:16,719A French obelisk in the

place of the crossing.

24100:19:20,192 --> 00:19:24,060The modern bridge acrossthe River Berezina.

24200:19:24,296 --> 00:19:27,197The main part of marshal Victor'stroops cross the river,

243

00:19:27,399 --> 00:19:34,805throwing their dead and woundedand broken carts off the bridge.

24400:19:35,007 --> 00:19:38,135The piers were breaking, andthere were still people left on

245

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00:19:38,343 --> 00:19:42,245the left bank: wounded,frost-bitten, women and children.

24600:19:42,414 --> 00:19:47,374So exhausted, that theycouldn't cross to the other side,

24700:19:47,553 --> 00:19:51,990even when at night the bridgeswere empty.

24800:19:52,191 --> 00:19:56,525When morning comes the Russianartillery shells the

24900:19:56,728 --> 00:20:00,494crossing, the people make a runat the bridges crushing each

25000:20:00,732 --> 00:20:03,724other, but to save the emperorthe French burn the bridges.

25100:20:03,936 --> 00:20:11,069And just in time: Cossacks areon the approaches to the river.

25200:20:25,224 --> 00:20:27,317Admiral Chachigov:

25300:20:27,559 --> 00:20:31,017'The river was full ofdrowned soldiers, above the

25400:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,631'water one could see cavalry-menstanding like statues,

25500:20:34,766 --> 00:20:40,204

'frozen in the positions thatdeath caught them in.

25600:20:41,039 --> 00:20:43,633Out of all the commandersin the Berezina battle

25700:20:43,842 --> 00:20:47,573

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they put the blame on admiralChichagov.

25800:20:47,779 --> 00:20:49,974'A naval officer shouldn'tfight on dry land.

25900:20:50,182 --> 00:20:53,345'The day-dreamer let Napoleonslip through his fingers.

26000:21:06,932 --> 00:21:13,132Krylov will write another ofhis fables about the war of 1812.

26100:21:13,372 --> 00:21:15,363It starts: 'There'llbe trouble if

262

00:21:15,574 --> 00:21:21,479'a shoemaker starts baking pies,and a baker starts making boots.

26300:21:21,747 --> 00:21:27,276Afable about a pike- Navaladmiral Chichagov -

26400:21:27,452 --> 00:21:32,048and a cat - Kutuzov- Who try to catch mice.

26500:21:32,257 --> 00:21:36,819The pike sits in ambush,the cat catches a bundle of

26600:21:37,029 --> 00:21:40,021mice, goes to see howthe pike is doing, and finds,

26700:21:40,232 --> 00:21:44,498

that the mice had bittenthe pike's grey tail off.

26800:22:00,319 --> 00:22:06,747'Oh, my brand-new littlemaple porch!

26900:22:06,892 --> 00:22:10,658

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To finish the enemy in its den- Is a cleartask.

27000:22:10,796 --> 00:22:16,098And not only that, Alexanderreturns the monarchs, overthrown

27100:22:16,268 --> 00:22:19,328by the French revolution andby Napoleon, back to the throne

27200:22:19,538 --> 00:22:23,338and ensures European hegemonyfor Russia.

27300:22:24,576 --> 00:22:30,674The war of 1813 startsas a muck-up.

274

00:22:30,882 --> 00:22:33,544Kutuzov, who was against thewhole idea,

27500:22:33,752 --> 00:22:38,280is seriously ill, and diesin a Schlesien town Bunzlau.

27600:22:38,523 --> 00:22:40,616Four days afterthe demiseof their commanderthe Allies

27700:22:40,859 --> 00:22:44,317sufferthe first defeatnear Luzern, and then

27800:22:44,529 --> 00:22:48,226two more, also in Germany.

27900:22:48,433 --> 00:22:49,730The Allies retreat.

28000:22:49,935 --> 00:22:53,371As if from thin airNapoleon creates a new army,

28100:22:53,538 --> 00:22:57,030and the Russians show poorwarfare on the enemy's turf.

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28200:23:01,413 --> 00:23:04,746After Dresden Napoleonis ill for 6 weeks.

28300:23:04,950 --> 00:23:07,578Without him the army makestactical mistakes, the Allied

28400:23:07,786 --> 00:23:13,850coalition expands, and by fallit numbers a million soldiers.

28500:23:14,025 --> 00:23:18,052Napoleon gathers his main forcesnear Leipzig, capital of Saxony.

28600:23:20,665 --> 00:23:24,465Napoleon's banners unite

the French, the Italians,

28700:23:24,636 --> 00:23:27,469the Dutch, the Belgians,the the Poles. Against

28800:23:27,706 --> 00:23:32,700Russians, Austrians,Prussians, Swedes and Bavarians.

289

00:23:32,911 --> 00:23:37,905The Russian empire is representedeven by Bashkir and Kalmyk

29000:23:38,083 --> 00:23:42,782home guard. The Kalmyks are armedwith bows and arrows. The French

29100:23:48,326 --> 00:23:49,816call them 'Cupids'. Three daysof fighting.

29200:23:50,028 --> 00:23:54,931This battle is thought to be thebeginning of contemporary Europe.

29300:23:59,304 --> 00:24:04,469A 100 years after Leipzigstarts WWI.

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29400:24:04,776 --> 00:24:10,544To mark the centenary of the mainbattle of the all-European war

29500:24:10,782 --> 00:24:13,182they erect a giant-size monument.

29600:24:13,385 --> 00:24:16,149The country is at war again, itis split into two camps,

29700:24:16,388 --> 00:24:17,753only this time-alonga different dividing line.

29800:24:17,923 --> 00:24:23,293Howeverforthis huge monumentthey pooled the money.

29900:24:33,705 --> 00:24:38,074An amazing episode: in the heatof the battle the 'hosts',

30000:24:38,243 --> 00:24:42,441the Saxons, betray Napoleonand side with coalition troops.

30100:24:42,681 --> 00:24:46,879

They turn their cannons and openfire at the French.

30200:24:49,120 --> 00:24:50,644Byron: 'The sly Saxon Jackalran away from the Lion,

30300:24:50,822 --> 00:24:57,227'and joined the Fox, theWolf and the Bear.

30400:24:57,529 --> 00:25:02,728The 'Fox' is Austria, the 'Wolf'- Prussia, the 'Bear' - Russia.

30500:25:06,371 --> 00:25:10,034'We'll go to the North!We'll go to the North! '

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30600:25:11,710 --> 00:25:14,110This is the place ofNapoleon's command post.

30700:25:14,312 --> 00:25:16,872The day was as gloomy as today.

30800:25:17,082 --> 00:25:18,811It was getting dark, justlike now.

30900:25:19,050 --> 00:25:21,780The biographers of the Frenchemperorthink he

31000:25:21,987 --> 00:25:25,889could have won the Leipzigbattle on the first day.

31100:25:26,091 --> 00:25:28,082But there wasn't enough time.

31200:25:28,326 --> 00:25:31,124At 5 p.m., feeling that theenemy is growing weaker,

31300:25:31,329 --> 00:25:35,925Napoleon takes a glove off hishand to signal:

31400:25:36,101 --> 00:25:37,728'Guards -fire! ' -

31500:25:37,903 --> 00:25:41,236when he hears news of theAustrian attack on the right

31600:25:41,406 --> 00:25:43,237flank, and he has to send the

Guards overthere.

31700:25:43,441 --> 00:25:46,467The Austrians are repulsed,the corps commander captured.

31800:25:46,678 --> 00:25:50,808The moment called for a decisive

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blow, but -too late.

31900:25:51,016 --> 00:25:55,612It's getting dark, and Napoleonmisses the chance.

32000:25:55,954 --> 00:26:01,415In those days they fought'from dusk till dawn'.

