RELIGION AND PRACTICESIN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Translated from English by Yin Sombo, Chor Chan Thyda, Ngoung Kimly, Aing Sokroeun

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PREFACE

The 2006 seminar I directed focused on giving Cambodian scholars tools to conduct research onreligion. The readings for the seminar were intended to supplement what students already knewabout Cambodian Buddhism and provide a broad introduction to religion in Southeast Asia.Although this meant first and foremost looking at Southeast Asian Buddhism, there were alsoreadings and guest speakers on Christianity and Islam—and one guest speaker talked about the CaoDai temple in Phnom Penh. The seminar was in general less about religious doctrine than aboutreligion in its historical-social context, and it attempted to give students theoretical tools for lookingat religion from the perspective of the social sciences. The four readings translated here were cho-sen for their theoretical interest and for the ways they provide an introduction to the Buddhismof Cambodians neighbors, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.

The article “Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of Early TheravadaBuddhism” is written by historian Barbara Wilson Andaya. Although she is better known for herwork on island Southeast Asia, the article translated here is an especially far-reaching and provoca-tive study of the coming of Theravada Buddhism to Southeast Asia. Andaya’s thesis is that Ther-avada Buddhism was empowering to women and that this was a significant factor in its acceptancein the region. While her thesis might be disputed by some scholars, its raises important questionswhich have given scholars new perspectives on the possible processes whereby the Buddhist tradi-tion came to the area—an issue of great relevance to Cambodia’s scholars and students. The ar-ticle is also important for the way it challenges historiographical tradition and shows how historycan be more open in recognizing the role of women. One also has to say that the article is of interestsimply for the wealth of detail it gives us on the role of women in Theravada Buddhist society.

Charles Keyes’ 1986 article about novice ordination in Northern Thailand, analyzed very muchfrom an anthropological perspective, is already well-known in the scholarly literature on ThaiBuddhism. Novice ordination also of course plays an important role in Cambodian Buddhism, andthe Cambodian practice has been well-described in a 2005 book by Sou Ketya, Hean Sokhom andHun Thirith. Scholars of Cambodian Buddhist ritual will, I believe, find it interesting to compareKeyes’ detailed description of Thai practice with what they know about Cambodian practice. Be-sides the interest of its description, however, Keyes’ article is particularly significant in the way itframes its description of the ritual theoretically as a study of gender roles and the nature of rites ofpassage more generally. This theoretical framework will, I believe, be helpful to Cambodian schol-ars as they continue to study the issue of monastic ordination and a whole range of other ritual prac-tices as they are practiced in the context of social relationships.

There is still relatively little scholarship about Buddhism in Laos. One of the more important newscholars of Laos is Peter Koret, a specialist in Southeast Asian literature. In the article translated herehe describes a transition from “traditional” Lao writing, which served a clear Buddhist function andwas often passed on with palm-leaf manuscripts, to a more “modern” way of looking at the

same corpus of literature—which, he argues, came to take on new meanings as it was printed inbooks and used to define national identity in the context of the new, “modern” Lao state. I chose thearticle because it tells us important things about the evolution of Lao culture. Koret also worksin an extremely interesting theoretical framework. Once again, I believe this is a way of looking atreligious literature which could be applied to Cambodia, since Cambodia has experienced similartransformations.

Finally, I chose one article about the modern history of Buddhism in Vietnam. Thien Do’s essayis the most succinct and interesting short article on Vietnamese Buddhism that I have been able tofind. This article contrasts with the other three in that Vietnam’s Buddhism is primarily in theMahayana tradition rather than the Theravada and thus very different from the type of Buddhismpracticed in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, or Burma. The article describes the revitalization ofVietnamese Buddhism in the context of French colonialism and the movements to resist colonialism.Cambodians, I believe, will be interested to know more about the Buddhism of their neighbor coun-try. Despite the many differences from the Cambodian tradition, they will observe the complex re-lation between Vietnam’s religions traditions and the political practices which relate to agrowing nationalism in Vietnam—issues which are also relevant to the Cambodian religious tradi-tion.

John MarstonVisiting Scholar

8

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CHAPTER 1:

Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of Early Theravāda Buddhism

Andaya, Barbara WatsonJournal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 33, Issue 01, February 2002.

Copyright © Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 33, Issue 01, February 2002.

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22 CMBUk TI 1

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28 CMBUk TI 1

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30 CMBUk TI 1

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32 CMBUk TI 1

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in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society” ...>

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rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 1986 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< b‘ikxin

CHAPTER 2:

Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society.Keyes, Charles F.

(Gender and Religion : On the Complexity of Symbols)

Copyright © 1986 by Beacon Press

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46 CMBUk TI .2

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48 CMBUk TI .2

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c,ab´ edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg´eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ “Books of Search: the Invention of

Traditional Lao literatures as a Subject of Study” ...>

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rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 2000 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< sIul k_v¨mb‘ukß

CHAPTER 3:

Books of Search: The Invention of Traditional Lao literatures as a Subject of Study

Peter Koret(Laos: Culture and Society)

Copyright © 2000 by Silkworm Books,

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esóvePAsikßa .karepþImbeg;ItGkßrsil,_lavburaNCaRbFanbTsRmabsikßa 89

c,ab edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa GgeKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ “The Quest for Enlightenment and

Cultural Identity: Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam” ...>

GtSbT TaMg en¼ dkRsg ´ecjBIesovePA .½ BuT§sasna.. nig neyaáy kñúgstvtßTI..20

rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 2002 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< ..xnFInwm.. GuInFWNasUNal

CHAPTER 4:

The Quest for Enlightenment and Cultural Identity: Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam.

THIÊN DÔ(Buddhism and Politics in 20th Century)

Copyright © 2001 by The Continuum International Publishing Group

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nigRB¼áT Gaj´. tug Ca semþc sgÇ TI BIr én nikayRTúk.Lwm (Trúc Lâm) .. >... nikayRTúk.Lwm en¼ Ca nikay Cab´

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RB¼sgÇ breTs en¼man mkelI RB¼ mhakßRt .ehIy elak án G¼Gageday segçb fa .½.

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min xøac nwgGeBa¢Ij emdwknaMsasna nikay epßg .. nig CMenO RBlwgnana edIm,I mkrYm CamYy nwg vtþ RB¼BuT§sasna

sakü munI ena¼eT.> . CamYynwgkar dkfyrbsRB¼BuT§sasna sasnadéTman{kas cUlmk. > ..etIkar Edl

bBaØvnþ CMnan´eRkaymanelak .eRTÓg..hanesov .(Trůȯng Hán Siêu) nig elak egVón.RTúgg¨am. (Nguyên

Trung Ngan) pßBVpßay RbqaMg Ca saFar N£ nwgRB¼BuT§ sasna manGVIKYrPJak´epJIleTA? .

eKdwgfaTMnak´TMngRB¼mhakßRtCamYynwgKN£sgÇ KWCaRbPBénkarRbyuT§ KaMRTBIsMNakbBaØvnþþ

enAkñúgraCvaMgenAkñúgsm&yraCvgß .Tran... > .. RB¼Gg:m¨atef . k¾yl´ eXIjfa karri¼Kn´bBaØvnþlT§ixugC Wsm&y

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Ca GsmtSPaB. rbs´ BuT§sasnik . > ..

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nig RbmUl EknGñk bYs TaMg Lay enAtamPUmi [eTAc,aMg nwg T&BQøan Bancam. > .. eKBitCaGacniyayánfa

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96 CMBUk TI 4

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raMg s¶ÜtqñaM ...1434.. .rUbbdimaRB¼BuT§enAvtþ .pan..van ..(Phap Van) ánepÞrykeTAdakenAkñúgRB¼raCvaMg eday

man RB¼sgÇ eFIV BiFIsURtbYgsYg pg .. >.. .BiFIEbb en¼ ánRárB §mþg eTot enA eRKa¼raMg s¶Üt qñaM ..1449. .enA eBl

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kar en¼ KW esμInwgeFVI[RB¼BuT§køayCaRBlwgexμacemá tamkarBar enAkñúgRbB&n§ CMenO RbCaRbiy evotNam

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BuT§sasna kñúgRsúkEdlmanGMNac ármI RKbRKan edIm,I TakTaj kar«btSmÖKaMRTBIRB¼mhakßRt buEnþerOg

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BuT§sasna manPaBlemðógy¨agc,as´eTArkBYk GPiCnEdl Rbkan´sasnacin... nig PaB sMxan´ rbs´ lT§i

xugCWsm&yfμI EdlánkarKaMRTBI RB¼raCvaMg.. >.

enA qñaM .. . 1798.enAeBlRTg´eFVI karbRgÜbbRgÜm GMNac rbs´xøÜn enAtMbn´cugxagt,Úghßa.Dij (Gao

Định) RB¼ áT egVón..Gaj´.. (Nguyền Ἁnh) (eRkaymk CaGFiraChßa.Lúg.( Gia Long).cg´kat´eTasRbhar CIvit

RB¼sgÇ casvsßamYyGg: Edl RbRBwtþ s c,abvin&y... > .RB¼Gg:k¾manEpnkar[ RB¼sgÇ raC sasnatav.. nig

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RbqaMg nwgBuT§ sasnaÈa..CI..day..eRTÓg . (Tạ Chí Đại Truờong .. 1973.£ 306.).>

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yk cit þ Tukdak´eTAelItMbn´vb,Fm’enA egVón..Gaj´.(Đāng Trong).(KW.tMbn´PaKxagt,Úg ). EdlCaPsþútagBit

bgHaj BI PaB rs revIkénsSab&nRB¼BuT§sasna EbbefrvaT ..KWminEmn Ca kar Føakcu¼énBuT§ sasna CaTU eTA enA

kñúg tMbn´ ena¼ eT.. .>(11)

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 97

Pøam@eBlbnÞab´ena¼ . viTüasSanRsavRCav . han. NUm ..(Hán Nôm) enA Rkúg haNUy án eá¼Bum< pßay

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sa®sþ... nig PUmisa®sþ sresr CaBakükaBü.. nigBaküray.Edlman niyay BITI sk;ar bUCa Ebb vb,Fm’ sMxan@

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nUv PaBrwg maM én RB¼BuT§ sasna enAstvtß TI ..19 .BI B&t’man Edl man enA kñúgesovePA cg Rkg xag elIen¼ . etI

eyIg maneXIj GVI xø¼ enA kñúg ena¼?(13)

kñúgcMeNamvtþRB¼BuT§sasna cMnYn...377 ..Edlán cu¼bBa¢I ehIyEdlvtþcasCag eK ena¼ ksag eLIg

enAstvtßTI.. 3.. énK¿s¿. man yag ehac Nas cMnYn ..228.. vtþ KW esμInwg ..60% .. EdlánktRtaenAkñúg Éksar

Ca pøÚv karnastvtßTI.. 19..>.kñúgcMeNamvtþTaMg..288..en¼ eTotman..98.. vtþ .. (¦esμInwg..25% )..án TTYl kar

yk citþTukdak´edaypÞal´BIsMNak´ BYkGPiCnCafñak´dwknaMrbs´raCvgßegVón . (1802-1956). nig Gñkepßg

eTot. («TahrN_ dUcCaRbCaCntammUldæan...nigRB¼ecAGFikarEdlKg´enATIena¼)..>.. cMENkÉ BIr PaK-

bIénvtþ déTeTotánTTYlkarKaMRTBIBYkfñak´dwknaMGPiCn..>.. karykcitþTukdak´edaypÞal´ Edl xJúM niyay

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BI fñak´dwk naMGPiCn.. nigBuT§bris&TcMNu¼eCIgvtþ... >. .dUecñ¼eBleKniyayfa .. ²kar Føak´cu¼énRB¼BuT§sasna ³

KW sMedA dl´ n&yfa . .²}T§iBl GMNac rbs´m®nþIraCvaMg Edlman CMenOelIlT§ixugCWsm&yfIμenA kñúgvis&y

menaKmviC¢a nig neyaáy³ ... RBmTaMgGtSiPaBén mUldæanRKw¼ sasnaeCnrbsBYkeK CaEpñkmYyén GMNac

yuT§sa®sþ fñak´ kNþal rbs´ xøÜn.>(14). Psþútagen¼ min Gac yk Ca smðagRtwm RtÚv tam c,ab´ edIm,I bdiesF BI

GanuPaB GMNac vb,Fm’ én BuT§sasna EdlCa sasna Bhu mux ehIy án cak´¬s y¨ag maM CaBiess enAtam

tMbn´ CnbT TaMg Lay áneT.. >..

naeBlbc©úb,nñen¼ GñksikßaelI sSanPaB RB¼BuT§ sasna ánpøas´bþÚrTsßn£rbs´ xøÜnedaysarkar

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en¼.pÞúyKñaTaMgRsúgnwgmtirbs´RB¼Gg:.Fic.m¨atef . (1960. £ .215-16). . Edl epþat kar sikßa rbs´ elak Ca

Biess elIPaBákEbkrbsvtþ TaMg Lay... nigkarrIksayrbsKN£sgÇbnÞabBIs®g:am sm&yegVón.. tI..

