6 x 10.5 Three line titleassets.cambridge.org/97805216/78018/index/9780521678018_index… · terrorist training by, 42 U.S. pursuit of, 64, 118 , 121 Al-Sadr, Moqtada, 94 All Liberia

Index

ABA/CEELI. See American BarAssociation/Central European andEurasian Law Initiative

Abu Ghraib prison, 6, 51, 219, 323Abuja agreement, 100abuses

human rights, 249, 258prevention of, 7, 259accountability for, 15, 249, 255, 259effect on reducing faith in law, 15

accountability, 15in Afghanistan, 304–305for atrocities, 15, 250, 253, 255capacity building and, 261–263condition for aid, 378demonstration effects, 258–261domestic approaches to, 301–306hybrid tribunals and, 278, 280International Criminal Tribunal for

Rwanda (ICTR), 263, 271International Criminal Tribunal for

Yugoslavia (ICTY), 263, 265of interveners, 315, 326learning curve, 250long-term impact of, 253mixed approaches to, 256non-pursuit of, 260norms, 260–261, 263for perpetrators, 255realist approach to, 251, 253rights-based approach to, 250, 251ripple effects, 260rule of law reforms and, 186, 253, 258–261victims and, 249violence and, 250

Accountability Now Clubs (Sierra Leone),297

Ad Hoc Human Rights Court (Indonesia),282

adaptive reform, 183

adjudication, encouraging impartial,240–243

advocacy, legal, 74Afghan Independent Human Rights

Commission (AIHRC), 257, 304Afghan National Police (ANP), 209Afghanistan, 2

accountability prospects of, 304–305Amnesty International (AI) in, 241,

338al-Qaeda in, 64, 118amnesty provisions of, 252anti-Taliban groups of, 161Bonn agreement, 119, 120blueprint for, 117, 119, 120budgetary problems of, 241center/periphery, 118–124collapse of state-authority, 138constitutional process of, 97Constitutional Loya Jirga, 119, 120, 122,

123Constitutional Review Commission,

122–124continuing problems in, 68criminal trials, 258democracy’s progress in, 98detention problems of, 220dispute-resolution mechanisms of, 335division/misrule within, 160–162elections, 117, 119–120, 124Emergency Loya Jirga, 119, 120, 122ethnic tensions, 86, 118, 124female parliamentary candidates, 196gender equality and, 122Generic Guidelines for Strategic

Frameworks applied in, 359heroin/opium trade of, 122, 161human rights in, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123insecurity in, 121inspections in, 63

393

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394 INDEX

Afghanistan (cont.)Interim Authority in, 119international interventions in, 16, 86International Security Assistance Force

[ISAF], 120, 121judges of, 229, 233judicial misconduct in, 236judiciary of, 124, 229justice access problems, 244legal text destruction, 194militia fiefdoms of, 161National Army of, 120national languages, 123Northern Alliance, 97, 119patriarchal orientation of, 334–337police of, 211, 213political elites of, 117prison neglect in, 225Provisional Reconstruction Teams (PRTs)

of, 121rebuilding rule of law in, 9Reconstruction Trust Fund of, 375religious freedom in, 90, 122, 123stabilizing/rebuilding, 42Taliban in, 118, 121, 124Transitional Authority in, 119, 120U.S. light footprint in, 118U.S. military intervention in, 2, 5, 19, 42U.S. Special Forces in, 151warlords of, 8, 90, 121women denied rights in, 195women police in, 210

AFRC. See Armed Forces RevolutionaryCouncil

Africa, 101African Charter on Human and People’s

Rights, 25AI. See Amnesty InternationalAideed, Mohamed Farah, 156, 157, 166Aiding Democracy Abroad (Carothers), 74AIHRC. See Afghan Independent Human

Rights Commissional-Qaeda, 2

rooting out, 64, 118terrorist training by, 42U.S. pursuit of, 64, 118, 121

Al-Sadr, Moqtada, 94All Liberia Conference, 100, 126American Bar Association/Central European

and Eurasian Law Initiative(ABA/CEELI), 239

American Convention on Human Rights, 25amnesties

Afghanistan, 252conditional, 251Sierra Leone, 158, 251

Amnesty International (AI), 241, 245, 338

Amputee Association, 294Annan, Kofi, 6, 37, 288, 291, 349

General Assembly addressed by, 38High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges

and Change, 39Annex 4 (Dayton Accord), 92, 108ANP. See Afghan National PoliceANZUS Treaty, 41Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 31, 67, 140

departure of, 216return to power by, 180undermining by, 180

Aristotle, 56, 70armed conflict, law of, 26Armed Forces Revolutionary Council

(AFRC), 289Ashdown, Paddy, 111Asia Foundation survey, 335atrocities

accountability for, 15, 250, 253, 255Balkan War, 249condemnation of, 261Security Council response to, 38Sierra Leone’s, 293societal traumatization caused by, 249trials for, 250

AustraliaEast Timor and, 50

Baathist regime, 5, 126, 163Balkan wars, atrocities in, 249bar associations, support for, 332–333Barre, Siad, 156Bayley, David, 205Belgium, 36belligerents

DDR and, 167demobilization by, 146interveners v., 146risk/opportunity calculations of, 147weakening of, 145

Berger, Samuel, 366Berlin Wall, 318bin Laden, Osama, 42Black Hawk Down, 157Blair, Tony, 36blueprint(s)

for Afghanistan, 117, 119, 120for Bosnia, 85–90, 92, 106–111country variances in, 85Dayton Accords, 85, 89design process, 88, 98divided society, 106for East Timor, 103of ECOWAS, 99as flexible guidelines, 91identity-based conflicts, 106–117, 124–131






INDEX 395

for Iraq, 124–131implementing, 98jeopardizing local, 90for Kosovo, 99–102, 113for Liberia, 99–102majoritarian electoral politics and, 87managing state failure, 98–105political, 85, 350post-conflict, 97, 141, 348problems common to post-conflict, 88security, 136settlement, 86steps laid out by, 85

Bockarie, Sam, 292Bonn Agreement, 110, 119, 160, 161Bosnia-Herzegovina, 2

Brcko District reforms, 228civil war in, 31CIVPOL involvement in, 214consociationalism in, 106–111Constitution of, 92, 96, 108–110corruption in, 241criminal networks of, 90Dayton Accords and, 159democracy’s progress in, 98divisions within, 106entity-level courts of, 268ethnic diversity in, 106European Union, entrance into, 160Human Rights Chamber, 239hybrid tribunals of, 274ICG in, 333ICTY’s impact on, 265–268Independent Judicial Commission (IJC) of,

226infrastructure of, 111inter-group violence of, 106international interventions in, 5, 16International Police Task Force of, 152judicial appointments in, 232judicial/legal system of, 226as mini-Yugoslavia, 106Muslims of, 107, 109Office of High Representative, 110,

226–227peace process of, 160political bargains of, 87rape as ethnic cleansing in, 168rebuilding rule of law in, 9reform problems of, 227–228rule of law promotion in, 62Serbs of, 92, 109social fragmentation of, 349spoilers entrenched in, 159–160State Court of, 228Truth and reconciliation commissions of,

254

U.S. and, 89war crime trials of, 239, 266War Crimes Chamber, 228, 239, 267–268

Bosnian Human Rights Chamber, 227, 228Brahimi, Lakhdar, 129, 153, 160Brahimi Report, 152, 193, 351, 369

call for reforms, 357doctrinal shift recommended by, 353on fundraising gap, 375IMTF creation by, 357U.N. recommendations, 357

Bremer, Paul, 127, 142Burkino Faso, 99, 102Bush, George W.,

budget requests of, 367Iraq planning by, 367NSPD 3, 366PDD-56 abandoned by, 3712002 State of Union speech, 572005 inaugural speech, 57

Bush Administrationon dangers of Hussein, 47nation-building by, 63National Security Strategy, 43, 44preemptive action doctrine of, 43–46