32100:26:01,626 --> 00:26:06,996Laterthey inventedsearchlights, tracer bullets

32200:26:07,198 --> 00:26:09,689and other attributesof night fighting.

32300:26:09,901 --> 00:26:14,338

But in the beginning of the XIXcentury they had to wait until

32400:26:14,539 --> 00:26:19,567sunrise. Just like in chess-anadjourned game. Only

32500:26:19,778 --> 00:26:24,875in this case the opponent cannot only analyze the position

32600:26:25,050 --> 00:26:26,677overnight, but change it.

32700:26:31,890 --> 00:26:36,156On the third day the coalitiongets reinforcement.

32800:26:36,361 --> 00:26:41,993Napoleon understands that hisarmy won't last another day.

32900:26:42,200 --> 00:26:46,398The army suffered huge losseswhen retreating from Leipzig. -

33000:26:46,605 --> 00:26:48,869and Napoleon decides togo back to France.

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33100:26:49,107 --> 00:26:52,804His empire to the east of Franceceased to exist.

33200:27:10,829 --> 00:27:15,926The year 1814 was extremelysuccessful for Napoleon.

33300:27:16,101 --> 00:27:20,162Not one single defeat.But the forces are uneven.

33400:27:20,372 --> 00:27:23,273You can't beat numbers withskill.

33500:27:29,047 --> 00:27:34,075In the battle for Paris the

Allies surround the city

33600:27:34,285 --> 00:27:36,253and block the way of Napoleon.

33700:27:36,454 --> 00:27:40,117He can't break throughto help his besieged capital.

33800:27:49,434 --> 00:27:53,803

The crucial moment: the Russianshave seized Montmartre.

33900:27:53,972 --> 00:27:57,999Their cannons are on the top ofthe hill-now tourist

34000:27:58,443 --> 00:28:02,277observation points. They shellthe city from the top point.

34100:28:07,419 --> 00:28:09,148The resistance is strong.

34200:28:09,387 --> 00:28:15,087These barricades in PlaceClichi are a monument to

343

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00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:18,422the defenders. Gun-points in thewall of Pere-Lachaise cemetery.

34400:28:18,630 --> 00:28:21,963The French put cannons on top ofthe graves and fire through

34500:28:22,167 --> 00:28:24,727the gun-points. They repulse3 Russian attacks.

34600:28:35,280 --> 00:28:36,907The cafes are open,

34700:28:37,082 --> 00:28:41,143visitors are debating thesides' chances.

348

00:28:41,319 --> 00:28:43,310When the resistance isfinally suppressed,

34900:28:43,521 --> 00:28:48,049the truce is signed in the cafe'Little Garden' on La Chapelle.

35000:28:55,934 --> 00:29:00,166On the day of capitulationall Paris cafes were open,

35100:29:00,405 --> 00:29:02,669and there was one memorableevent that should be mentioned.

35200:29:02,874 --> 00:29:08,938Cafe 'Mother Catherine',there's a memorial plaque.

35300:29:09,881 --> 00:29:12,042

Here, underthe shed,

35400:29:12,283 --> 00:29:14,217not easy to see.

35500:29:14,452 --> 00:29:20,880On March 30 1814the Cossacks

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35600:29:21,059 --> 00:29:24,961have cried out the famous'Bistro! ' or 'Faster! '.

35700:29:25,196 --> 00:29:30,190This was the noble ancestor ofour modern bistros.

35800:29:31,536 --> 00:29:35,632The Cossacks hurried theinn-keepers: 'Bistro! Faster!

35900:29:35,874 --> 00:29:38,638'We want food and drink! ' Theywere celebrating the

36000:29:38,877 --> 00:29:43,644capitulation of Paris. Since

then -the tradition of fast-food.

36100:29:46,584 --> 00:29:51,544The Cossacks have impressed Paris.Their warfare became a legend.

36200:29:51,723 --> 00:29:54,817They looked like true childrenof their wild country.

363

00:29:55,059 --> 00:29:57,391Unlike the Guard,

36400:29:57,562 --> 00:29:59,587who spoke fluent French,

36500:29:59,831 --> 00:30:02,823and could be taken for Frenchmen.

36600:30:04,202 --> 00:30:06,864

The French-Russianphraseological dictionary:

36700:30:07,806 --> 00:30:12,937'faire I'amour a la cosaque' -'to make love Cossack-style -

36800:30:13,144 --> 00:30:15,772

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with charge and force.

36900:30:18,616 --> 00:30:20,982The Cossacks are the first toride into Paris

37000:30:21,186 --> 00:30:24,314on the morning afterthe capitulation.

37100:30:24,556 --> 00:30:29,050In their wake are the cavalry,hussars and emperor Alexander.

37200:30:30,495 --> 00:30:36,525The victors march into Paristhrough the Saint-Denis Gate.

37300:30:36,701 --> 00:30:40,330

Alexander rides oh his Eclipse -the horse presented to him

37400:30:40,505 --> 00:30:43,099by Napoleon 6 years ago, whenthey met in Erfurt.

37500:30:43,341 --> 00:30:47,209It is the summit of his glory.Alexander -the liberator

37600:30:47,378 --> 00:30:50,006of Europe. He brings peaceto the people. The great emperor,

37700:30:50,215 --> 00:30:54,481it is the heyday of his empire.Pushkin will write:

37800:30:54,686 --> 00:31:00,716'We were in Paris, the Russian

Czar was the greatest.

37900:31:08,399 --> 00:31:10,924Poet Konstantin Batyushkovin his letter:

38000:31:11,135 --> 00:31:14,730'We savored oysters in the best,

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Paris restaurant 'Verie',

38100:31:14,906 --> 00:31:18,273'and toasted our sovereignwith champagne.

38200:31:19,277 --> 00:31:22,474In the middle of the XIX century

38300:31:22,714 --> 00:31:25,706'Verie' merged with theneighboring 'Le Grand Vicour',

38400:31:25,984 --> 00:31:27,508Iocated in Palais-Royal,

38500:31:27,719 --> 00:31:30,950and is still the center ofParisian gastronomy.

38600:31:35,526 --> 00:31:38,893Except French and Russianaristocrats,

38700:31:39,063 --> 00:31:43,966no one in the world hasdeveloped a taste for oysters.

38800:31:44,202 --> 00:31:48,036

The shells are openedwith a special knife.

38900:31:51,509 --> 00:32:00,611The 'mucus' is then sprinkledwith lemon,

39000:32:00,885 --> 00:32:03,376and stylishly washed downwith champagne.

39100:32:03,588 --> 00:32:07,080Lensky's second in Pushkin's'Yevgeny Onegin', Zaretsky

39200:32:08,593 --> 00:32:12,893'usually drained 3 bottles at'Verie' every morning.

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39300:32:13,097 --> 00:32:15,258Let's combine the ordersof Batyushkov and

39400:32:15,466 --> 00:32:17,798Zaretsky in that restaurant.

39500:32:18,303 --> 00:32:24,0033 bottles of champagne,presumably 3 dozen oysters.

39600:32:24,242 --> 00:32:28,611In today's prices: 50 dollarsfor a dozen.

39700:32:28,780 --> 00:32:32,716A bottle of vintage champagnecosts 150 dollars.

39800:32:32,884 --> 00:32:37,787That rounds up to 600. And thatis only an aperitive.

39900:32:37,989 --> 00:32:40,981Many officers order oncredit.

40000:32:41,225 --> 00:32:45,753The victorious feasts will last

until 1818,

40100:32:45,930 --> 00:32:48,125when the Russian troopspull out of France.

40200:32:48,299 --> 00:32:53,259Leaving the biggestcredit account in history.