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man rhUtdl .. 30..Gg:enAtamvtþFM@ehIyRbEhlCa..5..¦.6.Gg:enAtamvtþtUc@.> . rdæánRKbRKgelIcMnYn

98 CMBUk TI 4

bBVCit TaMg Gs tamry£karerobcMRblg RbNaMgCa eTotTat.(emRbeyaKcMnYn.. 50... nak mkBI RksYg Fmμkar

RtÚv án Etg taMg [ TTYlbnÞúk kargar en¼). . .> . . vtþ . .. nig vihar CaeRcIn án CYsCul... nigsagsgCafμICaBiess

enA PaK xag t,Úg EdlmanvtþfμICaeRcIn ánksageLIgeday cmøgm¨Utk,Úrk,ac´BI RbeTs GasuIGaeKñy_ epßg

eTot (mij..CI.(Minh Chi)et al 1993£.187-93).>

b¨uEnþ .KMnit yl´eXIj xusKña bnþicbnþÜcnabc©úb,nñen¼.elIRB¼BuT§sasna minGacyk mkeFobnwgkar

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nigkareFVIcMNatfñakGñkbYsTUTaMgRbeTs .CamYynwg karmin ykcitþTukdak xø¼@cMeBa¼ PaBepßgKña tam tMbn.

k¾ bg;[mankar eFVIkMENTRmg taMgBI TsvtßqñaM.. 1920 .. mkemø¼...> ... tamBiteTAkaremIleXIjPaBFøakcu¼Gacfa

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Tsßnvis&yrbs´BYkGPiCnBiák p©aj´.. >

kMEN TRmg´ .. nig karrs´ran eLIg vijeKGaccat´Tukkarb¼eárdwknaMedayBuT§sasniktamRsúkPUmiRbqaMgnwgkarkan´ kab´áraMg.faCakarcgðúl

bgHaj BIsar£sMxan´énRB¼BuT§sasnakñúgkarts‘URbqaMg rbs´ RbCaCnTUeTA.. >. .enAPaKxagt,Úgkarcab´ xøÜn

Gñk beg;It Rkúmb‘Åv..sWn..KI..ehOg(eQμa¼niîaysasna . Bùʼu Soʼn Kỳ Huʼoʼng (BSKH))..naqñaM ... 1849.. qøú¼ bBa©aMg

[ eXIj BIkarbdiesF rbsRB¼ raC vaMg cMeBa¼ clnaBuT§sasnik.>. eTa¼bIyagNa vaenAEtminGacbBaÄbkar

rIklUtlas´rbs´BuT§sasna enAtamCnbTán eLIy.>. enATsvtßr_ qñaM .. 1860 ..cin..v¨an´..faj´ . . (Trân Văn

Thành). Edlán cUlrYmkñúgRkúm.BSKH án dwk naM Gñk esñ h a CatimYycMnYn[eFVIkarts‘URbdabGavuFRbqaMg nwg

rbbRKb´RKgáraMg enAqñaM.. 1847 .. . nig enA Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1890..v..CW..ePOg .(Vō Tr Phùòng)áneFVIclnaRse-

dog Kña en¼naPaKxageCIg. >(16).. b¨uEnþTsßn£ en¼RtÚv án EtmYy Epñk b¨ueNÑa¼...> . . kñúg krNI enA PaK xag t,Úg

kar ts‘ Uena¼pus ecjBITwkcitþesñhaCatipg.. nigkar taMgcitþ rbs R bCa Cn cgrsCaBuT§sasnikpg.. > .. mUl

ehtuTaMgBIren¼ RtÚvEtykmkBicarNaenA eBl eK Kit rkmUl ehtu BI karkateTas dlRkúm BSKH enA mun

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Rákd Cabg;eday sarkarts‘Urbs´RbCaCnRbqaMgnwgkar rwtbnþwg BI sMNak´ RB¼raCvaMg taMgBI sm&y mun

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Et Ca emjú¼jgb¼eár ehIyk¾min Emnfardæ. . suT§EtRbqaMg BuT§sasna ena¼eT.>(17)

cMeBa¼ Gñk rsenA PaKxag t,ÚgevotNam CMenOBuT§sasnamanRCÜtRCabGtSn&y .. nig bgHajTis edA kñúg

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[ man kar sRmb xøÜn eTAnwg brisSan sg:m... nig vb,Fm’.. >.. kþIb¨g Ráfña cg´ánkarrs´enAedays¶b´KYrEt eK

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dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 99

TamTar GMNac kNþal ... nig menaKmviC¢anana...>. . bc©úb,nñen¼ .RkúmCasmaCikCaeRcIn rbs Rkúm . BSKH ena¼KW

RkúmTW..Gin..ehov..gak . . (Tứ Ân Hiêu Nghĩa). (sg:hvtSúbYny¨ag(18)karrab´GanGñkdéTCajati ... nig kar

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day BYkáraMg enA Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1870. nig Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1880 .. Ca.. ²viFankard¾ygXñg³ .. Edlcgb®g;ab min-

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neyaáy ánbgHajtamry£sb,úrisFm’ Ca bBaHasMxan .ehtudUc en¼ ehIy eTIb Rkúm nikayTaMgen¼ man tmøa-

PaB mindUcRkúmdéTeTot Edl xitxMrkviFI eKc [putBI kar eKobsg;t´ rbs´BYk GaNaniKm.. > (20)

karEkERbrbs´RbCaCnkñúgRsúknaM[manmUlehtuEdlRtÚvKñaTaMgmenaKmviC¢a d¾ man}T§iBl TaMg

CMenOBIbrmburaNmk.>. . dUcen¼eyIgTTYls:alfa enAkñúgcMeNamRkúm BuT§sasnikeCOelIzansuxs¶b xag

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Kñaen¼ manPaBc aM ác Nas eTa¼ bI CaminRKbRKankñúgkarBnülbgHajBIKmøatrvagKN £sgÇ rsenAkñúgRkúg

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edaysarEtnikaynImYy@ rbs´RB¼BuT§sasnaedIrelIKnøgpøÚvpßBVpßayEbøk@ BI Kña dMNak´kalkar

rsran eLIgvijEdl cabepþImenA Ts vtßr_qñaM .. 1930 .. Gac catTuk faman FatusMxan@BIr.. >. .. FatuTI.. 1 ..KWkarvil

cUl TVIbGasIuvij edaymankarCMruj BITMenIbniym.. nigCatiniym.>.karvilcUlTVIb GasIu vij ekIteLIgbnÞabBI

cMNabGarmμN_ dMbUg rbsbBaØvnþelakxagliceTAelIsasnahiNÐÚ... nigRB¼BuT§ sasna enAedImstvtßTI..

19..> .. eBlEdlmankarrIksayPayTUTaMgBiPBelakcMNab´GarmμN_en¼ eFVI[mankar eqøIy tbCakar

eRás[sasnars´eLIgvijenAbNþaRbeTsGasuIxøÜnÉg.>.RBwtþikarN_en¼ án ecj Ca rUbrag eLIg enA

eBl eKbeg;It(sg:m mhaBuT§iMaha Bodhi Society)enARkúgkUlMbU..>. . rIÉ. (Rkúmsg:m .efGUsUhVW..Theosophical So-

ciety) vijCa sSab&n d¾cm,g pþl kmøaMg clkrkñúgkarsikßasasnaenA bNaþRbeTsGasuI [rIklUtlaselOn.

(Clarke.1997.. 87-92).> esovePA sþIBI TsßnviC¢a RB¼BuT§sasna... nigKm<IrrBisidænana RBmTaMgGtSbT

sresr BICMenOmnþGaKm.. ¦ CMenO G rUbI dUcCaGtSbTniyayBIRBlwgniymrbselak .dW.. kadik..(de Kardec)..Ca

edIm ánmkdlédbBaØvnþGñk Gan Edl sm&y TMenIb na edImstvtßTI..19.> . . müag eTot bec©kviC¢a eá¼Bum< eFVI

[ Gñk Gan rkánedaygay nUvsa®sþa Km<Ir .. esckþIGtSaFib,ay... nigkarbkERbrbs.GtSbTRB¼BuT§ sasna

100 CMBUk TI 4

TaMg ena¼ RBmTaMg BiPB sasna.. nig bBaHa sasna nanaeTotpg.. > . sMeNrCaPasa cin sþIBIkar Ek TRmg´

«TahrN_ dUcCa GtSbT rbs´ RB¼etC RB¼KuN day..s‘U ..(Daixu) k¾ánmkdl´RbeTs evotNam .ehIyán

beBa©j }T§iBlyagxøaMgelIGñk sikßa RsavRCav xag BuT§sasna.. >(22). .FatuTI..2.énsm&yrsraneLIgvijKW

PaB naMmuxeKkñúgclnats‘URbqaMg GaNa niKm... > ..Ca lT§pl. .KeRmag bdivtþ RbqaMg áraMg CMruj [ man kar-

beg;ItPaBCaGñkdwknaMénBuT§ sasna kRmitCatimYy..> .RbCaCncasburaNenAtamCnbTk¾dUcCaBYk GPiC-

nEdlTTYlkarGbrM sm&y TMenIb yleXIjfa RB¼BuT§sasnaedIrtYyagsMxankñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMg nwgGaNa

niKmenARbeTsevotNam .Ca Biess enAeRkayeBllT§ixugCWbraC&ykñúgkarpþl´PaB dwknaM[man RbsiT§

PaB..>. . elak..XIs_.(Keys) (1977). kt sm:al eXIjfa karTajykpl RbeyaCn_ BIkar RKbRKg rbs áraMg

kñúgkarCMruj[man karEkTRmg´ vin&y sikçabT RB¼BuT§ sasnaeLIgvij . BuT§sasnik CaeRcIn nak´.k¾erobcM

beg;It nUv Gtþ sBaØaN sasna CatifμI mYy rbs´ xøÜn án.. >

buEnþ...karrseLIgvij EdlmanFatuTaMgBIren¼ ánsRmÜldlkarcUlrYmrbs RbCaCnenA fñak mUldæan

. PaK eRcIn RB¼BuT§sasna.. ²eRkA sg:m³ .. en¼ manlaynUvGVI Edl xJúM ehA fa .lT§itav-xugCW CamYynwg TMnak TMng

GnþrCn Catid¾sm,ÚrEbb .CaBiessCamYynwg RkúmCnCati cin EdleFVIcMNakRsúkBIPaKGaeKñy_ taMgBI stvtß

TI.. 17 .. mkem¨ø¼.. > . kardac´ ecj énBYkkUnkat´Ebben¼ RtÚvKñanwgneyaáyGMMNac kNþal rbs´ GPiCn kan´

GMNac .. nig bBaØvnþ...> .. CaBiess karRKbdNþb´énsasnaeCn... mhayan eTAelI sasna déT eTot KWCa

lT§pl énkmøaMgrujRcanrbs´bBaØvnþþsm&yfμI.mann&yfaCaGñkRáCJEdlTTYlkarGb´rM TaMg sm&y TMenIb

TaMg sm&yburaN Edláncat´ Tuk kareFVsRbEhs elIKm<Irr sa®sþafaCa eraKsBaØaénPaB RcbUk Rcbl´ ..

nig karFøak´cu¼TaMgRsúg..>. . dUecñ¼eyIgEbreTArkRbéBNIén kar sURt t@Kña edIm,IeQVg yl´ bEnSm BI tYnaTI

rbs´ RKÚ pøÚvggwtnana dUc Cakar taMg smaFi ... nig mnþGaKmsasnaeCn-tav.CaedIm..> .. tamkarBitNas´ RKÚ-

TaMg ena¼edIrtYCaGñkpßBVpßay eBjtY[karlaycRmú¼sasnabIcUlKña eday man RB¼BuT§ sasna CaFatu pßM-

rwgmaM CageK...> .. eKdwgfa RKÚTaMgena¼ánmkeronkñúgsMNak´RKÚtamPUmiRsúk enA RbeTs LavRbeTséf..¦

k¾RbeTs km<úCa...> ... b¨uEnþ .RKÚTaMgena¼TMngCabeRgóneday.RKÚsmaFiCnCati cin EdlBYkelak ánCYbenA

CYr PñMextþcUvduk ... ¦kñúgTwkdIextþkMBtkm<úCa..>(23).. kñúgena¼manCaGaTi_RKÚRB¼nam. egVón..Îan´..h;Úv (Nguyền

Thuấn Hậu) mun Tsvtßr_ qñaM.. 1950 ... nig RKÚrhsßnam.. ²RB¼sgÇ dUg³.. enA Tsvtßr_ qñaM.. 1960.. >

Catiniym .. nig karbRgÜbbRgÜm CatikarxV¼cMeN¼dwg Km<Irsasna naM[ mankarFøak´cu¼ kñúgkarsikßa EbbburaN enAedIm stvtßTI .. 20..ehIycat´

Tuk Ca sBaØaénkarFøakcu¼RB¼BuT§sasna.>.edaymanbec©kviC¢a eá¼Bum<TMenIb CaCMnYysgÇGñkRáCJmYy cMnYn

beBa©jGs´RB¼kayBlpßBVpßayBIGtSbTBnül´sþIBI TsßnviC¢aRB¼BuT§sasna... nig kar bkERb Km<Ir BuT§

sasna EdlenAxN£ena¼pgEdr RB¼ Gg:@xitxMGMBavnav[mankMENTRmg´KN£sgÇTUTaMgRbeTs elI

Epñk karGbrM.. nig karbNþú¼ bNþal..>. .kMENTRmgen¼minmanrebobvar£GVIc,aslaseT buEnþRbEhlCa man

ktþa CMruj d¾xøa MgmYyKW.Tsßn£BüayambRgÜbbRgÜmCati EdlCMrujedaykMENTRmg´cinEdldwknaM

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 101

edayRB¼sgÇRB¼nam day..s‘U.. naeBlRsálKñaena¼.. >.. clnaCMhanTI..1.. dwknaMeday RB¼sgÇRB¼nam

xaj´.. h‘&r (Khánh Hòa) Kg´enAext þ ebn..Ec.(Bền Tre) enAPaKxagt,Úg enAeBlEdlRB¼Gg: beg;I smaKm

sm<n§ sRmab´ sux dumrmna ..6 . y¨aghUy..luk..h‘&r..lan..ehob ( Hội Lục Hòa Liên Hiệp) enAqñaM.. 1923 .án