Cable News Network (CNN), 4, 368Call, Charles, 140, 236A Call for Justice report (AIHRC), 257Cambodia

hybrid tribunals of, 274western democratic governance imposed

on, 378Campaign for Good Governance (CGG),294capacity-building

accountability and, 261–263by ICTR, 273local participation and, 261–263, 376–379logic of development, 382in East Timor [hybrid tribunals and], 104,

105, 279, 283–284in Serbia, 273in Sierra Leone, 297–299UNTAET and, 383

capitalism, rule of law and, 58Carnegie Corporation, 17

Democracy and Rule of Law Program, 74Endowment for International Peace, 57,

73, 74Carothers, Tom, 57, 58, 74Catholicism, 288CAVR. See Commission for Reception, Truth

and ReconciliationCDF. See Civilian Defense Forcescease-fires, 86Cedras, Raoul, 31CGG. See Campaign for Good Governance






396 INDEX

Chechnya, military campaign of, 66child soldiers, 249China, 19, 23Chopra, Jarat, 104, 105Churchill, Winston, 22citizens

changing attitudes of, 240collateral damage to, 324daily struggle of, 218mutilation of, 249NGOs’ empowerment of, 260police and, 204skepticism of, 249

civil societyinvesting in, 330–332organizations/executive branch assistance,

200role of, 15strengthening, 341–342

civil war. See also warsof Bosnia-Herzegovina, 31of Liberia, 90of Sierra Leone, 90, 289

Civilian Defense Forces (CDF), 289, 293civilian police (CIVPOL), 148

of Bosnia, 214disparity among, 214enhancing capabilities of, 151–153of Haiti, 215

CIVPOL. See civilian policeclinics, law school, 74Clinton, Bill, 31, 157, 364CNN. See Cable News NetworkCNRT. See National Council of East

Timorese ResistanceCoalition, United States led, 322, 323

failures of, 323, 389Iraqi sentiment toward, 324

Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 127,142, 168, 302

Code of Hammurabi, 323coercion

law v., 313Cold War, 13

end of, 1, 29, 139first generation peacekeeping operations

during, 154interventions/counterinterventions during,

28, 29strategic realities of, 28, 40

Commission for Reception, Truth andReconciliation (CAVR) of East Timor,197, 254–257, 282, 285

community reconciliation procedures of,285–289

community reconciliation agreements(CRAs), 286

report of, 3victims and, 288

Commission of Truth and Friendship (CTF),284, 285, 301

Commission on Human Rights (U.N.), 37Communist era, 318community

East Timor reconciliation procedures of,285–289

police and, 205–207resentments, 208rule of law, self, and, 312

community reconciliation agreement (CRA),286

conflict entrepreneurs, 139conflict legacy, 189Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit

(World Bank), 373Conflict Request Fund, 367conflict resolution, 33, 78conflicts

bargaining in, 89disputes driving, 86identity-based, 106–117national identity, 86, 87state resource, 86

Congo. See Democratic Republic of Congoconsociationalism

of Bosnia, 106–111defined, 107inter-elite cooperation of, 109of Kosovo, 112

constabulary forces, 150, 151Constitutional Framework for Provisional

Self-Government in Kosovo, 115–117constitutional legitimacy, 86constitutional process, 92–95, 380

of Afghanistan, 97constraints, 94of East Timor, 96of Iraq, 96, 130milestones in, 96political faction’s domination of, 94poorly managed, 95–98public participation in, 86, 95

Constitutional Review Commission(Afghanistan), 122–124

constitution(s)of Afghanistan, 124of Bosnia, 92, 96, 108–110design of, 91drafting, 86of Iraq, 126–129, 130, 131scope of, 91of South Africa, 96study of, 91

Contact Group, 112






INDEX 397

Convention Against Torture, 25, 79Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination Against Women, 25,79

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 25corruption

in Bosnia, 241ECOWAS campaign against, 101Europe’s campaign against, 101in Haiti, 214judicial, 137, 241in Liberia, 101police, 203in Russia, 66

Cote d’Ivoire, 99, 158counter-terrorism, 40counterinsurgency campaigns, 134, 135courts

Bosnia’s entity-level, 268dysfunctionality of, 179improvement of, 179non-elite’s access to, 341reform of, 226–230Sierra Leone’s, 354varied resources of, 320

Covenant of League of Nations, 21Covey, Jock, 155CPA. See Coalition Provisional AuthorityCRA. See community reconciliation

agreementCrane, David, 290, 295criminal justice systems, 184criminal law, 192, 193Criminal Law and Judicial Advisory Unit

(U.N.), 358criminal networks, 90criminal trials, 250, 255

Afghanistan’s, 258core purpose of, 262

Croat-Muslim Federation, 108–110Croatia

ICTY Rules of the Road and, 266Croats, 107CTF. See Commission of Truth and

Friendshipcultural dilemma, 53customary law mechanisms

of Afghanistan, 336of East Timor, 335, 338of Sierra Leone, 335and relation to formal law, 336and relation to rule of law, 310–316

Dayton Accords, 32, 89, 227Annex 4 to, 92, 108Bosnia and, 159purpose of, 107

strategic vision lack of, 356unifying provisions of, 110

DDR. See disarmament, demobilization,reintegration program

debatesforeign policy, 57U.S./international policy, 5

decolonization, 29Defense Department (U.S.), 151

Directive 3000.05, 367Defense Lawyer’s Unit (DLU), 279democracy

building, 75East Timor challenges, 201Iraq’s challenge of, 124norms, 2progress in, 98, 113relation to rule of law, 318

Democracy and Rule of Law Program, 74democratic legitimacy, 93democratic policing, 205Democratic Republic of Congo, 29

fundraising for, 375U.N. peacekeeping operations in, 369

demonstration effects, of accountabilityproceedings 258–261

Department of Corrections (New Zealand),224

Department of Peacekeeping (U.N.), 357, 361Department of Political Affairs (U.N.), 361Department of State (U.S.), 92development practitioners, 9Dicey, A. V., 70Dili District Court (East Timor), 279disarmament, demobilization, reintegration

(DDR) program, 148belligerents and, 167difficulty achieving, 165discontents of, 165–172fundraising for, 166, 375gender issues, 167, 168interveners and, 166momentum gained by, 169monitoring/verifying difficulty, 167as political exercise, 166post-conflict stability/reconstruction

efforts of, 169programs, 210Sierra Leone and, 168, 169women and, 168

dispute-resolution mechanisms, 188, 341of Afghanistan, 336of East Timor, 335, 338of interveners, 337justice institutions and, 334–339of Sierra Leone, 335

DLU. See Defense Lawyer’s Unit






398 INDEX

Doe, Samuel, 139Doherty, Teresa, 237donors

conditions of, 373coordination of, 374“dueling,” 374high-visibility preference of, 372sharing attention from, 372wasting of aid from, 373

Dziedzic, Michael, 145

East Timor, 2advantages of independence, 103–105Australia and, 50blueprint, 103

capacity building in, 98, 283–284Catholicism in, 288Commission for Reception, Truth, and

Reconciliation (CAVR) of, 197,254–257, 282, 285

community reconciliation procedures,285–289

community resentments, 208constitutional process of, 96community reconciliation agreements

(CRAs) in, 286CTF of, 284, 285, 301decolonization of, 103democracy’s progress in, 98difficulty training judges in, 234Dili District Court, 279dispute-resolution mechanisms, 335,

338Defense Lawyers Unit (DLU) of, 279human rights/victims groups, 285hybrid tribunals of, 274, 283, 301independence as justice in, 278INTERFET intervention, 192international interventions in, 5, 6, 16international judges in, 235, 237Judicial System Monitoring Programme