403

00:32:59,744 --> 00:33:04,340Alexander l, the firstgentleman on the throne,

40400:33:04,515 --> 00:33:08,679insisted that Napoleon begranted a little estate.

405

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00:33:08,886 --> 00:33:11,446The choice was theMediterranean island Elba.

40600:33:11,622 --> 00:33:14,921Soon, breaking his promisenot to engage in another war,

40700:33:15,093 --> 00:33:19,587Napoleon lands his troops inFrance and heads for Paris.

40800:33:20,031 --> 00:33:22,226The famous '100 days of Napoleon',

40900:33:22,467 --> 00:33:26,767his crushing defeat at Waterloo,and a new exile,

410

00:33:26,971 --> 00:33:31,533this time to the Britishisland of St. Helen.

41100:33:42,720 --> 00:33:46,156The allies divide Franceinto occupation zones.

41200:33:46,357 --> 00:33:50,760Just like there will beRussian troops in East Germany,

41300:33:50,962 --> 00:33:55,797150 years before there was aRussian corps in France.

41400:33:55,967 --> 00:34:00,336To protect the Bourbons,'restored' on the throne.

41500:34:01,572 --> 00:34:05,531

On Russian-controlled territoriesin the north of France

41600:34:05,777 --> 00:34:10,077there were Russian laws andRussian rules. There even was

41700:34:10,281 --> 00:34:15,412

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a Russian police. The Russiansweren't happy with the French Lie.

41800:34:15,620 --> 00:34:19,522and measured all the distancesanew.

41900:34:19,757 --> 00:34:21,748In Russian 'versty' (1.05 km).They put up 'versty' poles.

42000:34:21,959 --> 00:34:23,256This one remained until now.

42100:34:23,461 --> 00:34:26,828Most of the poles were wooden,this one's made of stone.

42200:34:27,031 --> 00:34:30,865

Then this crossroads was a bitmore to the south.

42300:34:32,403 --> 00:34:38,672On 'versty' poles in Russia theymarked the distance to

42400:34:38,976 --> 00:34:40,500St. Petersburg.

425

00:34:42,246 --> 00:34:47,616Here it said: 85 'versty'to Maubeuge.

42600:34:47,819 --> 00:34:51,311Maubeuge is a small town on theborder with Belgium,

42700:34:51,522 --> 00:34:53,547the then capital of 'Russian'France,

42800:34:53,758 --> 00:34:57,125here was the headquarters ofRussian occupation troops,

42900:34:57,328 --> 00:35:00,229underthe command of generalVorontsov.

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43000:35:04,469 --> 00:35:08,235In Maubeuge, with all roadsmarked with 'versty' poles,

43100:35:08,439 --> 00:35:11,465on the bank of river Mosellethey built Russian baths.

43200:35:11,709 --> 00:35:14,507They would take a steam bath,and plunge into cold water.

43300:35:14,745 --> 00:35:19,580In houses they built tile stovesand put up double frames.

43400:35:20,952 --> 00:35:24,410A Foreign Ministry official

Filipp Vigel:

43500:35:24,622 --> 00:35:29,457'Maubeuge is packed, and youwon't hear a single word

43600:35:29,660 --> 00:35:31,594'in French. Only Russiansoldiers.

437

00:35:31,796 --> 00:35:35,698'I was served 'shchi', 'kasha''blinis' and 'kvas'.

43800:35:37,635 --> 00:35:44,336Russian troops will be pulledout in November 1818.

43900:35:44,775 --> 00:35:49,974French caricatures: 'Reluctantreturn of a Cossack to Russia. '

44000:35:50,548 --> 00:35:53,915'Russian officer parting witha French woman. '

44100:35:54,485 --> 00:35:57,010Affiliate of the French Bankin Maubeuge.

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44200:35:57,255 --> 00:36:02,716Leaving Maubege, generalVorontsov pays all debts

44300:36:02,960 --> 00:36:07,488made by Russian officers.

44400:36:07,698 --> 00:36:09,563They ate and drank withno limit. They had a ball.

44500:36:09,767 --> 00:36:14,602The sum was astronomical:1.5 million Rubles.

44600:36:14,839 --> 00:36:19,936That sum equaled 8large manors-on the

44700:36:20,178 --> 00:36:22,476nearest approaches to Moscowor St. Petersburg,

44800:36:22,680 --> 00:36:26,810with villages up to 500 people,and a stone manor,

44900:36:27,018 --> 00:36:32,513

and about 3000 hectares of land,with meadows and forests,

45000:36:32,723 --> 00:36:37,786cattle and stables,barns, mills and smithies.

45100:36:38,196 --> 00:36:43,634The price of 8 Russian manors.But not to pay would

45200:36:43,968 --> 00:36:46,596mean disgrace. General Vorontsovis on the verge of bankruptcy.

45300:36:50,975 --> 00:36:56,379But he will save his financialsituation by marrying

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45400:36:56,614 --> 00:36:58,844the daughter of a Polishmagnate, Elizaveta Bronitskaya.

45500:37:19,804 --> 00:37:25,709The post-war Vienna congresshosts the heads of 216 states.

45600:37:25,876 --> 00:37:28,174No comparison with the Helsinkimeeting.

45700:37:28,346 --> 00:37:33,113The most representative worldconference in history.

45800:37:34,452 --> 00:37:37,353Most member-countries areobservers, and the four

45900:37:37,555 --> 00:37:41,616victors -Austria, England,Prussia and Russia -

46000:37:41,859 --> 00:37:43,759are once again dividing Europe.

46100:37:43,995 --> 00:37:46,463The Russian emperor-is

the leader of the free world.

46200:37:46,664 --> 00:37:52,466Alexander draws up an Act onestablishing the Holy Union

46300:37:52,703 --> 00:37:56,469of Monarchs. The first congressis convened in German Aahene.

464

00:37:56,674 --> 00:38:02,078Karl the Great: the 'author' ofMedieval united Europe.

46500:38:04,582 --> 00:38:08,348Evidence of the influence ofRussia's emperor:

466

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00:38:08,619 --> 00:38:13,113at the first congress of theHoly Union France is

46700:38:13,291 --> 00:38:17,421represented by the head of state,Duke Richelieu.

46800:38:17,795 --> 00:38:19,592We all know him by the

46900:38:19,830 --> 00:38:23,197monument at the PotemkinStaircase in Odessa.

47000:38:23,401 --> 00:38:26,768Alexander delivered Richelieufrom the duties of city mayor

471

00:38:27,038 --> 00:38:29,529and the governor-general ofthe South of Russia,

47200:38:29,774 --> 00:38:34,711and insisted that Richelieu bemade the head of state.

47300:38:34,912 --> 00:38:39,975Alexander -the author of'horizontal' personnel reshuffle.

47400:38:42,286 --> 00:38:45,687Russia's southern deputy wasequaled to the French premier,

47500:38:45,923 --> 00:38:47,788who sat in this room.

47600:38:48,759 --> 00:38:52,559Paris versus Odessa.

47700:38:59,570 --> 00:39:02,733The Holy Union was acounterrevolutionary block.

47800:39:02,940 --> 00:39:07,001The purpose -to protectthe restored European dynasties.

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47900:39:07,211 --> 00:39:11,341Congresses are convened mainlyto suppress resistance -

48000:39:11,549 --> 00:39:14,484mostly in Italy and Spain.

48100:39:19,924 --> 00:39:24,793The Union has the legal right tointervene in any country,

48200:39:24,962 --> 00:39:28,125even if the overthrown sovereignis against foreign intervention.

48300:39:28,366 --> 00:39:31,358From the Act of the Holy Union:

48400:39:32,036 --> 00:39:35,563'Monarchs take a vowto under all circumstances

48500:39:35,773 --> 00:39:39,641'render each other help andsupport.