Tak´ Taj RB¼sgÇ.. nigGñkmanmux mat´ kñúgPUmiCaeRcIn..>.. ry£eBl.. 4..qñaM eRkaymkeTot RB¼Gg: xaj´.. h‘&r

án eFVI dMeNIrtamCnbTedIm,IEtEsVgrkRB¼sgÇ Edl mancitþKMnit dUcKña edIm,I beg;It Ca smaKm Cati... buEnþ

min án eCaKC&yGVITaMgGs´.. >.. CafμImþgeTot RB¼ Gg:k¾ ánbBa©ÚnsisßCMnitrbs´RB¼Gg:eTAPaKxageCIgmþg

edIm,IerobcMGg:karfñak´Cati mYy.. >.. b¨uEnþ sisß rbs´ RB¼Gg: k¾ min áneCaKC&yGVIEdr..>

enAqñaM... 1930... edaymankarTTYls:alBIGaCJaFrGaNaniKmsmaKmPaKt,Úg sRmab karsikßa RB¼BuT§

sasnaánbeg;IteLIg.. .nigdwknaMedayRB¼Gg:.xaj´.. h‘&r edaymankar cUl rYm BI sMNak´ RB¼sgÇ .. nig

BuT§sasnik EdlTTYlkarGb´rMsm&yTMenIb.>. enA qñaM.. 1932. smaKmsikßaRB¼BuT§sasnaevotNam PaK

kNþal ánbeg;IteLIgenARkúgev. bnÞabmk ebIksaxaxageCIgenARkúg haNUy enA qñaM .. 1934. .>..buEnþ sSab&n

BuT§sasna mCÄkarEbben¼ manmUldæanRbCaRbiyPaByagxøaMgedIm,IánelceFøaCageK... > ..ebIeyIg Rtlb

RkeLk eRkayemIlkñúgry£eBlen¼Edr Dan..Cug..kn (Đoàn Trung Còn)CaGñkRáCJBuT§sasnad¾KYrkt sm:al

mYyrUb ..nig Ca sSabni k RkúmKaMRTdl´Gvtarrbs´RB¼BuT§GmitaP£man}riyabf pÞúy KñaBITidæPaB tamtMbn´..>

enAkñúgsñaéd sresr enA qñaM .. 1930 .Kat´ ánri¼Kn´ elI kéRmQñÜl.. nig tYnaTIpøÚvGaNacRkRB¼sgÇbdibtþi ...

buEnþ k¾min ePøc TTYls:alBIkarRCabcUlyageRCAén RB¼BuT§ sasna eTAkñúgKMnit RbCaCnRKbRsTabvNÑ£.½

sBVéf¶en¼.edaysarEtmanGñkec¼dwgmancMnYytictYcesÞIrEt min man nrNamñak Gac dwg BI PaB xusKña rvag

nikaynImYy@ .(EdlmanlkçN£dUcKña eTAnwgnikayenA RbeTscin).>. KN£sgÇ k¾man sSanPaB dUcKña en¼

Edr.. > .. RbCaCnánlayRcbl´ nikayTaMgGs´cUlKña .dUecñ¼ehIyánCamñak´@ CaFmµtarkßasIl..

5..¦.sIl.. 10 .. nig eKarB fVay dl´ RB¼BuT§GmiT£.. >

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TaMgena¼enAEteKarBRkúmGñkkan´sasnatav EdleronmnþGaKmy&nþvtSúskiþsiTi§... nigeronBIebob ehA

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[ CYykarBarelak...> ... GñkTaMgena¼eBjcitþnwgkarbnRsnEbben¼ Cagkarsikßa Km<IrrRB¼éRtbidkerOg

Catk TaMgLay .ehIyRB¼Gg:@yl´eXIjfa karfVaybg:M dl´RB¼BuT§... nigceRmInPavna RB¼Fm’[pl yWt

yav Cag kar eKarBCMenORBlwg ..> .¿¿¿ kalBIsm&ymun RB¼sgÇminEmnCaGñkcUlrYmBiFIbuNüsBehIy TTYl

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Edl bdiesF kar GeBa¢Ij cUlrYm BiFICa ÉkCn..> . . Gñk EdlrsenAecjeRkABIBiPBen¼mantictYcNas... >

. RB¼sgÇ PaKeRcInerob kar mankUn rs´enAlaylMCamYy nwg RbCaCn samBaØ enA tam pßar . nig tamPUmikr

nana¿¿¿>. RB¼sgÇ TaMgen¼ pþl´nUvesvakmµRKb´Ebby¨ageBlxø¼eRbIy&nþ.. nigmnþ GaKmKafa ehIyeBlxø¼

sURtehA RBlwg exµack¾man.(Dan´..Cug..kn 1950 .. 82-3).>

102 CMBUk TI 4

karbriyay TaMgen¼ qøú¼bBa©aMg BI }riyabf rbs´ bBaØvnþBuT§sasnaTTYlkarGb´rM Ebb elakxaglic

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sm:al´ xag elI en¼ Gac[eyIgyl´eXIjepßgBIen¼... >.. eday b®Ba©as Tsßnvis&yen¼ .eyIgGaceXIj BI

RbCa Rbiy PaBrbsRB¼BuT§sasna Edlmin sUvKitBIkarxMsikßa Km<Irr ... nigmanPaBCitsñiT§§eTAnwg bBaHa RbcaM

éf¶ rbsRbCa Cn Cag .. > .. elakDan..Cug..kn .manktsm:alenAkñúgGtSbT RsavRCav EtmYydUcKña en¼ fa . (.1950

845).½

manerOgehtud¾Gs©arüekIteLIg.. CaerOglðxøaMgNas´EdlRB¼BuT§sasna.. .án RCab cUlRsTab´lMdab´

RbCaCn GviC¢a ¿¿¿¿ > .. CnCatibreTs Edlmkkan´RbeTseyIg EtgEtPJak´epðIlenAeBleXIjsasna mYy

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BIeCIg eTA t,ÚgGsry£eBl rabBanqñaM..>.. GñkmanCMenOelIlT§ixugCWeFVI[CIvitmankarlMák... CaeRcIn elIk

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¿¿¿ man RB¼RKÚ sgÇraCCaeRcInEdlman RbCaRbiy Pa B CamYyBuT§bris&T ehIy BuT§bris&T cat´ Tuk RB¼Gg:@

TaMg ena¼ fa Ca elak ]Buk d¾mancitþlð.. >.. eK EtgRbeKn cgHand¾sm,ÚrEbbdlRB¼Gg: ehIy eKcatTukRB¼Gg:

faCa RB¼RKÚ.. >.xJúM án eXIj pÞal BuT§bris&TEdlmkvtþsYrrkRB¼ecAGFikarehIyRkabfVaybg:MenAmuxRB¼ecA

GFikardUcfVaybg:MRB¼BuT§Edr.> .RbsinebIRB¼ecAGFikarsuKteTABuT§bris&T RbmUl KñamkBIRsúk.. nigextþ

nana CYbCMuKña(enA vtþ).>. GñkTaMgen¼ ERskyM kanTukçhak dUcCa RB¼ecAGFikarCa]BukrbsxøÜndUecña¼Edr..> BiFI

buNü sB RbEhlCamanlkçN£ RTgRTay FM .. nigGFikGFm CagBiFIbuNürbs emdwknaMrbsCati mYy eTAe-

Tot.>

enA kñúgesckþIEføgsunÞrkfa enA éf¶TI 17 .Ex mIna.qñaM .1935.enAvtþxVan´..sWu . . (Quán Súʼ)naRkúg haNUy

elak cin..cug..KIm (Trần Trong Kim) CabBaØvnþþmñak... nigCam®nþICanx<senAkñúgCYrrdæaPiál GaNaniKm... nigCa

RKÚ beRgón Qøasmñak rbssmaKmRB¼BuT§sasnaenAPaKxageCIg . (Northern Buddhist Association) k¾ án cat

Tukkar Rbtibtþi rbs´ RbCaCn TUeTA en¼esμInwg karát´bg´ GtSn&yy¨ag RCaleRCA rbs´sasna .(cin..cug..KIm

1935. £ . 14).½

niyaykarBiteTA.sBVéf¶en¼.eBlEdl RbCaCnniyaydl´RB¼BuT§sasna .BYk eK Etg Kitdl´kar Rbtibtþi

enAéf¶.. 8..¦.. 15.. erac-exñIt.. Exc&nÞKti .. CaeBl Edl RbCaCneTA vtþfVaybg:MRB¼BuT§b¨ueNÑa¼... eRkABIena¼

Kµan nrNa mñakdwgBIedImkMeNIt RB¼BuT§ sasna faetIkareRbón RbedArbs RB¼BuT§ mansar£ sMxan buNÑa ena¼

eT.. > .. sUm,IGñk Edl fVay eKarB Caerogral´éf¶ k¾eday . kan´ cgVay RKab´ Gg;aMrab´ enA kñúg édk¾eday ... k¾TegVI

rbs´ BYkKat´EbrCapÞúyTaMgRsúg BIRTwsþIRB¼BuT§sasna..> . . ena¼KW RKan´Et Ca RbéBNI TMenom Tmøab´ sRmab´

RbCa Cn eyIg EdleKarBt@Kña edayminKitBI GtSn&y énTegVITaMgena¼eLIy..> .. ena¼ehIyKWCaerOg Edl

eyIg KYr ri¼Kit rk karpøas´ bþÚr.>

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 103

. egVón..Lag .(Nguyễn Lang 1994. £ . 182-3).yleXIjBIKMnitrbs cin..cug..KIm. én kMENTRmg rebob

rbb TaMg..4.. y¨ag fa.½..

eyIg eXIj enA kñúgsmþId¾samBaØ mYy (rbs´ .cin..cug.KIm ).niyayBIeKal bMNg énkMENTRmg´ . (edIm,I eFV I

[sasnamyyEdlmanGVImkáMgggwtBImunmanBnøW eLIgvij.)eKalbMNgeFVI [ sasna eqøIytb nwg sSan

PaB bc©úb,nñ .(smrmü eTAnwg tRmÚvkarrbs´mnusßelak.)> . Tal´EtdUecñ¼ eTIbvaGac man tYnaTI sMxan´ kñúg

vis&y vb,Fm’án .(edIm,I[sasniks:alsasnaxøÜnkanc,asec¼RbRBwtþ.. nigrs enA sRmb xøÜntam rebob

rbb ena¼.).ehIybeg;It[mankarBRgwgsµartI.. nigkartRmg Tisdlmnusß .(CaCagbnþ Rbkan yk nUv smÖar

niym .. nigcitþcegðótcgðl´ ¿¿¿ . dUcCaTUk GENþtelIExßTwkrkeka¼rkeRtIy cUlct minán.). >

minEmnmanEtcin..cug..KIm .. nig bBaØvnþþxag BuT§sasna epßgeTot dUcC a Dan..Cug kn . bueNÑa¼eT Edl

eyIg RtÚvelIkykmkKitenAeBleyIg niyayBIbBaHa Ebben¼... > .. dUcEdlelak.mak.hal. (McHale) elIk

eLIg ehIy fa .eyIgKYrEtgakmkcabGarmμN_elIsñaéd sMeNreá¼Bum<pßayenATsvtßr_qñaM.. 1920.. nig.30.

Edlxag áraMg ánGnuBaØat [ecjpßay kñúgEpñksasna.. (.m¨ak´.hal. 1993.£.22/ m¨ar. (Marr) 1979. £.

313-39/ mar 1981. £. 41-52/. 303)..> .. mkRtwmqñaM.. 1945. GtSbTRbmaN.. 1200 . . áneá¼Bum< ecjpßay

enA kñúg Epñksasna en¼eday man RB¼BuT§ sasnaEdndIbrisuT§ EdlCanikaymYyd¾sMxan.>. RkúmegVón..KIm..mYn.

(Nguyễn Kim Muôn) KWCa «TahrN_mYy y¨ag lð niyay BI karRbtibtþiEbbfμIenAPaKxagt,ÚgEpðkelIeKal

karN_ RB¼BuT§sasnaEdndIbrisuT§.. >. karEsVg rk nUvkarRtasdwgedayxøÜnÉgrbsnikay en¼tRmÚv[ man-

bec©keTs taMg smaFi dUcGñkkan´sasna tav . eTa¼bICa CMenORbCaRbiy elI RBlwg minán eá¼bg´ ecal k¾

eday ..>(24).. karbeg;It Tij..du..KW..sIu..(Tịnh Độ Cu Sῖ) KW Ca «TahrN_ mYy eTot énkarTTYlyk RTwsþI RB¼BuT§

sasna EdndI brisuT§ ..> .. enAcugbBa©b sasna kavday ánTakTaj®sþICa eRcIn [eCOenATsvtßqñaM.. 1930..>

CaerOgGtRbeyaCn_TalEtesa¼ Edl TsßnavdþI RbcaM sáþh_ én ®sþI l,Il,aj CageKenAsm&yena¼eQμa¼

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gRkúm GtþPavna ehIy GMBav nav[manviFankarpøÚvc,abedIm,I kar Bar min [ man karekg Rbv&Ba© mkelI®sþITaMg

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n§eynD&r Cab Ca RbéBNI mkehIy... >. . eTa¼bI Ca®sþI TaMg ena¼ Büayam rt eKc ecj BI kargayTTYl rg nUvkar-

QWcab´ Edl kMNt´ eday lkçxNÐesdækic©sg:mk¾eday.. . k¾BYkKat´ xit xMRbwg ERbg CaxøaMgedIm,I TTYl án

samK:IPaB .. nig zan£ fμIenAkñúg sg:m.. >.