(JSMP) of, 201–202, 243–244, 330judicial appointments in, 232Judicial Training Center, 235judicial UNTAET appointments, 238justice access problems, 244justice system problems of, 385language complications of, 234National Recovery Strategy of, 383New Zealand Department of Corrections

in, 224“ordinary crimes” of, 283peacekeeper withdrawal from, 67planning/coordination obstacles, 361pledges unfulfilled in, 371police of, 203, 211, 212, 354police training undermined in, 353

prison service of, 221, 223, 224public defenders, 284referendum (1999), 278rule of law promotion in, 62, 187Serious Crimes Unit, 279, 280, 283, 286,

288Special Panels for Serious Crimes, 279,

282, 283, 288struggle for independence, 281U.N. authorized intervention in, 32, 63,

103U.N. Transitional Administration in, 379UNTAET and, 32, 103, 197, 279,

339war crime prosecutions, 256women police in, 210

East Timor Police Training College, 211ECOMOG. See Economic Community of

West African States Monitoring GroupEconomic Community of West African States

(ECOWAS), 33, 34anti-corruption campaign, 101cease-fire negotiated by, 99Liberian crisis and, 99Mediation and Security Council, 34Monrovia secured by, 99political divisions within, 157

Economic Community of West African StatesMonitoring Group (ECOMOG), 99,157, 158, 168

economyorganized crime’s influence on, 65rule of law influence on, 60

ECOWAS. See Economic Community ofWest African States

educationlegal, 185, 333–334public, 185rule of law influenced by, 342

electoral politics, 87elites. See also non-elites; political elites

accountability norms of, 260–261changing attitudes of, 240political, 117, 139socialization of, 260

Emergency Loya Jirga (Afghanistan), 119,120, 122

entrepreneursconflict, 139flourishing of political, 139

EO. See Executive Outcomesequality

Afghanistan’s gender, 122law and, 182

ethnic cleansing, 3, 66, 316EU. See European UnionEuro-Atlantic integration, 111






INDEX 399

Europeanti-corruption campaign of, 101state formation in, 138

European Charter, 320European Convention for the Protection of

Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, 25

European Court of Human Rights, 320European Union (E.U.), 63

Bosnia’s entrance into, 160Euro-Atlantic integration set by, 111reconstruction efforts of, 360

Executive Outcomes (EO), 158

Feil, Scott, 142Final Report of the Bi-Partisan Commission

on Post-Conflict Reconstruction, 351Fiss, Owen, 59Fitzsimmons, Tracy, 211force

Chapter VII authorization of, 22, 30international law limiting, 27U.N. Charter and use of, 21–27

foreign policy debates, 57foundations, private, rule of law promotion

by, 62Fourah Bay College (Sierra Leone), 334France

Iraq War and, 46–50France, Germany, and the U.S.: Putting the

Pieces Back Together (Levitte), 48Franks, Tommy, 142French Gendarmerie, 150Fund for Peacebuilding (U.N.), 376fundraising

DDR, 166, 375Democratic Republic of Congo, 375ICTR, 273JSMP, 331rule of law programs, 370–376U.N. peacekeeping operations, 374

Future of Iraq Project, 365

Garner, Jay, 365Gbao, Augustine, 289GEMAP. See Governance and Economic

Management Assistance Programgender issues, 122, 167, 168, 210General Accounting Office (U.S.), 347, 351General Assembly (U.N.), 24

Annan’s address to, 38Generic Guidelines for Strategic

Frameworks, 359results-based budgeting adoption, 354

Generic Guidelines for Strategic Frameworks(U.N.), 359

Geneva Conventions (1949), 25, 323

genocide, 3, 29accountability, 263–264in Bosnia, 168, 264in Iraq, 302protecting population from, 39in Rwanda, 32, 157, 271

Genocide Convention (1948), 25Germany

NATO and, 35Peace Implementation Council meeting in,

110post-World War II reconstruction, 140transformation in, 98

global security, 2Golub, Stephen, 346Governance and Economic Management

Assistance Program (GEMAP), 101, 102Governing Council of Iraq, 302, 381Government of National Unity (South

Africa), 93government(s)

autocratic/corrupt, 26bound by law, 181collapse of, 125, 137–140indigenous, 3order provided by, 137restructuring institutions of, 134top-down style of, 61

Great BritainIraq War and, 46–50rule of law and, 70Sierra Leone and, 159

Guinea, RUF v., 159Gusmao, Xanana, 105, 257, 281, 288

Habimana, Aloys, 271, 272Hague Regulations, 25Haiti, 2

Aristide departure from power, 216Aristide restored to power, 140CIVPOL in, 215Clinton Administration plan for, 364collapse of state-authority, 138corruption in, 214dismantling military in, 146ICG report on, 216international interventions in, 5, 16, 67National Penitentiary of, 224police of, 203, 211, 214police training undermined in, 353prison reform of, 224–225rebuilding rule of law in, 9restoring democratic leadership in, 7Security Council interventions in, 31U.S. Special Forces in, 151western democratic governance imposed

on, 378






400 INDEX

Haitian National Police (HNP), 180, 214,215

Hammergreen, Linn, 202, 243Hartmann, Michael, 277Hayek, Friedrich von, 70Henkin, Louis, 23heroin/opium trade, 122, 161Herzegovina (see Bosnia-Herzegovina)High Commissioner for Human Rights

(U.N.), 221High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges,

and Change (U.N.), 39, 362A History of the United Nations Charter

(Russell), 23HNP. See Haitian National PoliceHorowitz, Donald, 88HRW. See Human Rights Watchhuman rights

abuses, 67advocacy, 260interveners and, 339interventions and, 77NGOs, 197norms, 3principles, 13promoting, 60protection of, 26, 27public commitment to, 3rule of law and, 59, 79, 186, 321Sierra Leone clinic of, 334treaties, 25, 29U.N. Charter, Article 55, and, 353uncoordinated monitoring of, 350UNMIK and, 195–196violations of, 26

Human Rights Chamber (Bosnia), 239Human Rights Commission (U.N.), 278Human Rights Watch (HRW), 67humanitarian intervention(s), 2, 24, 29,

34Kosovo dilemma of, 35–40legal basis for, 38norms, 38

Hussein, Saddam, 6, 30, 127Bush Administration on, 47defiance of, 47NGO development thwarted by, 332proceedings against, 302–304removing/replacing, 126, 389

hybrid tribunals, 274–301accountability/fairness of, 278, 280advantages of, 275of Bosnia, 274of Cambodia, 274of East Timor, 274, 283, 301emergence of, 274of Kosovo, 275–278

of Sierra Leone, 274, 289–295, 301U.N. support for, 290variety of, 275

ICC. See International Criminal CourtICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil

and Political RightsICG. See International Crisis GroupICHR. See Irish Centre for Human RightsICJ. See International Court of JusticeICTJ. See International Center for

Transitional JusticeICTR. See International Criminal Tribunal

for RwandaICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal

for Yugoslaviaidentity-based conflicts, 106–117identity politics, 106IGC. See Interim Governing CouncilIGNU. See Interim Government of National

UnityIJC. See Independent Judicial Commissionimperialism

goals of new, 5military interventions compared/

contrasted with, 3western state’s rejection of, 2

IMTF. See Integrated Mission Task Forceindependence movements, 4Independent Judicial Commission (IJC), 226Indonesia

acquittals of, 282Ad Hoc Human Rights Court, 282Commission of Truth and Friendship

(CTF) of, 284, 285, 301international pressure on, 278trends in, 282

Indonesian Code of Criminal Procedure, 194Indonesian Criminal Code, 194Institute of Peace (U.S.), 17, 91, 92, 109,

114, 144Model Detention Act, 221Special Report, 150

institutional insularity, 179institutions

collapse of, 313insularity of, 179interveners and state, 83

Integrated Mission Task Force (IMTF), 357,360

Inter-American Commission on HumanRights, 25

INTERFET. See International Force EastTimor

Interim Agreement for Peace andSelf-Government (Kosovo), 112

Interim Governing Council (IGC), 127–128






INDEX 401

Interim Government of National Unity(IGNU), 100

International Association of Women Judges,239

International Center for Transitional Justice(ICTJ), 298

International Convention on the Eliminationof all Forms of Racial Discrimination,25, 79