48600:39:41,078 --> 00:39:47,540The Holy Union is NATO, OSCE

and the Emergency Situations Ministry.

48700:39:48,252 --> 00:39:52,552Britain has a parliamentaryrule, it supports the Union,

48800:39:52,757 --> 00:39:56,591but instead of the monarchit delegates a member

489

00:39:56,794 --> 00:40:02,232of the House of Lords. Mattersare decided by 3 major

49000:40:04,368 --> 00:40:07,269continental allies. The churchwhere the 3 monarchs prayed.

491

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00:40:07,505 --> 00:40:11,566Here, on the outskirts of Aahene,the troops are lined out

49200:40:11,842 --> 00:40:15,505in the square. The 3 monarchsstirtheir horses in the centre,

49300:40:15,679 --> 00:40:19,843dismount, take off theirhats and pray together.

49400:40:20,084 --> 00:40:22,985Russian emperor Alexander-a Christian Orthodox.

49500:40:23,220 --> 00:40:25,848Prussian king, LutheranFriedrich-Wilhelm.

49600:40:26,056 --> 00:40:28,581Austrian emperor catholic Franz.

49700:40:28,759 --> 00:40:31,592Then the monarchs embrace warmly,

49800:40:31,762 --> 00:40:34,356canons salute from theneighboring hills.

49900:40:34,598 --> 00:40:37,465The 'fraternization' of thethree 'comrades'.

50000:40:38,068 --> 00:40:42,528The place will be named'The Monarchs Square'.

50100:40:42,740 --> 00:40:47,768The monarchs' names will be given

to streets, and a monument

50200:40:51,582 --> 00:40:54,745will be erected: Alexander'sbas-relief is on the left.

50300:40:58,622 --> 00:41:01,455The congresses will be

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Alexander's major achievement,

50400:41:01,659 --> 00:41:05,060there he reaps his Europeanlaurels.

50500:41:05,296 --> 00:41:07,662Relenlessly he travels fromcountry to country.

50600:41:07,865 --> 00:41:11,631The Czar holds a summit inexotic Lublyany. -

50700:41:11,802 --> 00:41:14,270the third congress.

50800:41:14,472 --> 00:41:17,771In the last years of his life

he hardly ever visits Russia.

50900:41:17,975 --> 00:41:21,103They said he ruled the countryfrom a wheelchair.

51000:41:21,278 --> 00:41:25,146Pushkin dubbed Alexander'the nomadic despot'.

511

00:41:35,392 --> 00:41:42,264Chief 'home' innovations weremilitary settlements.

51200:41:42,466 --> 00:41:47,062The best army in the worldconsumed more than half the

51300:41:47,271 --> 00:41:50,399country's incomes. The idea wasto make it fully self-supportive.

51400:41:50,641 --> 00:41:55,101Provinces are turned intomilitary settlements.

51500:41:55,312 --> 00:41:57,177Peasants toil on the landand serve in the army.

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51600:41:57,381 --> 00:42:00,873Agro-camps combined 2 mainRussian slaveries:

51700:42:01,118 --> 00:42:05,680the peasant's and the soldier's.They will be forever linked

51800:42:05,923 --> 00:42:10,121with the name of their designer,the factual ruler of Russia

51900:42:10,327 --> 00:42:12,852in the years of Alexander'sdecline, count Arakcheev.

52000:42:17,201 --> 00:42:19,260Russian folklore:

52100:42:19,470 --> 00:42:23,998'Arakcheev, son of a bitch,you rascal,

52200:42:24,208 --> 00:42:26,608'you ruined Russia... '.

52300:42:27,311 --> 00:42:31,509He was extremely ugly -

'An ape in uniform' -,

52400:42:31,715 --> 00:42:34,206'and pathologically cruel:he grabbed soldiers

52500:42:34,418 --> 00:42:38,252'by the moustache, and in oneinstance even bit an ear off.

526

00:42:38,455 --> 00:42:41,049But he was no doubt anoutstanding administrator, and

52700:42:41,258 --> 00:42:45,285possessed a quality rarely foundin government officials:

528

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00:42:45,529 --> 00:42:47,929he didn't steal andnevertook bribes,

52900:42:48,132 --> 00:42:50,999declined awards andthe title of field-marshal.

53000:42:51,268 --> 00:42:53,168Arakcheev set up the firstmilitary settlement

53100:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,272in his own estate invillage Gruzino -

53200:42:57,508 --> 00:43:01,069a model to follow.

533

00:43:02,580 --> 00:43:07,040Arakcheev's manor stood on ahill overlooking river Volkhovka.

53400:43:07,251 --> 00:43:10,186Alexander I visited here11 times.

53500:43:10,387 --> 00:43:13,754Now in the place of the manorthere's the village council.

53600:43:13,924 --> 00:43:18,020All that's left of the huge houseare mossy granite slabs.

53700:43:18,262 --> 00:43:20,389Like splinters of a lostcivilization.

53800:43:20,564 --> 00:43:22,964

All around one can see evidenceof desolation.

53900:43:23,200 --> 00:43:26,135Years ago the village was anideal model of Arakcheev's order.

54000:43:26,370 --> 00:43:29,066

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To rememberthe popular army joke: 'lf you, civil people, are

54100:43:29,306 --> 00:43:34,300'so smart, why don't youmarch in formations?

54200:43:34,511 --> 00:43:37,912In military settlements a womanhad to get up at a certain time,

54300:43:38,115 --> 00:43:40,583heat the stove at a certaintime, cook dinner,

54400:43:40,751 --> 00:43:42,616and graze the cattle- All by the clock.

545

00:43:42,820 --> 00:43:47,052Regulations were very strict.Every thing had its place

54600:43:47,224 --> 00:43:50,284in the house. The men went outto work in the field at a

54700:43:50,494 --> 00:43:52,291fixed hour, and returned homeat a fixed hour. There were

54800:43:52,496 --> 00:43:56,933Regulations of 36 paragraphson 'how to raise children'.

54900:43:57,134 --> 00:44:00,592If there were toomany single young people,

55000:44:00,938 --> 00:44:03,031

thy drew the young menand women together,

55100:44:03,207 --> 00:44:05,835put notes in two corporal's hats -

55200:44:06,010 --> 00:44:09,207- Another strict rule -

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55300:44:09,446 --> 00:44:12,074and drew lots, makingmatches.

55400:44:17,655 --> 00:44:21,318In the true spirit ofAlexander's imperial policy

55500:44:21,525 --> 00:44:24,653the monopoly now enjoyedless rights,

55600:44:24,895 --> 00:44:27,989granting more rights tothe its colony.

55700:44:37,975 --> 00:44:44,938Afterthe war Russia got the

Prussian part of Catherine's

55800:44:45,149 --> 00:44:50,052division of Poland. That andLithuania now formed the Polish

55900:44:50,354 --> 00:44:53,721Kingdom. The Poles become thebiggest national minority.

560

00:44:53,924 --> 00:44:56,484The capital of the mainterritorial trophy -Warsaw -

56100:44:56,727 --> 00:45:02,165the 3rd biggest cityafter Moscow and St. Petersburg.

56200:45:06,370 --> 00:45:09,828An Internet address decoratesthe royal palace.

56300:45:10,040 --> 00:45:14,101In 1818 that was theaddress of Alexander I.

56400:45:14,278 --> 00:45:17,042When he traveled to Warsaw,he stayed at the royal palace.

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56500:45:17,214 --> 00:45:21,116Now he is also the Polish Czar.

56600:45:21,351 --> 00:45:25,981He changes his official titleto:

56700:45:26,190 --> 00:45:33,255'Emperor and Sovereign of AllRussia...