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sresr eTA Ca Gkßr rUmuaMg.. >.. TsßnavdþI TW..b‘Í..Gwm..(Tùʼ Bi Âm) (sMeLgénemtþaFm’). enAPaK xagt,Úgevon.Gwm

Viȇn Âm(sMeLg sc©PaB..nig PaB }t ex©a¼ )enAPaKkNþal... nigdYk..ti . (Đuôc Tuệ) (Kb´ ePøIgbMPøWcitþ)enAPaK

104 CMBUk TI 4

xageCIg .. KWCa eQμa¼ TsßnavdþI én smaKm RB¼BuT§ sasnaeá¼Bum<pßay tamtMbn´nImYy@rbs´xøÜn... >. enAkñúg

Tsßnav dþITaMgen¼.eKelIkmkBiPakßanUv kMEN TRmgkñúg RB¼BuT§sasna.. .>.GñkniBn§mñakyleXIjfamanehtu

pl bIy¨agkñúgkareFVIkMENTRmg´ ena¼..½ . (1). emaTn PaBrbs´mnusß.(2). kar TTUc cg´ án «tþmKti mYy edIm,I

rs enA.n ig. (3). vibtþi esdækic©BiPB elak.>(26) tamBiteTAelak.h.tay . .(1983).. elIkeLIgBI ktþabIekIt-

man enA Tsvtßr_qñaM..1930 .. Etepßg BI ktþa bI xag e lI rYm manTwkCMnn´... PaBeRkómRkMmanTukçRBÜy... nig karKM-

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106 CMBUk TI 4

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án naM RB¼BuT§ sasna muneKeTATVIbGWr¨ubxMRbwgRbEkk tv¨aenARkúgá¨rIs k¾minGac eFVIán Edr!³..> RB¼etC

RB¼KuN eCOfa RB¼BuT§ sasna minGac se®g:a¼ mnusßelak BIPaB Gt´Xøan .. nig TukçevTnaáneT..>.. ²RTwsþI

Gntþa rbs´ RB¼BuT§sasna ..minfamanGMNacxøaMgBUEk... nig RbsiT§PaBEbb Na eT .minGaceFVI GMeBI lð kñúg kar

lub bMát´ GMNacénzansYK_... nigCMenOGrUbIEdlCakMEBgkarBarrbb...(áraMgGaNaniKmbc©úb,nñ)³

.(egVón..tay.FW. 1992. £ .424-5).>..GñkRbkanlT§imakéh.Cav . (Hai Trieu) k¾maneyabl EdrfaBuT§sasnik

eFVIxus xøaMg Edlcg´ rMlay kiels EdlCaktþamYyCamUldæanRKw¼rbs´ CIvitmnusßmñak´@ .(Nguyen Tai Thu et

all 1992.£ 422).. >. . karmineGIeBInwgCIvitBitCak Esþgrbsmnusß ... KWesμIesckþIsøab.. > .CarYmmkGñkniBn§na

RkúghaNUy yl Rsb fa RB¼BuT§ sasnaminmansmtSPaBkñúgkaredIrtYdwknaMkñúgclnarMeda¼Cati... nig sg:m

án eT..>..buEnþ kar ri¼KnnaTsvtßqñaM. 1930 ... (nigGñkniBn§nasm&yfμIen¼). ánbkRsayxusnwg bribTRB¼BuT§

sasna BI eRBa¼ kMEN TRmg´ BuT§sasnabNþal[mankarpøas´bþÚrenA kñúgcitþKMnitsaFarN Cn .Edl naM [

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 109

man kar TTYl án mkvijnUvtYnaTIfñak´Cati enATsvtßr _ eRkay@mkeTot . (m¨ak´.hal1993/..XIs_. 1977£.

198).>

skmμniym .. nig neyaáyeyagtameKalCMhr.. ²eRkAneyaáy³.. munen¼.. Nyuyen Lang TTYls:alTMenarBIryag enA kñúg RB¼BuT§

sasna evotNam.. > .. TMenar TImYy sMedAdl´Gñk EdlG¼Gag fa minBak´B&n§ nwg yuT§sa®sþkarBarxøÜnÉg.enA

eBlmankarKabsg;t´rbs´GaNaniKm. .> .enAxN£eBl Edl RkúmTaMgen¼ cg´[sSab&n rbs´xøÜn enA ecj

q¶ay Etmñak´ÉgmansuxsnþiPaB. TaMgBYkeK minRbqaMgnwgbuBVehtuEdldwknaMedayRkúmepßgeTotpg.. > ..

TMenar TIBIrKWsMedAdl´Gñk TaMgLayNa EdlmancMNab´GarmμN_elIsSanPaBBImun EdlRbqaMgnwgkar

Bak´B&n§ neyaáyehIyCaGñkbg;beg;ItbkßBYkGPirkßsþaMniym... > . .Rkúmen¼ehIy KWEtgEtTTYl án

karsþIbenÞas BI karxV¼xat vDÆnPaB énkMENTRmg. (egVón. Lag 1994£ .245).>..

b¨uEnþkarG¼GagfaxøÜnenA .. ²eRkAneyaáy³. manGtSn&yTUlMTUlayNas´.. > .«TahrN_dUcCaRbvtþi

viTU egVón..v¨an´..hUv.(Nguyền Văn Hầu) EdlcUlkñúgnikayhVa..hav (Hòa Hào) .G¼Gagfa enATsvtßr_qñaM.. 1960.

nikay. BHSK nignikayhVa..hav .minEmnCabkßneyaáy.ehIyk¾ minEmnCabkßbdivtþ edayyksasna

Ca Exl ena¼ eT .eTa¼bICa nikay TaMgena¼manCab´ Tak´Tgy¨agc,as´nwgskmμPaBeyaFa.. nig karTUt taMgBI

Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1940 .. k¾ eday..> .. Kat G¼Gag fa GtSn&yénPaBCabKuNtbsñgRbeTsCatirbsxøÜn KμanGVIeRkA

BI sIl mYy kñúg cMeNam sIlTaMg Lay e pßgeTot .ehIyfa GñkesñhaCatikñúg clnarbs.. BSKH nighVa..hav

man tictYc Nas´ ebIeRbób eFob nwgGñk CMnaj Ca eRcInnak´ EdlRbwgEtpßBVpßay Bakü eRbón RbedA rbs´

RB¼BuT§.>.(35)...

karyl´eXIjeqVgniym rbs´Tij.duKWsIu . ánbBa¢ak´enA kñúgTsßnavdþI .hVab..Gwm .(Pháp Âm). (sMeLg

RB¼Fm’ ). Edlbeg;IteLIg enA qñaM .. 1937.KWmYy qñaM bnÞab BTij.duKWsIu . beg;It TIsñakkarkNþalenAvtþmYy enA

tMbn´ c.Ln.(Cholon).>.edaysarTsßnavdþIen¼ánkardwknaM edaysmaCikEdl TTYlán karGb´rMsm&y

TMenIb dUcCa cin..hIuj (Trân Huỳnh) CaedIm edaycUlrYm sresrkñúgTsßnavdþI rbssmaKmelOg..s‘an(Luʼõʼng

Xuyên)eQμa¼. Duy.taM.(Duy Tam «tþm Kti niym).. > . TsßnavdþIsMeLgRB¼Fm’en¼ cg´eFVI[ GñkGan cab´ epþIm eFVI

bdivtþn_ sg:m tamry£RB¼BuT§ sasna..> .Gñk niBn§ rbs´TsßnavdþI sMeLg RB¼Fm’ manPaBGnÞ¼GEnÞgBIeRBa¼

kMEN TRmg´ RB¼BuT§sasnarIkceRmIn yWty¨aveBk CaBiessenAkñúgkic©shRbtibtþikarfñak´Catién

shKmn_TaMgLay..> karGMBavnavrbs´Rkúm TaMgena¼ Cajwkjab´eFVI[eTIsTal´Rtecok ... nigsþab´ eTA dac´

xat eBk ehIykareá¼Bum< pßay RtÚvbiT bnÞab ´ BI eá¼Bum<ecj elx .16. mk.. >. eTa¼bIyagNa smaKm EtgEt

KMaRT yag mutmaM cMeBa¼ kar G¼Gag Edl famin Gnuvtþ Rbkan neyaáy ehIyGac rsran man CIvit kñúg eBl pøas

bþÚr TaMg.. 3.. rbb k¾ eday sar Et smaKm TaMg ena¼ edIrtamKnøgGhigßa.>(36)

CamYyKñanwgkarrIksussayénkareFVIsmaFiánkarCMrujBIkarmkdléneragBum< GñkCMnajsasna

fμI mYyeTotKWRkúmGug..dav .. (Ông Ɖạo) (Gñkkansasnatav)ánTTYlkareKarB rabGantamry£karbeBa©jén

110 CMBUk TI 4

GMNac Büaál .. nigsmtSPaBBiessepßg@eTot.> ..Cnl,I eQμa¼TaMgena¼RbtibtíþtamRB¼BuT§sasnanikay

tav C alkçN£buK:l... niglkçN£EkERbfμI ehIyánkøayCaRbFanbTénkar sresrCIvRbvtþid¾manRbCa Rbiy

Ca Pasa RbCaCnenA PaKxagt,Úg.> ..dUecñ¼ehIyánCaeKfa karrIkceRmInkñúgvis&ysasnarbsRbCaCn enA

PaKxagt,Úg TTYl}T§iBlBIvtþmanrbssasnatav.. nigBIclnaksikrEdlmanCMenOelI zansuxs¶bEdl

RkúmTaMgBIren¼manCab´Tak´Tg nwg Km<IrdIka.. nig karRbtibtiþ GtþPavna. > ..

enAqñaM .. 1937. egVón.. h‘an .eL.(Nguyến Hiến Lê)Ca GñkRtÜtBinitüemIldIFIø qøgkatkareronsURtmñak na

sm&y ena¼ án qøgkattMbn .dug..fab..mWy.(Ðồng Tháp Muʼòi) ehIyCYbRbT¼nUvátuPUtenAPaKxag t,Úgen¼..>

vtþm an rbs´ sasna tav... nig briyakas CMenORB¼BuT§sasna RbCaRbiyEdlán rIksayPaytMbndI sNþ

Ten øemKg:TMng Ca min dUcGVI EdlKatFøabCYbRbT¼enAPaKxag eCIgRbeTsena¼eT.. > .. eTa¼bICa KatTat ecal

GVI@ Ca eRcIn Edl Kat´ eXIj fa Ca karGYt sresIrEtBIxøÜnÉg.Kat´minGacfamincab´GarmμN_BIkitþisBÞ Edl

bBaØvnþ tamRBMEdn man ena¼eT..>.mankarniyayt@ KñaBIExßCIvitrbshIuj..mij. (Huỳnh Minh) enA extþPaK

xag t,Úg enA Tsvtßr _ qñaM.. 1960. ni g 1970.>(37) .. vtþmansasnatavmanbnþrhUtdl´Tsvtßr_ qñaM.1960. enA

eBl Edl hIuk.XI(Hickey 1964). sikßa BI PUmi mYy enA extþ . tic.Gan. (Tân An) >.

.GñkmanCMenOsasna tav TaMgRKÚfñaM. . nigRKÚ beRgónmanbBa©ÚlsμartIEkERb rbs´ Gñk taMglMenA fμI TaMg

enAkñúgEbbEpnKMrU Cmñ¼ elI«bsK: nana elI karsRmb tammnusß .. nigtam brisSanfμI ... nigTaMg tam ry£

}riyabf... >.. CMenOerOgeRBgBIGMNacGrUbIEdlmanmUlehtu pÞal rbsBYkeKmkBIsmaFiBuT§sasna lay

CamYy nwg evTmnþ .. nigGBÖÚtehtunana.rYmpßMnwg CabTakTgCamYyraCsm,tþipg eFVI[GñkmanCMenOelIsasna

tav man CMenOGrUbIeday ecosminán.> .enAxN£EdlGñkmanCMenOelIsasnatav minán G¼Gag edIrtam

kar bMPøW pøÚv énRB¼BuT§sasna tYnaTIrbs´BYkeKenAkñúgkarpßBVpßayCaKMrUGtþPavna EdlCYy[ man karrIk

ceRmIn dl´ clna RB¼BuT§sasnaenAPaKxagt,ÚgevotNamena¼áneKemIl Rsal ..> .

enAqñaM . 1945. . CaqñaM Edl s®g:amelak elIkTI ..2.. ánbBa©b KW CaqñaMd¾sMxan cMeBa¼Cn CatievotNam.>

BuT§ sasniknanak¾dUcCaRkúmepßg@ áncUlrYmnwgbdivtþ EdldwknaM edaykMumuynIs..> .. karecjpßay cug

eRkay rbs´TsßnavdþIrbs´smaKmRB¼BuT§sasna PaKxageCIg dYk ..tik. (Đuốc Tuệ) enAéf¶TI..15 ..sIha qñaM..

1945. ánsresrGMBavnavenATMB&r xagcug EdlmanGtSn&ydUcxageRkamen¼fa.(egVón.Lag 1994 .£. 207)½

KaMRT rdæaPiálRbCaCn .!

Rbjab´ .. niig cUlrYm kgkmøaMg rMeda¼ rbs´evotNam.!

RbqaMgral´karQøan Ban rbs´breTs.!

evotNam RtÚvEt ÉkraCüeBjTI.!

erobcMedIm,IsVaKmn_rdæaPiál beNþa¼Gasnñ.. nigkgkmøaMgrMeda¼ EdlnwgRtlb mkvij na eBlqab@en¼.!..