International Court of Justice (ICJ), 26, 36International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights (ICCPR), 25, 79, 320International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights, 25International Criminal Court (ICC)

potential impact of, 305–306Rome Statute of, 305

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR), 263

accountability/justice demonstrated by,272

capacity-building by, 273creation of, 272domestic impact of, 271–274expenses of, 290funding of, 273obstacles faced by, 274partnerships of, 273Rwanda votes against, 271shortcomings of, 265Web site, 272

International Criminal Tribunal forYugoslavia (ICTY), 263

expenses of, 290financing of, 269impact on domestic rule of law, 265–268obstacles faced by, 274Rules of the road, 266Serbia and, 266, 268–271shortcomings of, 265UNMIK relationship with, 265

International Crisis Group (ICG), 110, 163,216, 267, 333

International Force East Timor (INTERFET),192, 278

international law, 26impact of, 50legitimate objectives of intervention and,

50–51International Police Task Force, 152international security assistance force (ISAF),

43, 120, 121U.S./NATO expansion of, 162

INTERPOL, 281interveners

accountability of, 315, 326arrests/detention by, 220

balance of power shifts caused by, 380belligerents v., 146cease-fires urged by, 86challenges/opportunities for, 313choices of, 391collaborative/multi-lateral actions of, 315,

327DDR and, 166dilemma of, 88dispute-resolution mechanisms of, 337divisive questions of, 87enhancing planning/coordination for,

356–367harm minimized by, 325human rights accommodations of, 339illegitimate/illegal actions of, 390intelligence capability lacking in, 167international standards imposed by, 90Iraq, 162knowledge lacked by, 136–137Kosovo problems of, 195, 208legal framework required of, 51linguistic/cultural know-how of, 315, 326marginalization by, 343, 381media and, 345NGOs catered to by, 332police and, 204political arrangements achieved by, 88prioritization/sequencing necessity for, 355public goods provided by, 135purpose of, 85reluctance of, 89rule of law cultures created by, 328rule of law promotion by, 312, 326–327Security Council resolutions sought by, 51short-term v. long-term mission of, 41spoilers v., 155, 164standards of conduct required of, 51state institution focus of, 83strategic interests of, 89temporary legal codes needed by, 192–193transparency of, 315, 326underestimation by, 368value conflicts of, 385violations by, 90western state, 90

interventionsarmed, 18Cold War, 28half-hearted, 367human rights, 77humanitarian, 2, 24, 29, 34, 35–38, 40international law and legitimate objectives

of, 50–51Kosovo, 5, 6, 16, 34, 114lack of resource influence on, 8legality/legitimacy of, 12, 18, 52–53, 65






402 INDEX

interventions (cont.)multilateral, 3old/new problems of, 5“on the cheap,” 8reasons for, 7rebuilding indigenous security, 136rule of law culture created by, 311Security Council authorized, 30Soviet Union, 28Tanzania’s Ugandan, 28U.S. pro-democratic, 28window of opportunity after, 188

Iraq, 2Abu Ghraib prison, 6, 51, 219, 323anti-Coalition sentiment in, 324authoritarian misrule of, 162Baath party repression in, 126Brookings Iraq Index, 52Bush, George W., planning for, 367coalition government possibility for, 131coalition opposition to, 127Coalition Provisional Authority, 127, 142constitutional politics of, 117constitutional process of, 96, 130continuing problems in, 68de-Baathification efforts in, 163democracy challenges of, 124detention problems of, 219, 220disbanding combat forces in, 168ethnic federalism of, 131ethnosectarianism in, 131foreign debt of, 125genocide and, 302Governing Council of, 127–128, 302, 381government’s collapse, 125international interventions in, 16, 86interveners/spoilers of, 162judicial appointments in, 234Kurds of, 96, 125Kuwait invaded by, 30, 125lack of WMDs in, 50linguistic/cultural differences, difficulties

of, 322looters in, 145–146military collapse of, 366oil reserves of, 125Persian Gulf War ceasefire violations of, 47pursuing spoilers/making enemies,

162–165rebuilding rule of law in, 9returning nationals influence on, 383rule of law lacking in, 56security goals of, 163Shiites of, 96, 125, 129Special Tribunal for Crimes Against

Humanity of, 302–304Sunni Triangle, 163

Sunnis of, 52, 97, 125, 130, 220TAL of, 129TNA of, 130trials in, 2542003 war in, 46–50U.S. Coalition tensions with, 322U.S. escape route possibilities, 64U.S. lessons in, 145U.S. military intervention in, 2, 5, 6, 12U.S. planning for, 364, 365U.S. soldiers killed in, 389U.S. transitional government in, 126war crimes tribunals, 239winning in, 135

Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,371–372

Iraq War, 19, 46–50U.S. poor planning for, 364weak political support for, 49

Iraqi Armed Forces, 164Iraqi Kurds, 38, 39Irish Centre for Human Rights (ICHR), 197,

221ISAF. See international security assistance

forceIslam, 123Italian Carbinieri, 150

Jaka, Alhaji Jusu, 294Japan, 98, 140Jensen, Erik, 230Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen, 101JSMP. See Judicial System Monitoring

Programmejudges

of Afghanistan, 229, 233appointment of, 230–234associations, 332–333of Bosnia, 232changing attitudes of, 240contributions of, 238difficulty finding experienced, 237, 239of East Timor, 232of Iraq, 234of Kosovo, 231–232as mentors, 237misconduct of, 235, 236premature empowerment of, 235–236Regulation One non-acceptance by, 317of Sierra Leone, 231training of, 234–235, 342UNMIK appointment of, 238, 384UNTAET appointment of, 238

Judicial System Monitoring Programme(JSMP), 201–202, 243–244, 330

CAVR work evaluated by, 330funders of, 331






INDEX 403

Judicial Training Center (East Timor), 235judiciary

of Afghanistan, 124, 229corruption of, 137, 241increasing transparency of, 242–243political influence of, 241post-conflict strengthening of, 230–235reform of, 314of Rwanda, 273strengthening of, 236support of, 240–242UNMIK’s establishment of, 320

justiceaccess problems, 244goals of, 255ICTR and, 272independence as, 278for perpetrators, 255transitional, 141, 253, 256triad, 184, 185victor’s, 293

justice system(s)of Bosnia, 226building fair, effective, 178, 181, 183capacities needed in, 184criminal, 184dispute resolution mechanisms, 245NGOs indispensable role building, 330predatory politics’ influence on, 179prisons and, 222–223strategic assessment of, 191synergistic approach to, 181–184, 188,

349–350transformation of, 243unbalanced reform in, 217–218

Kabbah, Ahmad Tejan, 158Kallon, Morris, 289Kambanana, Jean, 263–264Karadzic, Radovan, 264Karzai, Hamid, 97, 120, 122–123, 209KCS. See Kosovo Correctional ServiceKellog-Briand Pact, 21KFOR. See Kosovo ForceKLA. See Kosovo Liberation ArmyKleinfeld, Rachel, 73

on rule of law, 181, 182Korea, 28Kosovar Albanians, 52, 112

constitutional process of, 92–95, 380ethnic cleansing campaign against, 316Kosovar Serb reconciliation with, 113NATO and, 325Regulation One rejected by, 318Serbian oppression of, 317UNMIK reputation with, 319western interventions welcomed by, 380

Kosovo, 2. See also United Nations Missionin Kosovo

Albanians of, 52, 112biased trials of, 274blueprint for, 113Bosnian-style consociationalism in, 112CIVPOL in, 148collapse of state-authority, 138Constitutional Framework for Provisional

Self-Government in, 115–117criminal networks of, 90DDR program of, 148democracy’s progress in, 98, 113detention facilities in, 320divisions within, 106ethnic divisions within, 276final status, 103, 113–115, 117humanitarian catastrophe in, 36humanitarian intervention dilemma of,