56800:45:33,430 --> 00:45:36,593- That part he inherited fromCatherine, what they called

56900:45:36,800 --> 00:45:42,873'Great, White and Small Russia'.To that he added further:

57000:45:42,873 --> 00:45:46,468'Czar of Poland, Grand Duke ofFinland,

57100:45:46,677 --> 00:45:50,010and so on, and so forth.

57200:45:52,182 --> 00:45:55,515His full title contains

55 denominations.

57300:45:55,719 --> 00:46:00,656In this list of titles heincludes even small territories:

57400:46:00,858 --> 00:46:04,817'Czar of Georgia, lmmeretia,Mengrelia'.

575

00:46:05,028 --> 00:46:09,761That followed by'Czar of Siberia'.

57600:46:10,968 --> 00:46:15,234Relations with Poland areregistered as a Union.

577

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00:46:15,439 --> 00:46:18,533The Russian emperor isthe Czar of Poland.

57800:46:27,918 --> 00:46:32,719Normally the throne stands underthis canopy. Now it is

57900:46:32,956 --> 00:46:34,514at another exhibition.In the main hall

58000:46:34,758 --> 00:46:39,320Alexander opens the firstsitting of the Polish Seim

58100:46:39,563 --> 00:46:43,590and gives the country the mostliberal European Constitution.

58200:46:44,201 --> 00:46:47,796Parliament, division ofpower, independent court,

58300:46:48,038 --> 00:46:48,697equality before the law,freedom of speech.

58400:46:51,875 --> 00:46:57,541Russia's colony - Poland -

has all that Russia hasn't.

58500:46:58,382 --> 00:47:00,077Alexander l:

58600:47:00,317 --> 00:47:01,579'With God's help I plan tospread

58700:47:01,752 --> 00:47:05,984

'these beneficial institutionsto all countries

58800:47:06,190 --> 00:47:10,024'that were entrusted to me byProvidence.

58900:47:11,962 --> 00:47:14,430

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It is thought that by saying soAlexander

59000:47:14,698 --> 00:47:21,467promised a Constitution toRussia back in 1818.

59100:47:22,239 --> 00:47:25,572St. Petersburg is indignant overthe restoration of Poland

59200:47:25,776 --> 00:47:28,904and granting liberties tothe conquered people.

59300:47:29,079 --> 00:47:31,912Karamzin hands Alexandera special notice.

594

00:47:32,282 --> 00:47:35,911Howeverthe Poles think thatthey were robbed of their

59500:47:36,086 --> 00:47:39,487Motherland, and that Russianauthorities violate their

59600:47:39,690 --> 00:47:42,523Constitution. The Russians thinkthe Poles are being ungrateful.

59700:47:42,926 --> 00:47:47,090Poland is the most rebelliousterritory in the empire.

59800:47:47,297 --> 00:47:50,960But now adds the Caucasus.

59900:48:06,583 --> 00:48:11,282Catherine signed the

George treaty.

60000:48:11,521 --> 00:48:15,514Russia took Georgia underits patronage.

60100:48:15,726 --> 00:48:18,217For a while 2 Russian battalions

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were stationed in Tiflis,

60200:48:18,428 --> 00:48:23,627but the bellicose Muslimneighbors continued to encroach

60300:48:23,867 --> 00:48:26,392on Orthodox Georgia, andGeorgia kept begging for help.

60400:48:28,005 --> 00:48:32,339From the will of the lastGeorgian emperor George Xll:

60500:48:32,576 --> 00:48:34,703'I wish that instead of beingunderthe

60600:48:34,945 --> 00:48:38,278

'patronage of the Russianthrone, my kingdom

60700:48:38,482 --> 00:48:40,746'be given under its full control.

60800:48:42,619 --> 00:48:45,019Alexander hesitated for 6 months.

60900:48:45,222 --> 00:48:49,283

Catherine's followers pressuredhim into saving his

61000:48:49,526 --> 00:48:51,994co-religionists, youngreformists warned of the

61100:48:52,195 --> 00:48:55,824danger of humanitarian actionsin explosive hotbeds.

61200:48:56,300 --> 00:49:03,365The 1801 Manifesto:Georgia joins Russia.

61300:49:14,117 --> 00:49:18,850The first of Georgian princedomsto join Russia is

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61400:49:19,056 --> 00:49:23,857Kartli-Kahetia with the capitalTiflis (today's Tbilisi).

61500:49:24,094 --> 00:49:26,585Since then Tiflis is the mainadministrative

61600:49:26,797 --> 00:49:29,527and military centre in theCaucasus.

61700:49:29,733 --> 00:49:32,167At the time of Georgia joiningRussia, the Georgians

61800:49:32,369 --> 00:49:35,532are on the verge of extinction.They are only 75 thousand.

61900:49:35,739 --> 00:49:38,469In 50 years they will numbera million.

62000:49:43,280 --> 00:49:47,478The empire has absorbed anenclave.

62100:49:47,651 --> 00:49:50,814

Russia and Georgia don'thave a common border.

62200:49:51,054 --> 00:49:58,051There's only one passageoverthe ridge.

62300:50:00,197 --> 00:50:03,633The Military-Georgian road.200 km long.

62400:50:03,834 --> 00:50:07,099It connects Russia withits new possession.

62500:50:07,337 --> 00:50:11,433In the West are peacefulOssetians and Kabardinians,

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62600:50:11,608 --> 00:50:15,009but farther down West arebelligerent Circassians.

62700:50:15,245 --> 00:50:18,271To the East lie Dagestanand Chechnya.

62800:50:18,448 --> 00:50:21,246It's unsafe to travel withoutan armed convoy -

62900:50:21,451 --> 00:50:23,612just like nowadays in Chechnya.

63000:50:25,122 --> 00:50:28,922The empire didn't reallyneed the Caucasus.

63100:50:29,092 --> 00:50:34,086But since it embracedTranscaucasia, it had to take

63200:50:34,264 --> 00:50:35,253the Caucasus. By force.

63300:50:35,432 --> 00:50:39,926There was a reason fortheMilitary-Georgian road being

63400:50:55,385 --> 00:50:58,946the only passage. The law in themountains was military

63500:50:59,156 --> 00:51:03,183democracy. No state, noaristocrats, no one to

63600:51:03,427 --> 00:51:08,524

negotiate with. Only fieldcommanders.

63700:51:13,203 --> 00:51:17,503In this land to plunder, stealand highjack people was

63800:51:17,707 --> 00:51:21,837

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considered a virtue and a wayto survive in the rugged terrain.

63900:51:22,045 --> 00:51:25,242During the war with Napoleonthe Caucasus was not an issue.

64000:51:25,549 --> 00:51:30,953But in 1816 general AlexeiErmolov is appointed

64100:51:31,154 --> 00:51:36,421governor-general withalmost unlimited powers.

64200:51:37,828 --> 00:51:39,125Pushkin:

64300:51:39,329 --> 00:51:44,596

'Bow your snowy head, Caucasus!And welcome Ermolov!

64400:51:47,170 --> 00:51:50,867Ermolov submitted his planto the emperor:

64500:51:51,108 --> 00:51:53,906to suppress the Caucasus in 2years.

64600:51:54,144 --> 00:51:59,480Instead starts the mostprotracted Caucasian war

64700:51:59,649 --> 00:52:03,745in the history of the empire:40 years non-stop.

64800:52:15,832 --> 00:52:18,096Ermolov's white stone palace

stands

64900:52:18,268 --> 00:52:20,327nearthe building of Georgia'sgovernment.

65000:52:20,570 --> 00:52:23,596Before a more modest one

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stood in its place.

65100:52:23,773 --> 00:52:27,174Russia's Caucasian tacticschanged with

65200:52:27,344 --> 00:52:31,542each new governor, rangingfrom punitive expeditions

65300:52:37,154 --> 00:52:39,884to blockades. Punitive measureswere taken against those

65400:52:40,090 --> 00:52:42,490thought to be the organizersof armed raids.