KIv.. KYk. . (Cúʻu Quốc) .(RBwtþibRtse®g:a¼ RbeTs).CaGg:kar rNsirü evotmij !

kareá¼Bum<pßayBuT§sasnaepßgeTot enAPaKkNþal ... nigxagt,ÚgedIrtamKnøg dUcKñak¾biTCa sSaBr.>

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 111

karpðakBIdMeNIrrs´raneLIgvijrbs´RB¼BuT§sasnaen¼ánBuT§ sasnikPaKeRcInyl´eXIjfa Cakar

caMácehIyBYkKatseRmccitþfa karcUlrYmkñúgkic© karCati KWCa katBVkic© d¾cm,g..>.. clna yuv Cn BuT § sas-

nik rIkceRmIntaMg BI qñaM .. 1942. }LÚv cUlrYm nwg kmøaMgCamYy nwg RB¼sgÇ v&yekμg ..nig «áskCasmaCik kñúg

karedIrCak,ÜntampøÚv ... nigerobcMátukmμFMdMu.. . karRbCuMmnusß... nigfñakGkçrkmμ.. nigkarBRgIkbdivtþn_..>. buEnþ

Gñk bdivtþ v&yekμgTaMgen¼ .bnÞab´BIcUlrYmGs´BIrbIqñaM.CYbnwgvibtþiépÞkñúg .. KWPaBKμanemtþaénkarts‘U deNþIm

GMNac rvagRkúmkñúgsmasPaB enAeBlEdlclnacabepþImb¼Tg;:icnwg«tþmKti niym rbs´xøÜn.. > (38)

dUecñ¼Tsvtßr_ qñaM .. 1940. eBareBjedayPaBRseBcRsBil kan´Et xøaMg énRBMEdn rvagneyaáy

nig sasna.. .>. .vtþmanrbs´Cb¨unBI qñaM ...1941. .Ca Exl karBaremdwknaM.hVa..hav. eQμa¼hIuj..PU..sU .. (Huỳnh

Phú Sổ) BI kar eFVIáb rbs áraMg .> . T&BCbun k¾mantYnaTIsMxanEdrkñúg karbMBaksmÖar£swkdlnikayhVa..hav

Edl na M . Sô cUlrYmCamYysm<n§minBakB&n§ sasnamYyeQμa¼ rNsirß sSabnaCati . (National Restoration League)

(hUtay1983/. 125)..> . buEnþKN£sgÇ BuT§sasnaefrvaTbdiesFminTakTgCamYynwgKat enAeBl Edl

Kat Büaya m beg;It smaKm BuT§ik bRgÜb bRgÜm evotNamenAqñaM.. 1945. .>. CaTUeTARB¼sgÇhakdUcCaminman

pl b¨¼Bal´ BIkar eTAmk rbs´ T&B Cb¨un. eTa¼bICamanTMnak´TMngeTAmkrvagkgT&BCb¨un.. nigRB¼sgÇ evot-

Nam k¾ eday. (m¨ar 1995/. 81).>

eBjmYy ry£ eBlena¼ . áraMg minbn§Úréd kñúgkarbeg;It kMhwg rvag Rkúmsasna nana nwg BYk evot mij

(m¨ar . 1987) .>.KWenAeBl RbCuM CamYynwgemdwknaM evotmij. edIm,I crca BI karbBaÄb´karvayRbyuT§Kña ehIy

Edl Sô. RtÚváneKsmøab´.. >. minyUrb¨unμanbnÞab´BI mrNPaBrbs´ Sô.enAqñaM..1947 .. nikay hVa..hav án

yl´ RBm TTYlCMnYyBIáraMg edIm,IbMBak´sBVavuF[kgT&BenAeBlEdlclnaánEbkCatMbn´tamextþ

EdltMbn´ nImYy@ ena¼RKb´RKg eday emTahan QreCIgenATIena¼. .>.

xN£eBlena¼Edr .vtþfμI@CaeRcInánebIkTTYlsRmabkarhVwkhVWnelakennenA kñúgbItMbnenAextþ

Rta vijqñaM.. 1946 ..c.Ln .. nighaNUyenAqñaM.1949...> .. enARtwmqñaM ..1953.. vtþ Gwm.xVag.( Ân Quang) køayCa

mCÄ mNÐl RbcaM tMbn´ P aKxagt,Úg .rYmCamYynwgvtþbIeTot enAPaKxag eCIg.> .«áskKaMRTy¨ag sMxan´ mñak´

sRmab kar beg;It vtþEbben¼ .. KWmay..f..RTan (Mai Thọ Truyền) EdlerobcMbeg;IteLIgsmaKm karsikßa BuT§

sasna enAPaKxagt,Úg enA edImqñaM .. 1951.> . enA Exmifuna .qñaM .. 1951 . smaKmen¼ án cUlrYmCamYy nwg KN£

sgÇ sWn..mUn (Soʼn Môn) . Edl án beg;It eLIg enARkúgev qñaM.. 1947. nigKN£sgÇevotNamenAPaKxag

eCIg beg;It eLIgenA Rkúg haNUy qñaM. 1949 .edIm,Ibeg;ItCaKN£sgÇbRgÜbbRgÜmCati .(bkERbmü¨ageTotKW

KN£ sgÇ bRgÜbbRgÜmBuT§sasna).> KN £ sgÇbRgÜbbRgÜmCatien¼ rYm manTaMg nikayeCn . nikayEdndI

brisuT§. .. nignikayefrvaT.> .Parkic©dMbUg KW edIm,I²bRgÜbbRgÜmsmaKmBuT§ bris&T.. EkTRmgKN£sgÇ.. .RbmUl

cg RkgBiFIsasnanana.. .pßBVpßay Bakü eRbónRbedA ... nigbeg;ItsmaKmyuvCnBuT§sasnik ³ (may..f..RTan

1962 .£.88).> . CakarKYr [ Gs´sMeNIc mindwgfaedaymUlehtuGVIEdlnaM[may..f..RTan bMEbksmaKm-

BuT§ ik sikßaenAPaKxagt,Úg Ebk ecjBI KN£sgÇbRgÜbbRgÜmCati .EdlCaehtueFV I[egVón.Lag .

(1994£.275). esaksþay cMeBa¼ . ²kar Ebkák´CaelIkdMbUg ³.. EdlekIteLIgkMlug qñaM .1964 .>.

112 CMBUk TI 4

karts‘U RbqaMg enAsm&yeRkay GaNaniKmeBlkan´tYnaTI CaRbmuxrdæénevotNamPaKxagt,ÚgenAqñaM.. 1950. . GFiraCáy.day. .. (Bào Ðại) án lay

RB¼hsS elxa elI Rkwtüelx.. 10.. sþIBIkarRtÜtBinitüneyaáyelInikay sasna TMagLay dUcnwg GVIEdl

áraMg Føab eFVI BImun mk..> . Rkwtücu¼elxTI..10. d¾eXareXAen¼ áncat TuksSab&nsasnaTaMgGselIkElgEt

ebskkmμkatU lic nigRbÚetsþg´.[sSitenACa smaKmsaFarN£...>.. maRtaTI.7.rbs´Rkwtüena¼ bBa¢ak´fa .

²eKGac bdiesF min[ beg;It smaKm.án edaymin caMác´ bBa¢ak´ehtupl GVIeLIymYy³.> .eKGac dak´ kar

GnuBaØat [ eTACa emaX£ vij án. ebIsin CaGaCJaFrseRmcfaeKRtÚvcat´viFankar dUcena¼edaysmðag elI .

²ehtuplsnþisux³. .>..eKal bMNg énRkwtüen¼RbqMagevotmijmanPaBc,as´las´ Nas´... nig bNþal [

BuT§i sasnikBIedIm@ dUcCa Rkúm kay..day . . nighVa..havQWcabcMeBa¼ rdæaPiáláv..day EdlKaMRT áraMg..>

rdæaPiál Büayam bgHaj rUbPaB fa CYy KaMRT Rkúm BuT§isasnikdUcCa eFVón..lW.(Thuyền Lū )enAevotNamPaK

kNþal. . nigkU..sWn..m¨Un.(Cổ Soʼn Môn) enAPaKxag t,Úg.> b¨uEnþ cMnYn smaCikkñúgRkúmTaMgen¼ minmankarrIk

lUt las´ xøaMgkøaeT edaysarxV¼ smtSPaB dwknaM. (egVón..Lag 1994. £.362-3)..>

BuT§iksn§isBaØaCatiqñaM..1951. .RárB§enAvtþ .TW..dam. (Tùʼ Đàm) RkúgevcatTukCaRBwtiþkarN_ d¾sMxanenAkñúg

kar bRgÜbbRgÜmCati rbs´BuT§sasnikTaMgLay... >.. karbeg;ItKN£sgÇ rYbrYmCati k¾ Taj cMNab´GarmμN _ BI

saFarN Cn BI tYnaTI elceFøa rbs´ ecAGFikar tamvtþ FM@ .. .dUcCaRB¼etC RB¼KuN Fic..Tij..Xat.(Thích Tịnh

Khiết) nig RB¼sg, ekμg vsßa CaeRcInGg: manCaGaTi_ dUcCaRB¼etC RB¼KuNFic..CI..xVag . (Thích Tri Quang)

enA evotNam PaKkNþal ... nigRB¼ etC RB¼KuNFin..Fan.h‘r .. ( Thích Thiên Hoa) enAPaKxagt,Úg.. >.. RB¼sgÇ

TaMg Gs´Gg:en¼ eRkaymkCab´garRbcaMtam tMbn´ enA Tsvtßr_ qñaM.. 1960.. d¾clacl.. >. minyUrb¨unμanbnÞab´BI

smaKm CaticUlrYmRkúmmitþPaB BiPBelak rbs BuT§ sasni k BiFIT TYl GdæiFatuRB¼BuT§ enAExkBaØa ..qñaM ..1952

na Rkúgsayh:n ánTak´TajRbCaCn . 50¿000 .nak´.. > . karRbCMumnusß CasaFarN£ d¾eCaKC&y én Rkúm man

}T§iBl enARkúg KWCasBaØaeCaKC&y.. nig Ca kar CMruj xag Catiniym.. nigBuT§sasna. .. > . vak¾bgHaj[eXIj BI

kar G¼GagrbsBuT§sasnikkñúgRkúgBit CaRtwmRtÚv Edl fa BYkeK ánbnþkarRbtibtþi dUcBIedIm.. nigmanÉk-

PaB lð Cag.>.. may..f. RTan niyayfa kar RbCMu ena¼.. ².dUc Ca lub elI... ¦áMg elI }T§iBl én sasnik Bs k,al

BIr³.> eRkaymkenAkñúgGtSbTena¼Edrelakmay..f..RTan án[niymn&yelI... ² sasnikBs´k,alBIr³

faCaCn TaMg LayNa EdlehAxøÜnÉgfa BuT§sasnik .b¨uEnþ EtgEt eTAmkrkGaRsmta}sI . (faj.Thánh)

edIm,IRb eKn tgVay... ¦bnþbnRsndlexμac CIdUn CIta xøÜn Edl Ca kareKarBcm,grbsGñkmanCMenOelIlT§i

xug CW.. (¦TakTgnwglT§iCMenORbtibtþi GrUbI)..(Mai Tho Truyên, 1962.£. 89).>. edaymineGIeBInwg lMnaM Rbvtþi sa®sþ

én kar sMeyaK sasnacUlKñaenAevotNam . }T§iBl RKb dNþb rbsBYkGPiCnsm&yTM enIb nanaeKmin Gac

bgHaj [kan´Et c,as´Cag en¼áneT. .>..

bnÞabBIbraC&yénkgT&BáraMg.. nigkarEbgEckRbeTsevotNamenAExßRsbTI 17 edayeyagtam

sni§ sBaØa RkúghßWENv qñaM..1954.. mk.karERskTamTarrYmKñark dMeNa¼ Rsayeday Ghigßa elI Cemøa¼ Rbdab

GavuFmansPaBkanEtbnÞaneLIg edayCYybEnSm kmøaMgCMruj[mankarrsraneLIgvij énRB¼BuT§sasna

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 113

Ca BiessenAPaKxagt,Úg.> .. kñúg ry£eBlkan´GMNacenAqñaM.. 1955.ehßóm. .(Diem ) enA Et rkßa Tuk Rkwtü

elx..10 . án esckþI faxøÜn TTYlykkarRbqaMgbkßkumμúyniIsþEdláraMgrtecal .EtánkarKaMRTBI Gaem-

rik eBl }LÚv en¼vij. .>.enAqña.. M1957.BiFIbuNüvisaxbUCa.RtÚváneKlubecjBIbBa¢I éf¶sRmakCa pøÚvkar.