35–40hybrid tribunals of, 274–278ICTY’s impact on, 265–268incapacitated judicial system of, 276Interim Agreement for Peace and

Self-Government in, 112international tribunals of, 254intervener’s problems in, 195, 208intervention and UN Charter, 38intervention phases in, 382intervention in, 5, 6, 16, 34, 114judicial appointments in, 231–232judicial misconduct in, 235KFOR’s arrival in, 208KLA of, 8, 208lack of agreed-upon law in, 316linguistic/cultural differences, difficulties

of, 322minority rights and, 111–117NATO in, 19, 27, 33, 50, 170, 195,

312organizations collaborating in, 63parallel justice system of, 277planning/coordination pillars, 361police of, 203political bargains of, 87political system of, 113prison reform in, 223problems remaining in, 66progress in, 170protectorate status of, 113Rambouillet agreement, 112rule of law promotion in, 62, 322Serb authorities withdrawal from, 112Serbs of, 112, 11364 panels of, 276, 277strengthening rule of law in, 187unlearned lessons of, 322






404 INDEX

Kosovo (cont.)“victors justice,” 276women police in, 210UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 102,

104, 112UN Resolution 1244, 113

Kosovo Correctional Service (KCS), 223Kosovo Final Status: Options and

Cross-Border Requirements (U.S.Institute of Peace), 114

Kosovo Force (KFOR), 37, 114, 170, 208detainees held by, 220

Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 8, 208Kosovo Police Force, 211Kosovo Police Service (KPS), 170, 208Kosovo Police Service School (KPSS), 208Kosovo Protection Corps, 170Kouchner, Bernard, 316KPS. See Kosovo Police ServiceKPSS. See Kosovo Police Service SchoolKrstic, Radislav, 264Kurds, 96, 125Kuwait, Iraq’s invasion of, 30, 125

Latin America, 25abuse of power in, 61restoring rule of law in, 62rule of law promotion, 65

law. See also international law; rule of lawof armed conflict, 26coercion v., 313criminal, 192, 193doubt of, 311entrenched attitudes toward, 312equality before, 182formalistic approach to, 318government bound by, 181implementation of, 202improving national, 196Kosovo’s lacking agreed-upon, 316meaningful dissemination of, 202normative commitment to, 75question of applicable, 192reasons people obey, 310

law enforcement capacity, 226law-making, reforming process of, 199–202law reform, goals/challenges of, 193–195law school clinics, 74Lawrence, T. E., 376lawyers

rule of law programs and, 314training of, 342

League of Nations, 21Covenant of, 21

legal advocacy, 74The Legal Basis for Preemption (Taft), 46

legal codes, 192–193legal education

investing in, 333–334role of, 15

legal theorists, 77legislatures, assistance to, 200, 201legitimacy

constitutional, 86democratic, 93Interim Government of National Unity

(IGNU’s), 100intervention’s, 12, 18, 52–53, 65police challenges of, 207

Levitte, Jean-David, 48liberal imperialists, 3Liberia, 2. See also All Liberia Conference;

National Patriotic Front of Liberiacivil society activists of, 101civil war in, 90corruption in, 101death statistics of, 170disarmament statistics, 171ECOMOG forces in, 157ECOWAS and, 33, 34, 99elections of, 99–102GEMAP of, 101international interventions in, 5, 16interveners in, 102mercenary politics of, 100National Transitional Government of, 101Nigerian-led forces in, 19peace agreement, 101, 165peace operations termination, 377reconstruction process of, 381regional security problem of, 102rule of law lacking in, 56Taylor’s invasion of, 99U.N. peacekeepers deployed to, 101western democratic governance imposed

on, 378Libya, 102Lijphart, Arend, 107Linton, Suzannah, 237Lome Accord, 251Lopes, Aniceto Guterres, 285, 286

Mani, Rama, 205marginalized groups, 16McCool, Carolyn, 94media

interveners and, 345strengthening of, 341, 344

mediators, role of, 339–340Middle East, 6, 76Middle East Partnership Initiative, 63military






INDEX 405

constabulary forces, 150, 151enhancing security capability by, 149–151French Gendarmerie, 150Haiti’s dismantling of, 146Italian Carabinieri, 150post-conflict role of, 154slow adjustment by U.S., 144Spanish Guardia Civil, 150state reliance on, 147unpreparedness of, 144U.S. Special Forces, 151

military interventionsgovernment restructuring and, 134in Haiti, 5, 16, 67human rights principles and, 13humanitarian, 8imperialism compared/contrasted with, 3in Iraq, 2, 5, 6motives behind, 3order restored via, 144triggering of, 86U.N. Charter’s rules restricting, 27U.S.-Afghanistan, 2U.S.-Iraq, 2

Milosevic, Slobodan, 35, 263–264, 268minority rights, 75, 106–117Mission Implementation Plan, 111Mladic, Ratko, 264model codes, 197–199Model Detention Act, 221Monrovia, ECOMOG securing of, 99Monteiro, Longuinhos, 283multilateral treaties, 25Muslims, 89, 107, 109mutual veto, 107

nation-building, 29, 30by Bush Administration, 63problems created by, 369United Nation’s, 118

National Consultative Council (NCC),104

National Council of East TimoreseResistance (CNRT), 104, 380

National Endowment for Democracy (NED),63

National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL),99, 157

National Penitentiary (Haiti), 224National Recovery Strategy (East Timor),

383National Security Council, 164National Security Presidential Directive

(NSPD)Directive 3, 366, 386, 388

National Security Strategy, 43, 44, 45

National Strategy for Victory in Iraq, 164National Transitional Government, 101NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationNCC. See National Consultative CouncilNED. See National Endowment for

DemocracyNew Zealand Department of Corrections,

224NGOs. See nongovernmental organizationsNigeria

ECOMOG dominated by, 158Liberia and, 19

1977 Protocols, 25non-elites, court/governance access of, 341non-governmental actors, 4nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

citizen empowerment by, 260constructiveness/destructiveness of, 331global network of, 29human rights advanced by, 197Hussein’s thwarting of, 332interveners catered to by, 332judicial reform promoted by, 226justice system building by, 330law-related, 63legal advocacy, 74role of, 15rule of law fostered by, 342of Sierra Leone, 298support for, 201, 243–244women aided by, 331

Norman, Sam Hinga, 293, 296norms

accountability, 260–261, 263cascades, 261democracy, 2diffusion of, 260domestic, 4human rights, 3humanitarian intervention, 38international, 4, 27self-determination, 1

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 2, 28

air campaign of, 321arrests made by, 321Article 5 response by, 41Germany and, 35ISAF expansion by, 162Kosovar Albanians and, 325Kosovo and, 19, 27, 33, 50, 170, 195, 312peacekeeping operations, 63spoilers confronted by, 159suspects detained by, 321Yugoslavia and, 31






406 INDEX

North Korea, rule of law lacking in, 56NPFL. See National Patriotic Front of LiberiaNSPD. See National Security Presidential

Directive

Oakley, Robert, 145O’Connor, Vivienne, 194Office of High Representative (Bosnia), 110,

111, 226–227Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian

Assistance (ORHA), 365Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction

and Stabilization, 366, 367Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for

Human Rights, 25, 197Office on Drugs and Crime (U.N.), 197, 221,

225O’Neill, William, 203Open Society Institute , 334Operation Enduring Freedom, 43, 118opium/heroin trade, 122, 161opportunity

post-intervention window of, 145–147societal elements of, 139

ordergovernment provision of, 137military restoration of, 144winning war v. maintaining, 136

Organization for Security and Cooperationin Europe (O.S.C.E.), 63, 348, 356, 360

Organization of African Unity, 25Organization of American States (OAS), 25ORHA. See Office of Reconstruction and