65500:52:42,726 --> 00:52:47,720

After each new raid -another sweep.

65600:52:49,799 --> 00:52:53,826Ermolov changes the tactics.He surrounds the hotbeds,

65700:52:54,004 --> 00:52:57,770drives the insurgents intothe mountains, and waits

65800:52:57,974 --> 00:53:02,035until hunger and cold forcesthem to lay down the arms.

65900:53:08,084 --> 00:53:13,716Ermolov shifts the defense linefurtherto the south

66000:53:18,862 --> 00:53:22,889and puts up new fortifications.

Small fortresses, only 4

66100:53:23,066 --> 00:53:26,695bastions, guarded bygarrisons small in number.

66200:53:26,937 --> 00:53:30,600This fortress has been

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redone into a hotel.

66300:53:30,840 --> 00:53:35,004Four rooms only.Narrow gun-slots have

66400:53:35,212 --> 00:53:37,840remained since then.

66500:53:38,048 --> 00:53:41,848There were biggerfortresseswith 6 bastions,

66600:53:42,052 --> 00:53:44,247and garrisons of severalthousand soldiers.

66700:53:44,454 --> 00:53:48,857One of the main outposts was

fortress Groznaya in Chechnya.

66800:53:49,025 --> 00:53:51,425It gave the name to the cityGrozny.

66900:53:55,265 --> 00:53:57,130Ermolov in his letter:

67000:53:57,334 --> 00:54:00,963

'First we have to discussloathsome matters,

67100:54:01,204 --> 00:54:03,604'therefore let's talkabout Chechens.

67200:54:09,112 --> 00:54:13,378Ermolov calls Chechnya'the nest of all outlaws'.

67300:54:13,583 --> 00:54:18,020In Chechnya he launches ananti-terrorist operation.

67400:54:18,188 --> 00:54:23,285They force the Chechens livingin the Sundj valley to

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67500:54:23,526 --> 00:54:28,088fight against their own people.Soldiers armed with axes

67600:54:28,265 --> 00:54:29,698clearthe impenetrable forests.

67700:54:29,933 --> 00:54:34,802They do it underthethreat of death.

67800:54:39,209 --> 00:54:45,205In the meantime they weretrying to raise a huge sum of

67900:54:45,415 --> 00:54:49,283250 thousand Rubles to freemajor Shvetsov who was taken

68000:54:49,486 --> 00:54:53,855hostage during a night raidin Dagestan.

68100:54:58,228 --> 00:55:01,425He was captured on theKizlyar road.

68200:55:01,598 --> 00:55:05,193Many more people will be

captured there afterwards.

68300:55:05,402 --> 00:55:07,529When general Ermolov takesoffice he orders to

68400:55:07,704 --> 00:55:11,105imprison all Kumyts Khansin the Kizlyarfortress,

685

00:55:11,308 --> 00:55:13,606because a Russian officer wascaptured on their land.

68600:55:13,777 --> 00:55:15,404They threaten the Dagestannobility

687

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00:55:15,578 --> 00:55:19,139that if they don't free theprisoner within 10 days,

68800:55:19,382 --> 00:55:21,407they will be hanged onthe rampart.

68900:55:21,651 --> 00:55:24,984Ermolov is being informed thatthe size of ransom

69000:55:25,155 --> 00:55:27,146was lessened to 10 thousand,but he refuses to pay.

69100:55:27,357 --> 00:55:31,316He orders the Dagestans toraise the necessary amount.

69200:55:31,528 --> 00:55:34,497Major Shvetsov who spent 1 yearand 4 months in a pit

69300:55:34,731 --> 00:55:39,168in the Chechen village BolshieOtogi was freed.

69400:55:40,804 --> 00:55:45,537Now the Russians themselves

take hostages.

69500:55:45,709 --> 00:55:48,974Ermolov is quick atadopting foreign customs.

69600:55:49,212 --> 00:55:51,009He has 3 wives from Dagestan.

69700:55:51,214 --> 00:55:55,344

Their sons are granted thetitles of noblemen.

69800:55:56,853 --> 00:56:01,347In 5 years the blockade tacticsyields results.

69900:56:01,558 --> 00:56:05,927

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But suddenly the uncoordinatedresistance movement

70000:56:06,129 --> 00:56:09,929acquires a leader.

70100:56:12,969 --> 00:56:15,904Ermolov-in his report toAlexander l:

70200:56:16,106 --> 00:56:21,203'Now the Chechens have a strongleader, notorious brigand

70300:56:21,378 --> 00:56:23,369lieutenant Beibulat'.

70400:56:24,814 --> 00:56:26,975Beibulat got his promotion

before Ermolov's time.

70500:56:27,183 --> 00:56:30,448To win the hearts and mindsCaucasian people,

70600:56:30,687 --> 00:56:36,091he brings in mullah Magomedfrom Dagestan to Chechnya.

707

00:56:36,326 --> 00:56:39,420Magomed professes radical Islam,

70800:56:39,662 --> 00:56:43,428demands loyalty to Sharia law, and calls for

70900:56:43,666 --> 00:56:48,194Jihad-a holy waragainst non-Muslims.

710

00:56:51,541 --> 00:56:53,532In the spring of 1825 Ermolovcarries out 3 sweeps

71100:56:53,777 --> 00:56:58,737in the village Urus-Martan,

71200:56:58,982 --> 00:57:01,780

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but radical Islamistsare all over Chechnya.

71300:57:01,951 --> 00:57:04,283This is what's left of the houseof Magomed -

71400:57:04,454 --> 00:57:07,014amid the ruins of hishome village Yarak.

71500:57:07,223 --> 00:57:11,250In these streets little boysran around with sticks,

71600:57:11,494 --> 00:57:17,262waving them in the direction ofRussia: 'Jihad! '

717

00:57:19,836 --> 00:57:24,830In the wing nearthe mosquewas the holy school of

71800:57:25,041 --> 00:57:26,633'Magomed of Iraq', who calledhimself a prophet.

71900:57:26,810 --> 00:57:32,680Beibulat claimed to have seena fiery angel above his head.

72000:57:36,619 --> 00:57:41,352Underthe banner of Muridthe war became their way of life

72100:57:41,624 --> 00:57:44,092and its meaning. Beibulat's armypassed to an offensive.

72200:57:44,294 --> 00:57:48,196

Both leading Russian generals,Grekov and Lisanevich,

72300:57:48,431 --> 00:57:50,956were stabbed to death bya fanatic.

72400:57:51,468 --> 00:57:55,802

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At first Ermolov planned acivil administration in Chechnya,

72500:57:56,005 --> 00:57:58,496now he asks for militaryreinforcements.

72600:57:58,675 --> 00:58:03,476In the end it was clear:Ermolov's plan failed.

72700:58:26,503 --> 00:58:28,937The Empire-style was bornin France.

72800:58:29,172 --> 00:58:34,940Having defeated Napoleon'sempire Russia beats its imperial

729

00:58:35,178 --> 00:58:38,545style. The highest achievementis 'Russian Empire'.

73000:58:40,250 --> 00:58:46,246Neapolitan Carlo Rossi who wasgranted the title of nobleman,

73100:58:46,489 --> 00:58:51,859completes the construction ofclassic St. Petersburg:

73200:58:52,061 --> 00:58:57,863the city centre, the main squareand the main army headquarters.

73300:58:58,167 --> 00:59:02,729The unconquered city-legend,that new the joy of victory.

73400:59:05,675 --> 00:59:09,133

Before Rossi the Palace Squaredidn't exist. In front

73500:59:09,379 --> 00:59:13,008of the Winter Palace there was apasture for grazing cows.