. E dl e n ¼ e F V I [ b ¨ ¼ B al ´ y ¨ a gF ¶ n ´ dl ´ B u T §s asn i k e RB a ¼B Y kK at ´ c a t ´ T u k v a C at Y n a T I

sasnaeBjsiT§irbsBYkKat..> rdæa Piál min KitBIlT§plénviFankarrbsxøÜn EdlGac b¼BaldlplR-

beyaCn_neyaáyeLIy..> .edIm,I Ca kar Cmñ¼ nwgkarhamRámen¼. buNü visaxbUCa enAqñaMena¼ RárB§ FMCagqñaM

mun@..10. dg. .>(39). .bnÞab´ BI en¼. smaKm BuT§ sasna Cati ántva¨[rdæaPiál dak´BiFIbuNü visax bUCaCaéf¶

Qb´sRmak vijeday eCaKC&y..>.

eTa¼bICakarxitxMRbwgERbgrbsBuT§sasnik enAPaKxagt,ÚgedIm,IksagGtþsBaØaNCati .ánrdæham

Rám eday eRbIviFankarb®g;ab EdleBleRkaymkman karbgHÚr QamKña dlfñaksøabpg..> .eTa¼bI yagNa

k¾edayegVón..Lag .yleXIjfakarts‘U RbqaMgnwgrbbehßóm . RKanEtbEnSmnUvkarRsgakxk citþ..nig PaB

min e BjcitþenAkñúg cMeNambBaØvnþ.BaNiC¢kr.. nigyuvCnkñúgsg:m...> . . rhUtmkdleBlena¼ GsmtSPaB min

ec¼ TajykplRbeyaCn_BIGarmμN_saFarNCnbg;[mankgV¼skmμPaB.. . >. Tal´Etdl´ Ex «sPa. . qñaM

1963 .. EdlRBwtþikarN_ d¾ekþA KKuk pÞú¼eLIg enAeBl EdleK minGnuBaØat[ bgHÚtTg´ BuT§sasna tamvtþ nana

enA éf¶ visaxbUCa.>

s®g:amRtCakbg;[mankarsgß&y.. nigkarRbqaMgTaMgsgxagkanEtF¶neTAnwg Rkúmsasna enA evot-

Nam..>. . buEnþmansgÇCaemdwknaBUEkbBa©ú¼bBa©ÚlBIrbIGg:ánelc eLIg kñúg cMeNam RB¼sgÇ cas@ vsßa...>

Ca «TahrN_sMxan´mYyKW.RB¼etCRB¼KuNFic..CI..xVag enAqñaM .1956 án sEmþg BIbMNg rbs´ RB¼Gg: cg´[

RbeTsevotNam enAeRkAs®g:amRtCak´..>. R. B¼Gg:TayfamanEtRbeTsGBüaRkwtb´¨ueNÑa¼ dUcCa RbeTs

}NÐa... nigPUma.EdlRB¼BuT§sasnaGacdkdegHImánRsÜl...>. . karTsßTayeXIjBITukç esak rbs RbCaCn

enATsvtßqñaM. 1960. KWBitCaRtwmRtÚvNas´..> .. enAeBlena¼ehIyEdl RB¼Gg :køay Ca emdwk naMBuT§ sasna

d¾elceFøamñak..>.. RB¼Gg:. Fic..Îan..mIj(Thích Thiện Minh) KWCabuK:l sMxanmñakeTot EdleCOCakfa RB¼ BuT§

sana man smtSPaBpþl´nUvGtþsBaaØNvb,Fm’... nig PaBdwknaM sRmab´RbCaCnevotNam enAsm&yTMenIb.

(Schecter, .1967.).>

evotNamGBüaRkwt ebIkTUlaydl´karrIklUtlas´edayesrIénRB¼BuT§sasna.. KW minGaceFVIeTA

ekIt eT...>.. .karmineBjcitþ kanEtxøaMgeLIg@. .manrhUtdleTAkareFVI GtþXat dUcCakarbUCa xøÜnkñúg ePøIg rbs

RB¼etC RB¼KuNFic..xVag..Dwk . .(Thích Quàng Đúʼc) enAExkk;da ... qñaM ..1963..> . G‘uy..án. .lan ..pay ..áv ..vi.. hVit

hßav . ( Uy Ban Liên Phái Bảo Vệ Phật Giáo) (KN£ kmμaFikar Gnþrnikay sRmabkar karBar RB¼BuT§ sasna) .án

beg;It eLIg. .>.. Baküfa.ts‘U .din..RÈaj´ .(Đấn Tranh) .RtÚv án eRbICaelIk dMbUgkñúgPasapøÚvkarKN£sgÇ... >.

Gñk bUCaxøÜnkñúgePøIg..6 .. nakeTot .eFVItamRB¼etC KuNFic..xVag..Dwk .. nigyagehacNas GñkkatGvyv£ xøÜnÉg

mñak´ ánekItmaneLIgmunnwg kardYlrlM rbs´ rdæaPiálehßóm . .>

elakmar k¾dUcCaeyIgTaMgGsKñaEdrq¶lfa ehtuGVIánCa Diem minRBÜyármÖ BIBuT§sasnik Tuk rhUt

114 CMBUk TI 4

dl RCúl eBl... KWRbEhlTukrhUtdleBlEdlRB¼sgÇ... nigdUnCI CaRcIneFVIátukmμFM@ RbqaMg nwg rdæaPiál

nigeFVI[BiPBelakTaMgmUltksøút CamYynwgkar bUCaxøÜnCasaFarN£.>.RbEhlCamanehtuplmYy cMnYn

epßg eTotdUcCa karemIlRsal elIkarRCabcUlrbsBYkkumμúynIsþeTAkñúgBuT§sasna(40).buEnþebIG‘ÍcwgEmn

eyIg sYr faehtu GVIánCaBuT§sasnikxøÜnÉg hak´dUcCamindwgBIkmøaMgrbs´xøÜn Ég.ena¼RbEhlmkBIármI

rbs´RB¼etCRB¼KuNFic..jit..haj´ (Thích Nhất Hạnh) ehIy.. >. . RB¼Gg:yl´eXIjfaqñaM.. 1963. .KWCaqñaM rY-

brYm kñúg clna ts‘U én RB¼BuT§sasnaénTsvtßqñaM.1960. .>..karRbqaMgneyaáyEdl beg;IteLIgRbQm-

nwg kar ebotebon BIrdæaPiáledayKμanRtaRbNI .ánrYbrYmTaMgBuT§ sasnik... nigminEmnBuT§sasnikdUcKña.

> bnÞab´ BI ena¼ eTa¼ bI CaBuT§sasnikecjmuxmat´ .. nigmanGMNacesÞIresμInwgGMNaceyaFak¾eday k¾ clna

ánát PaB brisuT§ rbsxøÜneTA ehIyBIeRBa¼fa BuT§sasnikcabepþImeFVIxøÜndUceTAnwgRkúmdéTeTot .eday

man Epn kar nig eKalbMNgnAkñúgcitþ..>. . karen¼naM[RB¼etC RB¼KuNFic..jit..haj ktsm:alfa.. ½

xJúM BitCamincg´mann&yfa eBlEdleyIgkan´Etts‘U eTAmun.eyIgkan´EtFøak´cu¼ TaMgsµartI.. nigsIlFm’

ena¼eT..> .. buEnþxJMúKit faehtuplénkarts‘UbBa¢akGVI@TaMgGs.>. Gñk eXIjehIyfa mnusß kMBug CYbRbT¼ Tukç

lMák.. nigxøÜnÉgk¾CYbTukçlMák ehIyGñkcgpøas bþÚrva... > .. KµancMNgKµankielsmkBakB&n§eT.> ..dUcen¼

Gñk mk RbCMuKña eday RsÜl!.. .xJúM minEdl eXIjkmøaMg sµartI Ebben¼ mþgeTot eLIy bnÞab´ BIrdæ Rbhar qñaM..

1963 mk.> . eyIgáneFVIGVI@ CaeRcIn edIm,I Büayam [kmøaMgsµartIen¼ekIteLIgvij Et eyIg minGaceFVI

áneT..>.¿¿¿. .BitCaGs©arü Emn ETn.>. (Queen and King. 1996. £.328)

karGFib,ayen¼sþabemIleTAdUcCaTnexSayEpñkneyaáyNas .buEnþeyIgKYr ekatsresIrva eRBa¼

fa ka r ylBITsßnviC¢aén. .²TegVIKμankiels³. .naM[mankarKitrbs RB¼etCRB¼KuN.Fic..jit..haj na eBl

en¼...>. .. eyIg KYrEt yl´ BImUldæanénkarri¼Kn´ EdldUc@KñacMeBa¼BuT§sasniksRmab´braC&yrbs´ BYk eK

edIm,IbBa©ÚnGMNacd¾mhima rbs´RbCaCneTACarebobvar£c,as´las´mYy.(s:It.F&r (Schecter)..1967).>

eTa¼bICa braC&yekItecjBIGsmtSPaBkñúgkarbeg;IteKalbMNgc,aslasCagmunsRmabclna ts‘U BuT§ik

neyaáy enAevotNamxagt,Úg ... ¦k¾minEmnk¾eday.eyIgKYrBicarNaelI.. ²esckþIEføgkarN_bEnSm³

cMeBa¼ esckþIRbkas na éf¶ .. 10.«sPa .. 1963. epJIrBI KN£kmμ kar Gnþrnikay sRmab´karBarRB¼BuT§sasna

eTArdaæPiál EdlmanesckþIdUc xageRkamfa.½

1-. . BuT§sasna evotNamm inmanbMNg pþÜlrlM rdæaPiáleT.>

2-. BuT§sasnaevotNamminmansRtÚveT.> .eKalbMNgénkarts‘UrbsBuT§sasna evotNamKWmin RbqaMg

nwg BYksasnaRKisþ-katUliceT... b¨uEnþRbqaMgnwgeKal neyaáy rdæaPiálGyutþiFm’ cMeBa¼ sasna.>

3-.karts‘U BuT§sasnaKWEpðkelI yutþiFm’sg:m

4-. karts‘U BuT§sasnaeFVIeLIg tammeFüaáyGhigßa.>

5-.kñúgkarts‘Uen¼.BuT§sasnaevotNamnwgminGnuBaØat[nrNamñak´.¦RkúmNa x©Iéd xøÜn eRbI eLIy. >

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 115

tamRkwtüelx.. 10. . esckþIEføgkarbEnSmánelIksMeNIsMu[ rdæaPiáldkecj c,abham Rám RKb

sasna TaMgGs . ehIybeg;It .. ²rbbBiessmYysRmabsasnarYm manBuT§sasna.. nigsasnaRKisþ³ .. (egVón.

Lag . 1994.£ .400).. > ..karGtþXatTaMg kMeralrbs´ Fic..xVag..Dwk . EdlekIteLIgBIrEx bnÞab´ BI man esckþI

éføgkarN_ naM[ vibtþ iTaMgGs´kan´EtrIkFMeLIg.. >.

karEbkák´ebIsinCaeKKitfa.. karEbkEckCabkßsþaM-eqVgénTsvtßr_qñaM ..1930..KaMRTeday TMenarsg:m niym Tsßn-

vis&y én Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1960..KW kan´EtBak´B&n§nwgTRmg´suBlPaBénskmμPaB sg:meBareBjeTAeday

snþiPaB..> .edayseg;teXIjRbsiT§PaBénKMrUsuxumalPaB Edl sasna katUlik naMcUl mk BuT§ik sisß CMnan

eRkay k¾ElgTTYlykKMrUcasburaN én CMnYy suxumalPaBry£eBlxøIEdlpþledayRB¼sgÇ... nigdUnCI

enA tamvtþGaramena¼eT...>... kic©xit xMRbwgERbg ry£eBlEvg eTArk Rtas´dwg ... ¦ kareFVIbuNü eKElgcab´

GarmμN_ eTot ehIy... > .. Tinñn&y rbs cin..xug . (Chân Không) enA kñúg CIv Rbvtþirbsnag sþIB IkarGPirkßrbsnag

Ca mYy nwg RKÚBuT§sasnarbs´nag... KW. RB¼etCRB¼KuNFic..efn..îaTW .(Thích Thank Tùʼ)bgHajBIKmøatrvag

Rkúm TaMg BIren¼dUc xageRkam.½

eBlmYy xJú MánRáb´RB¼Gg: .(RB¼etCRB¼KuN efn..kaTW).fa .² eTa¼bICa RkúmkatUlik Ca Rkúm PaKtic enA

RbeTs eyIgk¾eday. Rkúmena¼ CYyEfrkßa ekµg kMRBa .mnusßcas.. nigGñkRk.> .. RB¼BuT§cu¼ecalraCvaMg rbs

RB¼Gg:edIm,IEsVgrkpøÚvrMeda¼Tukç [stVelak.> .ehtuGVIánCaBuT§sasnikmineFVIGVImYyCYyGñkRk .. nig.

GñkGt´Xøan?³. RB¼Gg: .efn..kaTW . mansgÇdIkatbfa RB¼BuT§sasnaBüayampøas´bþÚrpñt´ KMnit rbs´ mnusß

edIm,I [GñkTaMgena¼ GacCYyKña[Gs´BIcitþ EdlCameFüaáyd¾ man RbsiT§PaB bMput eTa¼bI Kµan sSab&n

sb,úris Fm’k¾eday³ .>.. cemøIyen¼RbesIrEdr .b¨uEnþ enAEtminTan´eBjcitþxJJúMenAeLIyeT.>.(41)

emdwknaMKN£sgÇ minEmnec¼eda¼RsaykarylxusKñaEbben¼edayemRtIPaBena¼ eT.. >. .karEdl

RB¼etC RB¼KuN Fic.. jit.haj´ ..RtÚvedjecjBIvtþ .Gwm.xVag KWman PaBeqvqav.. nigsEmþg nUvkar xV¼xat

ynþkar sRmab´ dMeNa¼RsayCemøa¼.>. cin..xug. .(1993.£ . 29)erobrab CafμIdUcxageRkamen¼fa. ½

BIrqñaMeRkaymkxJúMdwgfa xN£eBlEdlRB¼Gg: . (RB¼etCRB¼KuNFic.jithaj´)cu¼beRgón Fm’ tamvtþenA

dalat´ .manCnmñak´enA vtþ .Gwm.xVag. . RcENn QñanIs án lub eQµa¼RB¼Gg:ecjBI bBa¢In am RB¼sgÇ Edl

Pasa áraMgehAfa . Livret de famile.> .. TegVI esµInwg nireTs RB¼etCRB¼KuN BI.. ²RKÜsarvtþ³> RB¼etC RB¼ KuN

Gg: en¼ánCYy beg;It vtþ Gwm.xVag. enAedImTsvtßqñaM.. 1950.>.. RB¼Gg :án beRgón eTA vtþ ena¼taMgBIqñaM.