Humanitarian AssistanceO.S.C.E. See Organization for Security and

Cooperation in EuropeOvcara trial (Serbia), 270

Pakistan, 157paralegals, role of, 339–340Patrick, Stewart, 372PDD. See Presidential Decision Directivepeace

adequate resources for, 367creating conditions for, 370political embrace of, 155problems implementing, 374programs implementing, 348, 377sabotaging, 156

peace agreements, study of, 2Peace Implementation Council, 110Peace of Westphalia, 21peace operations, 145, 154

ad hoc organization of, 353evolution of, 154funding of, 374King’s College review of, 351

local involvement in, 379–384logic of, 382primary goal of, 154Security Council endorsement of, 351termination of, 377

Peacebuilding Commission (U.N.), 351, 363,376, 386

Peacebuilding Fund (U.N.), 364peacekeepers

neutrality of, 154of Pakistan, 157women as, 344

Penal Management Division (PMD), 5People’s Republic of China, 19, 23Perito, Robert, 217perpetrators

accountability/justice for, 255de-legitimizing, 259

Persian Gulf War (1991), 30, 38, 39, 46, 47pledges

following through on, 371U.S. unfulfilled Iraq, 371–372

PMD. See Penal Management Divisionpolice. See also civilian police; Haitian

National Police; Scorpion police incidentabusive interrogation by, 203Afghanistan’s, 211, 213citizens and, 204community-based system of, 179corruption of, 203discipline/oversight of, 213of East Timor, 203, 211, 212gender balance of, 210of Haiti, 203, 211, 214international, 214interveners and, 204of Kosovo, 203legitimacy challenges of, 207professionalism, 211–213promotion of, 213recruitment of, 213reforming/strengthening of, 204societies’ relationship with, 204–205of Somalia, 203state reliance on, 147state’s relation with, 214–216supporting efforts of, 135training, 211–213transformation of, 213U.N. vetting of, 208UNMIK’s establishment of, 320

police reformgoals of, 205–207post-conflict society, 203–214

policingcommunity, 205–207democratic, 205






INDEX 407

political bargains, 87political blueprints, 85, 350political elites, 117, 139, 315political parties, assistance/training to,

201politics

demilitarization of, 165electoral, 87identity, 106Iraq’s, 117justice systems and predatory, 179Kosovo’s system of, 113Liberia’s mercenary, 100

pollAfghanistan, 52, 325Time-ABC, 324

Ponte, Carla del, 270Posner, Richard, 70post-conflict blueprints, 97, 141,

348post-intervention societies

“best practices,” 9characteristics of, 9chicken-egg problem in, 312creating rule of law in, 10reestablishing security in, 9

Powell, Colin, 18, 45power sharing, 106–117preemptive action doctrine, 43–46Presidential Decision Directive (PDD)

PDD-56, 364priorities

international v. national, 15prison reform, 218–226rules/training/accountability, 221–222prison(s)

Afghanistan’s neglected, 225of East Timor, 221, 223, 224of Haiti, 224–225justice system and, 222–223of Kosovo, 223neglect of, 218oversight of, 222reform of, 218–226resources needed by, 222UNMIK’s establishment of, 320

proportionality, winner-take-all v., 108Provisional Reconstruction Teams (PRTs),

121PRTs. See Provisional Reconstruction Teamspublic order, maintenance of, 150

The Question of Intervention: Statements bythe Secretary General (Annan), 37

racism, 75Radio Rwanda, 272

Ramboulllet Agreement, 112. See alsoInterim Agreement for Peace andSelf-Government in Kosovo

Ramos-Horta, Jose, 281rape, 168, 211Raz, Joseph, 70reconstruction

blueprint for political, 85of Liberia, 381owning process of, 376post-conflict, 3security as sine qua non of, 134

Reconstruction Trust Fund (Afghanistan),375

reformadaptive, 183Bosnia’s problems with, 227–228Brahimi Report’s call for, 357justice system’s unbalanced, 217–218law, 193–195NGOs and judicial, 226prison, 218–226rule of law, 16, 114, 253

reform, adaptive, 183refugee(s)

crisis, 36rights of, 110

regimes, toppling totalitarian, 61Regulation 2000/64 (UNMIK), 276Regulation 24 (UNMIK), 317Regulation 26 (UNMIK), 322Regulation One (UNMIK), 317, 318, 319Report on The Rule of Law and Transitional

Justice in Conflict and Post-conflictSocieties (2004), 193

The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) AreGreatly Exaggerated (Henkin), 23

Republika Sprska, 108–110, 228, 266Resident Coordinator (U.N.), 359Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 158

amnesty given to, 158, 251coup staged by, 158disarmament refusal, 169Guinea v., 159Sierra Leone and, 169trials involving, 289

Rice, Condoleezza, 45rights

minority, 75, 106–117women’s, 75

Rio Pact, 41ripple effects

accountability, 260Sierra Leone, 297

Rome Agreement, 266Rome Statute of International Criminal

Court, 305






408 INDEX

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 25Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 22RUF. See Revolutionary United Frontrule of law, 4–5

absence of, 59–60accountability and, 186, 258–261adaptive reform and, 183Aristotelian precept regarding, 70belief in, 311blueprints, 11, 14building blocks for, 11, 12, 14, 16, 75, 178building house metaphor, 10–11capitalism and, 58complexity of, 57, 78conceptual elusiveness of, 386, 388countries lacking in, 56cultural commitment to, 15, 78, 325decisions regarding, 71defined, 69, 72–73, 77–80, 324, 328economic growth and, 60education’s influence on, 342establishing complexity of, 347Fiss on, 59five separate ends of, 73formal accounts of, 72formal/minimalist concept of, 70, 75Great Britain and, 70historicity, 72human rights and, 59, 79, 186, 321“I know it when I see it” definition of, 73,

80ICTY’s impact on, 265–268impact of, 331, 334, 336, 343importance of, 57, 61index, 354institutional definition, 325, 328international tribunals and, 263–274intervener’s promotion of, 312, 326–327key elements of, 185Kleinfeld on, 73, 181, 182Kosovo and, 62, 322Latin America’s restoration of, 62legal scholar’s definition of, 72–73legitimacy and, 185as long-term project, 79military interventions and, 7minorities and, 344NGO’s influence on, 342nuances of, 389obstacles/threats to, 191one size fits all approach, 9, 188overlapping conceptions of, 71paradoxes created by, 315people protected by, 13planning/coordination efforts for, 350–356,

367policymakers’ promotion of, 69, 325

post-conflict efforts for rebuilding, 9, 10post-conflict societies and, 78practitioners of, 314programs, 189protection as goal of, 193reforms, 16, 114, 186, 253requirements for, 72resources for, 190rhetorical commitments to, 60self, community, and, 312shared cultural commitment to, 76society’s recognition of, 310strengthening of, 187, 189substantive/maximist concept of, 70–72sustainability and, 186synergistic approach to, 13, 58, 80–84,

181–184systemic issues, 14terrorism and, 59vagueness of, 56values underlying, 15violence and, 78virtues of, 314young people and, 344

rule of law assistance, 61, 75, 179cultural sensitivity issues and, 378evaluating effectiveness of, 347legal education and, 185

rule of law culture, 310building/sustaining, 341creation of, 314fostering of, 327–340intervener’s creation of, 311, 328NGOs’ fostering of, 331nurturance of, 314, 330–332programs critical to, 329as uncharted territory, 314

Rule of Law Focal Point Network (U.N.),358

rule of law programs, 14, 61, 178finding funds for, 370–376lawyers and, 314rhetorical/financial commitments to, 65

rule of law promotion, 14, 16, 58, 62aid providers interested in, 69expense of, 62international enthusiasm for, 62lack of success, 353in Latin America, 65norm creation/cultural change and, 75private foundations and, 62stumbling efforts at, 327