73600:59:13,182 --> 00:59:17,380

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The square was completed withRossi's bow-shaped building of

73700:59:17,587 --> 00:59:19,214the main Army Headquarterswith the famous arch.

73800:59:26,896 --> 00:59:30,957Russian Empire was Alexander'sfavorite style.

73900:59:31,167 --> 00:59:35,627The emperor wants thebuildingsto look stately.

74000:59:36,940 --> 00:59:40,967From the Decree of His Majestyemperor Alexander l:

74100:59:41,210 --> 00:59:44,805'... all buildings should bepainted in the following colors:

74200:59:45,014 --> 00:59:50,714'white, pale yellow, light greyand yellow-grey.

74300:59:52,055 --> 00:59:56,151The newly-painted Mikhailovsky

palace and the Russian museum

74400:59:56,326 --> 01:00:00,160today represent Rossi'sfavorite colors.

74501:00:00,396 --> 01:00:05,698Yellow and white on the bluishSt. Petersburg sky.

746

01:00:09,238 --> 01:00:14,608For Mikhailovsky palace Rossigets the Vladimir Cross.

74701:00:14,811 --> 01:00:17,974Karamzin gets one for 'TheHistory of the Russian State'.

748

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01:00:18,147 --> 01:00:26,077In 20 years Carlo Rossi builds12 streets and 13 squares.

74901:00:31,561 --> 01:00:35,622Rossi's model ensemble isperhaps this small street,

75001:00:35,798 --> 01:00:38,289with just one house oneach side.

75101:00:38,501 --> 01:00:40,935Its modern name is 'Streetof Architect Rossi'. A model

75201:00:41,137 --> 01:00:45,335of harmony. The height of thehouses equals the width of

75301:00:45,541 --> 01:00:53,073the street. The length is10 times the width.

75401:00:58,454 --> 01:01:04,086In Moscow, Empire is representedby the Bolshoi Theatre

75501:01:04,327 --> 01:01:07,455and the Manege Square-grandiose

even by today's standards.

75601:01:07,630 --> 01:01:12,067The Moscow 'Rossi' is anotherItalian, Osip Bove.

75701:01:12,301 --> 01:01:17,034Small-form Empire is used indwelling houses of the nobility.

758

01:01:17,206 --> 01:01:21,609It instantly turned the bigvillage into a big city.

75901:01:23,246 --> 01:01:28,650Quite a change from theburned-down houses with green

760

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01:01:28,818 --> 01:01:34,017gardens. The new face of Moscowinstantly finds admirers.

76101:01:34,424 --> 01:01:36,824Griboedov. 'Woe From Wit':'ln my opinion

76201:01:37,060 --> 01:01:42,657'the fire only servedto make the city more beautiful.

76301:01:48,571 --> 01:01:54,237On the territory from theembankment to Arbat

76401:01:54,444 --> 01:01:58,073out of 500 houses only8 survived. But the construction

76501:01:58,281 --> 01:02:02,081was huge. Model Empire houseson Prechistenka.

76601:02:02,251 --> 01:02:05,687One to two storeys,with columns and a portico,

76701:02:05,888 --> 01:02:07,549yellow and white, as a rule.

76801:02:07,724 --> 01:02:11,387Typical decorations: knights'armour, wreaths, lion's heads.

76901:02:11,594 --> 01:02:14,586They buy them ready-made at aconstruction market.

77001:02:15,832 --> 01:02:20,701

The houses look like smallpalaces, but are inexpensive.

77101:02:20,903 --> 01:02:26,205Made of squared beam, coveredwith stone-shaped plaster.

77201:02:26,375 --> 01:02:28,673

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'Empire sandwiches'.

77301:02:28,845 --> 01:02:33,805We know their interiors by thefilm 'Woe from Wit'.

77401:02:34,050 --> 01:02:37,417The old furniture is

77501:02:37,653 --> 01:02:41,749still in demand.

77601:02:47,029 --> 01:02:50,521Pavel's furnitureis in museums,

77701:02:50,700 --> 01:02:53,066Catherine's furniturehardly even remained.

77801:02:53,269 --> 01:02:56,363Alexander's Empire is stillwidely sold and bought,

77901:02:56,572 --> 01:03:00,804and instantly catches youreye in antique furniture shops.

78001:03:01,043 --> 01:03:04,206

Atypical example of'post-fire' Moscow furniture.

78101:03:04,413 --> 01:03:07,974Simple and refined.

78201:03:08,151 --> 01:03:12,986A set of a couch, 4 chairs anda table costs 25 th dollars.

783

01:03:13,189 --> 01:03:16,625And the Russian prices are lowerthan world prices on Russian

78401:03:16,793 --> 01:03:20,285furniture, since wecan't export it.

785

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01:03:23,833 --> 01:03:28,167The warm golden tintof the typical wood used in

78601:03:28,337 --> 01:03:34,435'Alexandrian Empire': poplarand Karelia birch.

78701:03:49,492 --> 01:03:54,122The last 5 years are crisisyears for Alexander.

78801:03:54,330 --> 01:04:00,462In 1819 his dear sister, GrandDutches Ekaterina Pavlovna dies.

78901:04:00,670 --> 01:04:06,131Alexandertells his brothersKonstantin and Nikolai of his

79001:04:06,375 --> 01:04:08,104possible abdication andretreat to a monastery.

79101:04:08,311 --> 01:04:12,247In 1824 dies Alexander'sillegitimate daughter

79201:04:12,448 --> 01:04:15,349from long-time lover

Maria Naryshkina. Two other

79301:04:15,585 --> 01:04:19,385daughters, born in marriage,died in infancy

79401:04:19,589 --> 01:04:23,548in 1800 and 1808.

79501:04:23,759 --> 01:04:26,853

Alexander lost all his children.He stays indifferent

79601:04:28,598 --> 01:04:35,470to reports about a secretopposition officers' group.

79701:04:36,873 --> 01:04:39,865

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Alexander I - About futureDecembrists:

79801:04:40,109 --> 01:04:45,809'I too shared and encouragedthese illusions and delusions.

79901:04:47,316 --> 01:04:50,342The last year ofemperor Alexander.

80001:04:50,620 --> 01:04:55,88710 years ago when he wasoverseeing the victory parade,

80101:04:56,092 --> 01:05:00,893a voice from the crowd shouted:'We awaited you long ago! '

802

01:05:01,063 --> 01:05:06,296Alexander: 'The courage of yoursoldiers delayed me'.

80301:05:06,502 --> 01:05:08,094Then he was enthusiastic.

80401:05:08,304 --> 01:05:10,86410 years ago here, inconquered Paris

80501:05:11,107 --> 01:05:14,304he proclaimed himselfthe pacifier of the Universe.

80601:05:14,543 --> 01:05:19,139The burden was too heavy.Despite the Holy Union,

80701:05:19,382 --> 01:05:21,850revolutions envelope Europe.

80801:05:22,118 --> 01:05:25,679A conspiracy was unmaskedin Russia.

80901:05:26,155 --> 01:05:30,990But Alexander is tired andindifferent. He prefers solitude.

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81001:05:31,227 --> 01:05:34,128Daily reading of the Biblebecomes a habit.

81101:05:34,363 --> 01:05:38,129Every morning and every nighthe prays fervently.

81201:05:38,334 --> 01:05:40,131He spends hours kneelingin front of the icons,

81301:05:40,369 --> 01:05:43,566and develops callositieson his knees.

81401:05:43,806 --> 01:05:48,709Alexander retires from state

and public affairs.

81501:05:48,878 --> 01:05:51,540All is vanity.