1954. nigCa RkúmmYyGg:kñúgcMeNamRKÚcas@enAkñúgvtþ.. > ..RB¼sgÇ ekµg TaMg Gs Rslaj ´ cUlcitþRB¼Gg:

nig KaMRTeBjTMhwgdl´karxitxMEkERbkarGnuvtþ.. nigkar beRgón e LIgvij.. b¨uEnþ Gñk cas´@ Edlkan´Et

GPirkß minKaMRTnwgkarbeg;ItfµIrbs´RB¼Gg:eT. ehIy RB¼etC RB¼KuN ándk xøÜn fyeTAenAvtþ.. PYg.bYy

(Phuong Buoi) rhUtdl´karQWcab´rbs´RB¼Gg:ánCa s¼ es,Iy.>

116 CMBUk TI 4

en¼KW CakarcabepþImEbkákelIkTI..2 .. kñúgKN£sgÇCati.. >.eTa¼Casm<n§PaBTaMg en¼edIrtampøÚv Ebb

Na k¾eday... k¾GñkeFVIkarEpñksuxumalPaBBuT§sasnikv&yekμg CaGñk RbQmnwgeRKa¼fñak´y¨agF¶n´.. >. enA

Rtwm qñaM.. 1966.. átukmμRbqaMgnwgs®g:am... nigRbqaMgnwg Gaemrik.. eFVIedayBuT§sasnik ánkarKaMRTCa saFar

N£ BIsMNakm®nþITahanrbskg kmøaMgevotNamxagt,Úg.. >..karekobsg:tyagxøaMgkøarbsrdæaPiál elI

skmμPaBTaMgen¼ naM[minGacRtlb´eRkayán.>. bnÞab´mkminyUrb¨unμaneKdwgfa vaminGacEsVgrkpøÚv

kNþalrvagrNsirß rMeda¼Cati... nigrdæaPiálsayh:n EdlmanGaemrikenABIeRkay eT.(m¨ar . 1987).> .

CaBiesscMeBa¼RB¼etCRB¼KuNFic..jit..haj´ .erOgen¼KWesμI karnireTs edaybgçMcabBI qñaM ..1967..mk.>

tam ..²kmøaMgTI.. 3³..Gñkseg;tkarN_ elakxaglic án ri¼Kn RB¼BuT§sasna fa Kμan TisedA xV¼ sk;anuBl

PaB sRmab´ Caktþa CMuruj eTACa kmøaMgneyaáy edIm,ICMnYs Rkúm dwknaM evotNamxagt,Úg.. >. .tamBiteTAeK

ecaT BuT§sasnikcMeBa¼KuNvibtþipÞúyKañBIr.. >. .BuT§ sasnik TaMgena¼GskmμPaBTaMgRsúg enAeBl Edl

BYkeK CYy KaMRT dl´ Gñk Edlniym esckþIs¶b´.b¨uEnþkalEdlskmμPaBsg:mrYmkmøaMgKñaekIteLIg BYk Kat´

gay nwg [ eKdwk eTArkpøÚvxusTisedA... nigedayKμanrcnasm<n§erobcMenAkalEdlemdwknaMqabQøknwg

GMNac edIm,I Ekn RbmUlGñksμRKcitþedIrtamxøÜnTaMgGs´.. > .eKGacniyaymü¨ageTotánfa BYk eK nwg RtÚv

vinas eday kar Ebkák´taMg BIdMbUgmkem¨ø¼.. >

etIkarri¼Kn TaMgen¼ mansuBlPaBTaMgRsúg¦eT? .. CaBiess enAeBleyIgenAEt mindwg fa .(k) Pñakgar

kumμúynIs þEdlRCabcUl kñúg KN£sgÇCati (42)dl´kRmitNa ... nig tam viFI Na? ehIykan´EtsMxan´Cag en¼

eTA eTot (x). etIRbCamtirvagkarBRgwgcitþrbs´Gñk snþiPaBniym.. nigkarcUlrYmkñúgneyaáyCatihigßa

Edl man RCab cUlkñúgBuT§sasnik nImYYy@ ánbunNa? .ehIy faetI karxUcxat énclna snþiPaB BuT§sasna

bg; eday CMenO RbCaCnEdlfafñak´dwknaMBuT§ikneyaáyminKYredIrtYy¨agskmμkñúgkardwknaM RbeTs Cati

ena¼manTMhMb¨unNa?..vaGacfaCakarxV¼xatTisedAry£eBlyUrekItBI GvtþmanénGtþ sBaØaN vb,Fm ’ rYm

kñúg cMeNam BuT§sasnikevotNam.. > .. kñúgn&yen¼ .KYreyIgBicarNaelI karkt´sm:al´ edayGñkmkBI xag

eRkA dUcCa ..tUm¨as..emItun (Thomas Merton). EdlmanesckþIdUcxag eRkam. ½

eBlEdlCnrYmCatiTaMgLayrbsRB¼Gg:.(RB¼etCRB¼KuN.Fic.jithaj). án EbgExJk ehIy yl eXIj

fa xø ÜnkMBugKaMRTedaysµRKcitþ.. ¦edaykarbgçitbgçM dl´rdæaPiálsayh:n..nigGaemrik.. .¦ebþCJa

esµa¼sµRK CapøÚvkar.. nigedaycMheTAnwg kumµúynIsþ...RB¼etCRB¼KuN jit.haj´. mansgÇdIkatMNag [

mnusß PaK eRcIn EdldwgBIerOg neyaáyántictYc Et CaGñkRbwgEfrkßa GV IEdlCa GtþsBaØaburaN

rbs´evot Nam faCa vb,Fm’ enAGasIu.. nig vb,Fm’BuT§bris&T TUeTA.(.Fic.jithaj 1967. £ .5).>

tamtfPaBCakEsþgkarEsVgrksnþiPaBmandMeNIrkarCabnþeTa¼bImanviFankar Kμan emtþa eRb Ieday

KU bdibkßkñúgs®g:am TaMgsgxagedIm,IRcanecal .. ²kmøaMgTI.. 3³.. ¦ ²smas FatuGBüaRkwt³..>... kñúg cMeNam

Tsßn £RbqaMgs®g:amepßg@KñaenAsm&y ena¼ CeRmIssnþiPaB RB¼BuT§sasnaminEdlsMgMes¶ómeT.> ..kar

dMeNIr EsVgrkkarRtas´dwg.. nig GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ .£.RB ¼BuT§sasna enA evot Nam ..shsm&y 117

EsVg rkCeRmIsepßg@eTot kñúgBuT§sasna edIm,I bBaÄb´ s®g:amedayGhigßa k¾ ekIt eLIg enA eRkA esc kþI

Eføg karN_Rkúg rbs RB¼sgÇ tamvtþ. TaMgmunnwgeRkayRBwtþikarN_d¾rn§tna. qñaM ..1966..>.. .bBaØvnþBuT§sasna

dUcCagU..Rtúg..Gaj .. (Ngô Trọng Anh) tMNag[sMeLglðdac eKkñúgkarBiPakßasnþiPaBBiPBelak enA sm&y

ena¼. .>. enA eBlTTUc[.CnCatievotNamCaBiessBuT§sasnikevotNamRtÚvecosecjBI KMnit TVI niym

Edl Ca ehtu naM [ manbkßBYkniymedayxanminxan.. >. . gU..Rtúg..Gaj yl eXIjfa meFüaáyEtmYy edIm,I

naM snþíPaB dl ´ RbeTsevotNamena¼ .. KW RtÚvcabecjBI GTVIniym.. (GeTV) .énKnøg RB¼BuT§sasna.( gU..Rtúg..Gaj

1973£. 281-2).. >(43)

edaycUlkan´EtCiteTAnwgRbCaCnenAfñakmUldæan .. RB¼Gg:.egVón..faj..Nam. (Nguyến Thành Nam)

Edl eK s:al´ tam RB¼rhsßnamfa.. ²RB¼sgÇdUg³. EdlelakCavisVkr bNþú¼bNþaleday áraMg ehIy

eRkay mk cUl bYskñúgsMNaksasnatavBnülbkRsayBIEpnkarpß¼pßa neyaáyPaKxageCIg .. nig PaK

xag t,Úg Edl án karKaMRTBIRbCaCn enAtamCnbTenAPaK xagt,Úg.>(44) . emdwknaMRkúmfμI@epßgeTot én

kar BRgwg sμartI GMBav nav[manviFIpÞalxøÜn epßg@Kña eq<a¼eTArksnþiPaB.. > . sSabnikrbsRkúmhug..mUn (Hồng

Môn) (RckTVar mha Gs©arü). EdlCa GtItRbFansmaKm®sþIesñhaCatievotmij Edlán niyay lkçN£ Cati

niym enAkñúgkar beBa©j mti sIlFm’ sasna rbselakyayCI ... ¦k¾RKÚburaN dUcCa sWn..KIm (So’n Kim) én-

Rkúm Tij. duKWsIu.. nigdU..Îan´..hUv (Đồ Thuần Hậu) rbs´Rkúm rUbIyniym . maneKeCOedIrtameRcIn ebIeTa¼Ca man

ry£eBlxøIk¾eday (faj´..xVan..pam..v¨an´..Gin(Thanh Quan Phạm Văn Ấn)1967; hU..v¨an´..EGm..(Hồ Văn

Em)1983)... > .. }sßrCneqñIm@ enAkñúg dMeNIr EsVg rkkar Rtasdwg tamry£ kar l¼bg pøÚvelakiy . .GtþPavnaTaMg

en¼ minánKaMRTkardkxøÜnedIm,IeTArkPBs¶bxagmuxeT EbrCa man bMNg CYymnusßCmñ¼nUvTukçlMák... nig

Gkusl TaMgLay ... xN£eBlEdlBYkKat´beg;ItRTwsþIGñk se®g:a¼ sm&y TMenIb... > .

munedIm Tsvtßr_qñaM .. 1970.. bBaØvnþ .. nig nisßitmYycMnYn enAkñúgRkúmyuvCn sRmab´esva sg:m Edl

beg;It eLIg edayRB¼etCRB¼KuNFin..jithaj´ . ánbnþsakl,gbk RsayelIdMeNIreRsacRsg´stV

elak rbsRB¼eBaFistV EdlmanRB¼kVan..yin..(Guanyin) CatMNag .(mann&yfaGvelakietsVr£).. ehIyán

sres r BnülenAkñúgRTwsþIGntþaenAkñúgKm<Ir vRCsURt . (cin.. xug.1993).. >.. eyagtam karri¼Kn mYy cMnYn dUcCa

. Tran Van Giau.. EdlCa GtIt emdwknaM evotmij... nig bBaØvnþ elceFøa.. RkúmRB¼ etC KuN Fin . jit haj´ á n

eKpþÜlrMlM EpñkmenaKmviC¢a... nigeFVI[mansm<aFd¾FMrbs´s®g:amGaemrik.. > . . ehIykmμviFI suxumal PaB min

Gac seRmcánelIsBIeKalkarN_PUmitUc@ CayuT§sa®sþ rbs´rdæaPiálevotNam xagt,Úg eT.>(45) enA

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eBlxøÜnQrenA eRkARkúm.. >.

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køay Cakarbn§ÚrmYysRmÜldlkarlMákEpñksmÖar£ EdlánmkCamYy nwgsnþiPaB.. > .. karpøasbþÚr yagxøaMg

kñúg sSanPaB esdækic©rvagqñaM.. 1975.. dl´.. 1990. .án pþl´{kas [ BuT§ sasna bgHaj xøÜnÉgfa enA Et Gac

man smtSPaB rsran eLIg viján..> . . karrsran eLIg vijen¼ án naM [bn§ÚrnUvPaBtantwgknøgeTArvag rbb

sg:m niym ... nigKN£sgÇminEmnedaysarEtkarRKb´RKgtwgEtg rbs´rbbsg:mniymelIsSab&n TaMg

Gs´ ena¼eT. (m¨ar 1987).. > . . karekIteLIgvijnUvGtþPavnaenAeRkATIvtþGaram GacCa lT§plénkar RKb´RKg

sSab&n d¾ twgrwugrbsrdæGMNac. .> .. buEnþeTa¼bICaEbben¼k¾ eday. edayehtufaGVI EdlfμIcMeBa¼sasnaevot-

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CamYy nwg eKalneyaáy kMEN TRmg dUy..mUy.(Đổi Mổi)esdækic©Cati fμI Edl cabepþ Im enA qñaM... 1986

. . PaB bn§Úr bnSy d¾BitRákdmYyénkarRKbRKgrdæ.. ekIteLIgbnÞabBIbunμan qñaMeRkay mk.. .rYm manTaMg BiFI buNü

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manevahar sBÞ .. nig ec¼dwgeRCARC¼áneTAdl´éd BuT§bris&T enAtampÞ¼... tamRsúk... tamPUmiCamYynwgkar-

cracr kaEst maej.. nig kaEst vIedGU edayRsÜl.. >.. taMg BIedIm Tsvtß r_ qñaM ..1900. kareFVIdM eNIr án RsÜl

án CMruj [ man FmμyaRta rvagextþPaKxagt,Úg .. nigRkúghaNUy.edaydMeNIreTscr tamrfynþRkúg..> .