Rumsfield, Donald, 57Russell, Ruth, 23Russia, 19, 23. See also Soviet Union

Chechnya military campaign of, 66corruption in, 66






INDEX 409

organized crime in, 65privatization in, 65rule of law success stories in, 65slow progress of, 347

Rwanda. See also International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda

genocide in, 32, 157, 271international tribunal and, 254, 263judiciary of, 273political power vesting in, 87Radio, 272reconciliation in, 273resource competition, 262rule of law promotion in, 62tribunals, 254, 263, 272

Sankoh, Foday, 158, 292, 294Scalia, Antonin, 70Schmidl, Erwin, 153Scorpion police incident (Serbia), 270Scowcroft, Brent, 366Secretary General (U.N.), 104

Peacebuilding Commission, 351, 363, 376,386

Report on The Rule of Law andTransitional Justice in Conflict andPost-conflict Societies (2004), 193

Security Council relationship with, 369Special Representative of, 359, 360

securityblueprints, 136conditions for providing, 135–137context of, 140–143defined, 141economics of, 137enhancing military’s, 149–151forces, 135gap, 147–153government/participation pillars of,

141–142international/national, 2, 59, 60, 134Iraq goals of, 163justice/reconciliation pillars of, 141local ownership of, 136normalcy and, 142post-intervention demand for, 136promoting, 136protections offered by, 141short-term, 143–153as sine qua non, 134social/economic well-being pillars of, 142understanding, 137–143

Security Council, 19, 22atrocities response to, 38authority to take action, 23–24divisions within, 46, 47Haiti and, 31

interveners seeking resolutions from, 51interventions authorized by, 30nation-building by, 30Peacebuilding Commission, 351, 363, 376,

386peacekeepers deployed by, 101Peacekeeping Commission of, 363peacekeeping mission of, 28peacekeeping transitions endorsed by, 351permanent members of, 23Resolution 678, 49Resolution 687, 46, 47Resolution 836, 31, 63Resolution 1244, 37, 113, 143–144, 155,

317, 359Resolution 1272, 96, 103Resolution 1368, 40Resolution 1373, 41Resolution 1441, 48, 108–110Resolution 1483, 64, 111Resolution 1511, 113, 128Response to September 11, 2001 by, 41Secretariat’s relationship with, 369Taliban regime’s defiance of, 42threats to peace defined by, 23, 32

self-defense, U.N. Charter Article 51 on, 22,44

self-determination norms, 1September 11, 2, 5

international community reaction to, 40interventions after, 6rule of law promotion and, 59Security Council’s response to, 41U.S. response to, 40, 63, 118

SerbiaAlbanians oppressed by, 317capacity-building within, 269ethnic cleansing campaign, 66, 316ICTY and, 266, 268–271Kosovo withdrawal by, 112Ovcara trial, 270returnees to, 114Scorpion police unit incident, 270Special Court for Organized Crimes and

War Crimes, 270U.N. control in, 316

SerbsBosnian, 92, 109Kosovar, 112

Serious Crimes Unit (East Timor), 279, 280,283, 286, 288

Sesay, Issa Hassan, 289settlement blueprints, 86Shiites, 96, 125Sierra Leone, 2, 158–159

Accountability Now Clubs, 297AFRC of, 289






410 INDEX

Sierra Leone (cont.)amnesty given by, 251Amputee Association, 294army/police deployment, 169atrocities, 293capacity-building in, 297–299CDF of, 289, 293CGG of, 294child soldiers of, 249civil war in, 90, 289courts established in, 354DDR and, 168, 169democracy’s progress in, 98dispute-resolution mechanisms in, 335Doherty as judge in, 237ECOWAS and, 33, 34, 102Generic Guidelines for Strategic

Frameworks applied in, 359Great Britain military in, 159hereditary chieftaincies restored in, 385human rights clinics, 334hybrid tribunals of, 274, 289–295, 301impunity cascade of, 261international interventions in, 5, 16judicial appointments in, 231NGOs of, 298Open Society Institute, 334outreach in, 295–297Parliament, 292patriarchal structures, 336peace agreement, 165peace operations termination, 377peacekeeping mission in, 67progress in, 159, 170ripple effects within, 297RUF and, 169rule of law promotion in, 62Special Court, 254, 290, 291, 292, 294Special Court Interactive Forum, 298StopGaps program, 169Truth and Reconciliation Commission,

189–190, 256, 299–301U.N. Integrated Office for, 170UNAMSIL and, 169war crime prosecutions, 256

Sistani, Ali, 129Six plus Two group, 118slavery, 75Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 111society(ies). See also post-intervention

societiesbuilding, 4deeply divided, 106opportunistic elements in, 139police relationship with, 204–205post-conflict/post-intervention, 76, 78,

203–214

repressive/conflict-ridden, 3rule of law recognized by, 310transformation of, 189troubled/transitional, 61war-torn, 347

soldierschildren as, 249training of, 150women as, 299

Somalia, 135collapse of state-authority in, 138non-effective government of, 139peace operations termination, 377police of, 203unexpected casualties/mounting costs in,

368U.S. leaves, 139, 364warlord challenge of, 156–157

South Africaapartheid of, 334constitution of, 96, 343interim Government of National Unity, 93

Soviet Union, 23abuse of power in, 61collapse of, 61intervention by invitation, 28restoring rule of law in, 62U.S. confrontation with, 28

Spanish Guardia Civil, 150Special Court for Sierra Leone, 254, 290,

291, 292, 294, 298Special Court for Organized Crimes and War

Crimes (Serbia), 270Special Forces (U.S.), 151Special Independent Commission for the

Convening of Emergency Loya Jirga,120

Special Panels for Serious Crimes (EastTimor), 279, 282, 283, 288

Special Representative of Secretary General(SRSG), 104, 112, 360

Special Tribunal for Crimes AgainstHumanity (Iraq), 302–304

Special War Crimes Chamber (Bosnia), 228spoilers

assistance derailed by, 351Bosnia’s entrenched, 159–160confronting, 155empowerment of, 390interveners v., 155, 164Iraq pursuit of, 162–165NATO confronts, 159types of, 164warlords as, 154–172

Sprska. See Republika SprskaSRSG. See Special Representative of

Secretary General






INDEX 411

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatmentof Prisoners (U.N.), 221, 222

Stanley Foundation Report, 358State Court of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 228state(s)

building of, 138European, 138ineffective governing of, 138institutions, 83, 216–217military reliance by, 147police reliance by, 147war economy of, 139

Stewart, Potter, 56Summers, Robert, 72Sunni Triangle, 163Sunnis, 52, 97, 125, 130, 220Supreme Court (U.S.), 56, 70synergism

biological definition of, 80theological definition of, 81

Taft, William H., 46TAL. See Transitional Administrative LawTaliban regime, 5

of Afghanistan, 118groups opposed to, 161Security Council defied by, 42U.S. pursuit of, 121

Tanham, George, 134Tanzania, 28Taylor, Charles, 99, 157, 159, 292, 293

insurgencies supported by, 158prosecution of, 292–294, 295reign’s end for, 101ruling style of, 100

terrorism/terrorists, 2, 40, 45al-Qaeda 42causes of, 3rule of law and, 59

Time-ABC poll, 324Timor Leste. See East TimorTNA. See Transitional National AssemblyTolbert, David, 265, 269Transitional Administrative Law (TAL), 129transitional justice, 141, 253. See also

accountability, 141evolution of, 255trends, 256

Transitional National Assembly (TNA), 130TRC. See Truth and Reconciliation

Commissiontreaties. See also Abuja agreement

ANZUS treaty, 41human rights, 25, 29international, 79multilateral, 25

trials. See also criminal trials

of Afghanistan, 258for atrocities, 250in Iraq, 254in Sierra Leone, 289truth commissions and, 256war crimes, 239, 266

tribunals, international. See also hybridtribunals

financing of, 265, 266rule of law and, 263–274Rwanda and, 254, 263, 272shortcomings of, 264Yugoslavia and, 263

truth commissions, 250of Bosnia, 254of East Timor, 256legacy of, 263of Sierra Leone, 256trials v., 256