81601:05:58,587 --> 01:06:00,521Alexander's younger brother

81701:06:00,756 --> 01:06:03,782Konstantin is divorced,

81801:06:04,026 --> 01:06:05,687and without children.

81901:06:05,895 --> 01:06:09,228It was decided to pass the throneon to third brother Nikolai.

82001:06:09,432 --> 01:06:12,401The decision is kept a secret.

82101:06:12,635 --> 01:06:16,765Even the new heir-to-beis not informed.

82201:06:17,306 --> 01:06:20,002Words that emperorAlexander underlined

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82301:06:20,209 --> 01:06:22,609in his personal Bible:

82401:06:22,812 --> 01:06:28,717I saw all that's done underthe Sun. It's all vanity.

82501:06:33,356 --> 01:06:38,384Aterrible flood happens inSt. Petersburg in 1824.

82601:06:38,594 --> 01:06:42,189Pushkin will write about itin his 'The Copper Horseman'.

82701:06:44,467 --> 01:06:47,994Then too the wind blew fromthat direction, only much

82801:06:48,204 --> 01:06:50,502stronger, forcing the wavesfrom the bay and on the city.

82901:06:50,706 --> 01:06:54,665Water in the Neva and smallerrivers, like Moika, rises.

83001:06:54,877 --> 01:06:56,538

This was the water level.

83101:06:56,712 --> 01:07:00,273By noon the city with a flatlandscape is underwater.

83201:07:06,622 --> 01:07:11,150The emperor watches from abalcony of the Winter Palace.

833

01:07:11,360 --> 01:07:15,558His residence is an island,overlooking the flood.

83401:07:15,765 --> 01:07:18,632For a mystic on the throne- A devilish premonition.

835

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01:07:18,868 --> 01:07:23,271The previous big flood happenedin the yearthe emperor was born.

83601:07:23,506 --> 01:07:29,6041777. That means, this one willmark the day of his death.

83701:07:43,626 --> 01:07:48,893They say this epitaphbelonged to Pushkin:

83801:07:49,131 --> 01:07:54,068'He spent most of his lifetraveling, and died in Taganrog'.

83901:07:54,270 --> 01:07:59,367Taganrog-a provincialcentre in Russia's south,

84001:07:59,542 --> 01:08:03,569on the Sea of Azov. Alexandercame here because of his wife's

84101:08:03,779 --> 01:08:08,045illness, but he in turn fell ill.And never recovered.

84201:08:17,693 --> 01:08:22,790Born princess of Baden,

Elizaveta Alexeevna,

84301:08:22,965 --> 01:08:25,456the Russian empresssuffered a fit of

84401:08:25,668 --> 01:08:30,662consumption. Doctors recommendgoing to Italy,

845

01:08:30,873 --> 01:08:33,467but she insists onstaying in Russia.

84601:08:33,676 --> 01:08:37,168They pick a small townon the Sea of Azov,

847

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01:08:37,379 --> 01:08:39,973His Majesty heads toTaganrog first

84801:08:40,182 --> 01:08:43,549to prepare everything forhis wife's arrival.

84901:08:52,194 --> 01:08:56,528Taganrog governor offersthe royal couple his house,

85001:08:56,732 --> 01:08:58,529the best in town.

85101:08:58,767 --> 01:09:04,262One and a half storeys high,but they will call it

852

01:09:04,473 --> 01:09:06,907'The emperor's palace'.Today it houses

85301:09:07,109 --> 01:09:10,704a children's clinic fortreating tuberculosis.

85401:09:16,685 --> 01:09:20,416Two rooms on this side werethe emperor's suite.

85501:09:20,656 --> 01:09:22,453In the middle there wasa spacious hall.

85601:09:22,658 --> 01:09:26,185It used to be the emperor'sdining room,

85701:09:26,428 --> 01:09:29,795

now it is 'Ward No. Two'.

85801:09:30,032 --> 01:09:32,626On the other side of the housewere the rooms of the empress.

85901:09:32,868 --> 01:09:36,998Alexander has come in advance

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to oversee the interior works.

86001:09:37,206 --> 01:09:41,666Single-handedly he drives innails for paintings.

86101:09:46,715 --> 01:09:51,584He'd ignored his wife formonths, had anotherfamily,

86201:09:51,820 --> 01:09:55,051but now, out of the feelingof Christian repentance,

86301:09:55,257 --> 01:09:57,452he suddenly cares about her.

86401:09:57,660 --> 01:10:01,892They spend much time together,

go out in public,

86501:10:02,131 --> 01:10:03,758go on promenades.

86601:10:03,933 --> 01:10:05,161The court people called

86701:10:05,401 --> 01:10:09,701it their 'second honeymoon'.

86801:10:11,373 --> 01:10:14,399Emperor Alexander -to Prince Volkonsky:

86901:10:14,677 --> 01:10:19,580'I will move to the Crimea soon,and live as a private person.

87001:10:19,782 --> 01:10:24,845

'I served my country 25 years,retirement age for a soldier.

87101:10:27,189 --> 01:10:31,057On the way back from the Crimea,where the Czar was on an

87201:10:31,260 --> 01:10:35,959

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inspection trip,Alexanderfelt a slight fever.

87301:10:36,165 --> 01:10:38,929Then his condition worsened,he had to stay in bed.

87401:10:39,101 --> 01:10:43,231Most probably it wasgalloping typhoid,

87501:10:43,472 --> 01:10:47,135and in 5 days the emperorpassed away.

87601:10:53,782 --> 01:11:00,051He died in a God-forgottenlittle town, still ratheryoung.

877

01:11:00,289 --> 01:11:03,486He was only 47, and all hislife boasted excellent health.

87801:11:03,726 --> 01:11:07,822A strange death. The allegationthat he was poisoned was

87901:11:08,063 --> 01:11:10,964unpopular, but there still livesa legend that the man who

88001:11:11,200 --> 01:11:14,169died here was not Alexander,and that instead

88101:11:14,370 --> 01:11:17,862they buried someone who lookedlike the emperor.

88201:11:18,073 --> 01:11:20,098

Either an officer, ora state messenger.

88301:11:20,309 --> 01:11:22,743And that when he was illAlexander confessed to a local

88401:11:22,945 --> 01:11:28,645

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priest that he was anaccomplice in his father's murder.

88501:11:28,817 --> 01:11:32,685And to atone for his sin,he retired from the world

88601:11:32,888 --> 01:11:38,986and went to live in Siberia aspilgrim Fedor Kuzmich.

88701:11:42,798 --> 01:11:46,859The pilgrim is a real figure,who settled in a forest hut

88801:11:47,036 --> 01:11:50,631in Tobolsk provincein late 1820s.

889

01:11:50,873 --> 01:11:55,207They say he lived another40years, working hard and praying.

89001:11:55,444 --> 01:11:59,471His resemblance with the emperorwas striking, he knew the

89101:11:59,715 --> 01:12:03,845life of the court, spoke foreignlanguages.

89201:12:04,019 --> 01:12:05,316Another version:

89301:12:05,521 --> 01:12:08,456The elder Fedor Kuzmich whomysteriously disappeared from

89401:12:08,624 --> 01:12:11,457St. Petersburg, is a hussar

colonel Uvarov.

89501:12:12,928 --> 01:12:17,490The chapel in Tomsk on thegrave of Fedor Kuzmich

89601:12:17,700 --> 01:12:21,602was erected by his admirers,

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the local merchants.

89701:12:22,504 --> 01:12:24,734Even in the Romanov family somebelieved

89801:12:24,940 --> 01:12:29,240that here lies the great emperor,tortured with guilt and

89901:12:29,478 --> 01:12:34,541tired of his mission,'Alexanderthe Blessed. '

90001:12:37,541 --> 01:12:41,541Preuzeto sa www.titlovi.com