Tudjman, Franjo, 269

Uganda, Tanzania’s intervention in,28

Ukraine, slow progress of, 347U.N. See United NationsUNAMA. See United Nations Assistance

Mission in AfghanistanUNAMSIL. See United Nations Mission for

Sierra LeoneUNDP. See United Nations Development

ProgrammeUNHCR. See United Nations High

Commissioner for RefugeesUnified Task Force (UNITAF I), 156, 157,

167UNITAF I. See Unified Task ForceUnited Nations Assistance Mission in

Afghanistan (UNAMA), 225, 304United Nations Charter, 13, 19

architects of, 22Article 1(3), 24Article 2(4), 22Article 2(7), 24Article 51, 22, 44Article 53, 33Article 55, 24Chapter VII, 22, 30, 36, 40, 51Chapter VIII, 22conflict resolution and, 33flexibility of, 23fundamental principles of, 22international legal framework of, 211945 adoption of, 44non-intervention principle, 23use of force and, 21–27

United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), 298






412 INDEX

United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees (UNHCR), 360

United Nations Mission for Sierra Leone(UNAMSIL), 158, 159, 169, 170

United Nations Mission in Kosovo(UNMIK), 37, 197

Chapter VII mandate, 171damaged credibility of, 319disarming combatants by, 171effective reintegration packages, 171human rights protection by, 195–196ICTY relationship with, 265institution-building by, 102international judges employed by, 384judge deployment by, 238judicial dismissal regulations of, 235Kosovar Albanians/Kosovar Serbs

reconciliation, 113Kosovar opinion of, 319KPS supervision by, 208police, prison, judicial systems established

by, 320Regulation 24, 317Regulation 26, 322Regulation 2000/64, 276Regulation One, 316, 319reversal by, 318“standards before status,” 115undermining of, 114UNTAET’s advantage over, 105

United Nations Mission of Support in EastTimor (UNMISET), 279, 280

United Nations Operation in Somalia(UNISOM I), 156

United Nations Operation in Somalia(UNISOM II), 31, 157

United Nations Protection Force(UNPROFOR), 31

United Nations Transitional Administrationin East Timor (UNTAET), 32, 103, 197,224, 339

capacity-building of, 383criticism of, 103hybrid accountability system established

by, 279judge/prosecutor appointments by, 238organized elections, 104strategic problems of, 361Timorization process of, 104UNMIK and, 105World Bank and, 362

United Nations (U.N.), 3. See also GeneralAssembly; Security Council 3

arrests made by, 321Brahimi Report and, 152, 193Commission on Human Rights, 37

Criminal Law and Judicial Advisory Unit,358

Democracy Fund, 63Democratic Republic of Congo and, 369Department of Peacekeeping, 357, 361Department of Political Affairs, 361Development Programme, 91, 92East Timor interventions by, 32, 63, 103Fund for Peacebuilding, 376High Commissioner for Human Rights,

221High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges,

and Change, 362Human Rights Commission, 278human rights commitment of, 321hybrid tribunals supported by, 290Integrated Office for Sierra Leone, 170INTERFET authorized by, 192KCS of, 223Kosovo and, 63lead planning/coordination by, 357, 358nation-building and, 118NATO and, 63Office on Drugs and Crime, 197, 221, 225O.S.C.E. and, 63Peacebuilding Commission, 351, 363, 376,

386Peacebuilding Fund, 364peacekeeping operations, 63PMD of, 223police vetting by, 208poor coordination efforts, 358Report of the Subcommittee of, 24Resident Coordinator, 359Rule of Law Focal Point Network, 358salaries paid by, 283Secretary General, 104, 193, 359Security Council, 85Serious Crimes Unit, 279Special Representatives of, 321Standard Minimum Rules for the

Treatment of Prisoners, 221, 222Stanley Foundation Report on, 358suspects detained by, 321Transitional Administration, 371Transitional Administration in East Timor,

379United States Agency for International

Development (USAID), 62United States Institute of Peace (USIP), 17,

91, 92, 109, 197United States (U.S.)

Afghanistan military intervention by, 2, 5,19, 42

Afghanistan’s light footprint and, 118Al-Qaeda pursued by, 64, 118, 121






INDEX 413

Aristide’s restoration by, 140Bosnia and, 89Coalition led by, 322, 323courts/constitution of, 77CPA led by, 302Defense Department, 151Department of State, 92Euro-Atlantic integration pursued by, 111General Accounting Office, 347, 351Geneva Conventions disregarded by, 323Germany transformed by, 98Iraq lessons of, 145–146Iraq military intervention by, 2, 5, 6, 12Iraq War poor planning by, 364Iraq’s transitional government and, 126ISAF expansion by, 162JAG officers of, 323Japan transformed by, 98military’s slow adjustments, 144Operation Enduring Freedom, 43, 118policy debates, 5post-September 11 military interventions,

63pro-democratic interventions of, 28rule of law promotion expense, 62self-defense legal right invoked by, 42September 11, 2001 response by, 40, 118slavery/racism in, 75soldier deaths of, 389Somalia left by, 139, 364Soviet Union confrontation with, 28Special Forces, 151superpower status of, 7Taliban pursued by, 121Uphold Democracy launched by, 214

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 79,320

UNMIK. See United Nations Mission inKosovo

UNMISET. See United Nations Mission ofSupport in East Timor

UNOSOM I/II. See United NationsOperation in Somalia

UNPROFOR. See United Nations ProtectionForce

UNTAET. See United Nations TransitionalAdministration in East Timor

Uphold Democracy, 214U.S. See United StatesUSAID. See United States Agency for

International Development

veto, mutual, 107victims

accountability and, 249CAVR and, 288

victor’s justice, 293Vietnam, 134Vincent, Robin, 291violence

accountability and, 250Bosnia’s intergroup, 106cultural understandings of, 77Kosovo police and, 211rule of law and, 78women and, 168

war crime(s). See also accountabilityprosecutions, 256trials, 239, 266

War Crimes Chamber, 228, 239, 267–268warlords

Afghanistan’s, 8, 90, 121collaboration with, 12confronting recalcitrant, 156flourishing of, 139non-strengthening of, 380as political partners, 159Somalia’s challenge by, 156–157as spoilers, 154–172

war(s). See also civil warmaintaining order v. winning, 136as state policy, 21on terror, 60

weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 44, 50Web site(s)

Brookings Iraq Index, 52Carnegie Corporation Endowment for

International Peace, 74CPA, 302CTF, 284HRW, 67ICJ, 36ICTR, 272Institute of Peace (U.S.), 109JSMP, 243–244Lome Accord, 251National Security Council, 164National Security Strategy, 43Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for

Human Rights, 25Operation Enduring Freedom, 43

West, Ronald, 212West Africa, 292winner-take-all, proportionality v., 108Wiranto, 280WMD. See weapons of mass destructionwomen. See also gender issues

Afghanistan denies rights of, 195AI and, 245as commodity, 167DDR and, 168






414 INDEX

women (cont.)NGOs’ aid to, 331peacebuilding by, 344as police, 210protecting/empowering, 210–211, 344rights of, 75as soldiers, 299violence to, 168

World Bank, 58Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction

Unit, 373economic mandate of, 373rule of law index, 354Watching Briefs, 353

World War II, 140Written Answer for House of Commons

(Blair), 36

Yale Law School, 59Yugoslavia. See also International Criminal

Tribunal for YugoslaviaBosnia as mini-, 106greater openness in, 318international tribunal for, 254,

263NATO and, 31political change within, 160Socialist Federal Republic of, 111






Documents

6 x 10.5 Three line titleassets.cambridge.org/97805216/78018/index/9780521678018_index… · terrorist training by, 42 U.S. pursuit of, 64, 118 , 121 Al-Sadr, Moqtada, 94 All Liberia