tam ry£ karrIksay én skmμPaBsasnaen¼.esdækic©TIpßar.. nigsasnabc©úb,nñen¼ án Qm muxdak Kña...>

karsnßMsMécsm ehtu sm pl RbqaMgnwg karekIn eLIgnUvkarcayx©¼x¢ay elIesdækic©BImun.. ²xusBIen¼³ ...

man dUcCa.pasukPaB kar sb,ay ... nigBiFIGFikGFm... > .. kñúg erOgen¼Edr evaharsBÞxagkarrwtt,it[dwgBI

sasna eCnRtÚvEt eCos [ put.. nigkarrIk sayPayminsmehtupl GtþsBaØaNsasnaRbCaRbiy epßg@

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CMBUkTI.1áráravatsun GNþaya .. KWCasa®sþacarükñúgedátWmgGasIu énsaklviTüal&yhaév enAManoa.. . > .. Gas&y

dæan ERbsnIy _ rbselakRsI KW ... Department of Asian Studies, Universty of Hawaii, 2444 Dole St. Honolulu HI 96822

USA GIuEmlrbs´elaRsIKW.. bandaya@hawaii.edu>

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN.. ½ .. GtSbTen¼epþImecjBIKMnitmYypuseLI genAkúñgkic©RbCMumYyeFVIeLIg Ca kitþiys

dl´ sa®sþa car ü O.W. Wolters..enAÉsaklviTüal&yCatiGU®sþalI .. (Australain National University)enAEx mina

qñaM ..1999... >. ehIyGtSbTen¼ekItecjCarUbrageLIgeRkamkarelIkTwkcitþrbselak.. > Jan Nattier, Nancy

Dowling, Michael Aung Thwin, Donald Searer, Penny Van Esterik, Elizabeth Guthrie, Alan Cole, Leonard Andaya, Chai

Podhista, Liz Wilson, Ashley Thompson, Edwin Zehner, Bruce Lockhart nig Hiroko Kawanami ánGanGtSbTRBag

mun@ . .. nigCYyEktRmÚv RBmTaMgeGayeyabl´d¾manRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn. .> H.Leedom Loffertsánpþl´dMbUnμan

kare lIkTwkcitþ .. nigÉksarBieRKa¼CaeRcIndlnagxJúM..>./ .nagxJMúsUmEføgGMNr KuN dlsa®sþacarüTaMgGsen¼

(rYmCamYyGñkGanBIrbInak´ eTotsUmminbeBa©jeQμa¼)...Edl án sμ&RK citþCYynagxJMú.. > ..rIÉ kMhus.. nig kar

xV¼xat TaMgLayvij... KW nagxJMúsUmTTYlxusEtmñakÉg.. >

1-G. Cœdès, Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d’Extrême-Orient (Hanoi: Imprimerie d’Extrême-Orient, 1944), pp.

280, 329; eá¼Bum<CaPasaGg´eKøseRkamcMNgeCIgfa The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, ed. Water P. Vella,

trans. Susan Brown Cowing (Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1968), pp. 218, 253.

2- J.G. de Casparis and I.W. Mabbett, ‘Religion and Popular Beliefs of Southeast Asia before 1500’, in The Cambridge

History of Southeast Asia, Vol. 1: From Early Times to c. 1800, ed. Nicholas Tarling (Sydney: Cambridge University

Press, 1992), p. 294.

3- Richard F. Gombrich, TheravÁda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Columbo (London and

New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 151.

4- ÉksarsMeNrsþIBIBuT§sasnaenAGasIuGaeKñy_ ... nigkarRKgraCü maneRcInNas´...>.. cMeBa¼kar BieRKa¼

Ca TUeTA sUmGanDonald K. Swearer, The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia (Albany: State University of New York

Press, 1995), ch. 2.

5-Marshall Sahlins, ‘Other Times, Other Places: The Anthropology of History’, American Anthropologist, 85, 3 (Sep-

tember 1983): 517-20.

6-Juliane Schober eFVIGtSaFib,ayelIkareFVsRbehs énCMenOsasnaRbCaRbiyenAkñúgGkßr sil,_én sg:m

Gas IuGaeKñy_ bUraNkan´RB¼BuT§sasna ...> .. sUmGan GtSbTrbs´Kat´EdlmancMNgeCIgfa.. ‘The Theravada

Buddhist Engagement with Modernity in Southeast Asia: Whither the Social Paradigm of the Galactic Polity?’Journal of

Southeast Asian Studies (GMNI¼teTA sresrkatfa JSEAS) , 26, 2 (September 1995): 308, n 11.

7-O.W. Wolters, ‘The Khmer King at Basan (1371 -3) and the Restoration of the Cambodian Chronology During the Four-

teenth and Fifteenth Centuries’, Asia Major, 2, 1 (1996): 87.

8-David K. Wyatt, ‘Relics, Oaths and Politics in Thirteenth-Century Siam’, ’JSEAS , 32, 1 (February 2001): 49-50, 62-3.

9- Shelly Errington, ‘Introduction’, in Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia, ed. Jan Monnig Atkinson

and Shelly Errington (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 3; Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Petez, ‘Introduction’,

in Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Petetz

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 9-10.

10-Nancy Auer Falk and Rita M.Gross, ‘Introduction’, in Unspoken Worlds: Women’s Religious Livesin New-Western

Cultures, ed. Nancy Auer Falk and Rita M. Gross (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1979), p. xii.

11-O.W. Wolters, History: Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives (Ithaca, NY & Singapore Cornell Uni-

versity Southeast Asia Program/ Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999), p. 229.

12-Baküfa nikay tamBitsMedAdlRkumedayELk@... ¦smuc©&yénKm<IrRB¼éRtbidk ... ¦Km<IrsURt...> ..eTa¼

bI Ca kñúgPasaGg´eKøs eyIgeRbIBaküdUcCa School(sala).. ¦ Sect.. (nikay). edIm,IbkERbBakünikayen¼ k¾

eday k¾eyIgKYrylfa Baküen¼mann&y TUlayCagen¼eTAeTot KWsMedAdlKN£sgÇÉNaEdl sikßabk

Rsay BI{vaTTaMgLayrbs´RB¼BuT§Gg:..>.. nikayFM@ dUcCa mhayan ..nig efrvaT manEckCanikaytUc@ Ca

eRcIn eTot...> .. Ca«TahrN_ enARKisþstvtßTI..11.. RB¼BuT§sasnaefrvaT enARbeTsRsIlg;a mannikayrg

bI eTot EdlRbqaMgKña ehIyEdlmanTMnak´TMngCamYyvtþFM@... KW nikay GP&yKirivihar nikay eCtv&nvihar..

nig nikaymhavihar..>... kñúgcMeNam nikayTaMgbI nikaymhavihar CanikayFMCageK.. >

13- Jonathan S. Walters, ‘A Voice from the Silence: The Buddha’s Mother’s Story’ (History of Religions, 33, 4 [1993-

4] : 360-4) pþl´nUvesckþIbRgÜm[ gayyl´BIkarBiPakßaelIsSanPaBrbs®sþI.. >.. sUmGanpg Edr nUv GtSbT

rbs´elak ..Alan Sponberg, ‘Attitudes towards Women and the Feminine in Early Buddhism’, in Buddhism, Sexual-

ity and Gender, ed. José Ignacio Cabezón (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992(, pp. 3-36.

14- Rita M. Gross, Buddhism after Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis and Reconstruction of Buddhism (Albany:

State University of New York Press, 1993), pp. 4, 11; Miranda Shaw, Passionate Enlightenment: Women in Tantric Bud-

dhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 68; Diana Y. Paul, Women in Buddhism: Images of the Eminine

in MahÁyÁna Tradition (Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1985), pp. xix, 5, 6; C.J. Reynolds, ‘A Nineteenth-Cen-

tury Thai Buddhist Defense of Polygamy and some Remarks on the Social History of Women in Thailand’, in Proceed-

ings of the Seventh IAHA Conference (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University, 1979), p. 929.

15- Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of commerce 1450 -1680, Vol. 1: The Lands below the Winds (New Haven

and London: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 146; S. J. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand

122 kMNt´ cMNaM

(Oxfordand New York: Berg, 2000), p. 75. bBaHaEdlelIkeLIgkñúgkarBiPakßaelI ®sþI ... nig BuT§sasna eXIjman

enA kñúgkarsikßadUcteTA Khin Thitsa, Providence and Prostitution: Image and Reality for Women in Buddhist Thai-

land (London: Change International Reports, 1980), pp. 16 -18; Sukanya Hantrakul, ‘Prostitution in Thailand’, in Devel-

opment and Displacement: Women in Southeat Asia, ed. Glen Chandler, Norma Sullivan and Jan Branson (Clayton, Vic:

Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988), pp. 115-17; Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, Thai Women in Bud-

dhism (Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press, 1991), pp. 22-35; Thanh-Dam Troung, Sex, Money and Morality: Prostitution and

Tourism in South-East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1990), pp. 131-57; and Gross, Buddhism after Patriarchy.

16-G.H. Luce, ‘The Ancient Pyu’, Journal of the Burma Research Society (GMeN¼teTA sresrkat´fa JBRS) , 27

(1937): 251. sUmGan .. Michael Aung Thwin, Pagan. The Origins of Modern Burma (Honolulu: University of Hawaii

Press, 1985), p. 17; Klapna Upreti, ‘Position of Women as Reflected in AvadÁna Ïataka and its Ideological Ramifica-

tions’, in SarvÁstivÁda and its Traditions, ed. Sanghasen Singh (Delhi: Delhi University Dept. of Buddhist Studies, 1994),

pp. 149-55. nikay sv’asþivaTin ánEbkecjBInikay efrvaT kalBIBakkNþal stvtßTI ..3 . m un RKisþskraC

.> eyIgándwgBI}T§iBlén nikay sva’sþivaTin áneRcIntamry£esovePArbselak John S. Strong, The Leg-

end and Cult of Upagupta: Snskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

1992).

17-Ca«TahrN_ RB¼nag Rajnapatni EdláneLIgCa GK:Caya énnKrCVa Majapahit naqñaM.. 1329..án eFVI

smaFi EbbRB¼BuT§ sasna bYsCadUnCI PikçúnI ...nigánekarRB¼eksa ...> .. Mpu Prapanca, DeÐawarnana (NÁ-

garakrtÁgama (by Mpy Prapañca, trans. Stuart Robson (Leiden: KILTV Press, 1995), pp. 26, 47; Cuong Tu Nguyen, Zen

in Medieval Vietnam, A Study and Translation of the Thien Uyen Tap Anh (Honolulu: Kuroda Institute/ University of

Hawaii Press, 1997) pp. 197-8, 254; A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago

(A.D. 671-695) by I Tsing, trans. Takakasu Junjiro (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896), p. 79’Laurence Palmer Briggs, The

Ancient Khmer Empire (Philadephia: Transactions of the American Philisophical Societ, 1951), p. 50. cMeBa¼GMN¼

GMNag sþIBItYnaTIsasnarbs®sþIenA RbeTskm<úCa sm&ymunGg:r sUmGan Michael Vickery, Society, Economics

and Politics in Pre-Angkor Cambodia: The 7th-8th Centuries (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO,

1998), pp. 17-20. Paul, Women in Buddhism, áneFVI esckþI GtSa Fib,ay elI tYnaTIpÞúyKñaén dUnCIenARbeTs}NÐa

nigdUnCIenARbeTscin eTa¼Cazan£éndUnCIcin ánFøak´ cu¼ enA stvtß eRkay@ mkeTot.. (TMB&r.. 80).>. cMeBa¼

erOg Edl dUnCICb¨unGacman .. ²GMNackñúgkRmit NamYy³ ..ena¼ sUmGan Bernard Faure, Visions of Power: Imag-

ining Medieval Japanese Buddhism, trans. Phyllis Brooks (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 41.

18-dUnCIenARbeTsRsIlg;a BIedImeLIy ánTTYl raCUbtSmÖy¨ageRcIn ehIyKNdUnCI k¾ánkarbeg;It

eLIg..>.. enA kñúg nikay vtþmhavihar elakyayCITTYlbnÞúk eFVIBiFIdaMedImeBaFiRBwkß EdlCaRB¼ tMNag én

RB¼BuT§Gg:kñúgBiFIsasna... >. karbBaÄb nUvraCUbtSmÖ RbEhlCamkBIkarRbqaMgmin[ man ®sþImk bYsCaPikçúnI

layLMCamYyRB¼sgÇ ... >.. R.A.L.H. Gunawardana, ‘Subtle Silk of Ferrous Firmness: Buddhist Nuns in Ancient and

Medieval Sri Lanka and Their Role in the Propagation of Buddhism’, The Sri Lnaka Journal of the Humanities, 14, 1-2

kMNt´ cMNaM 123

(1998): 32 -8, and Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka (Tucson: Univer-

sity of Arizona Press for the Association of Asian Studies, 1979), pp. 37 -9.

19-Chou Ta Kuna, Notes on the Customs of Cambodia, translated from the French of Paul Pelliot by I. Gilman D’Arcy

Paul (Bangkok: Social Science Association Press, 1967), p. 24.

20-Simon de la Loubère, The Kingdom of Siam, ed. David K. Wyatt (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1969), p.

113; Nicolas Gervaise, The Natural and Political Hisotry of the Kingdom of Siam, ed. And tran. John Villiers ( Bangkok:

White Lotus, 1989), p. 163.

21-Pe Maung Tin, ‘Women in the Inscription of Pagan’, JBRS, 25, 3 (1935): 151; Epigraphia Birmanica, ed. C.O. Blag-

den (Rangoon: Government Printing Press, 1934), vol. IV, part I, pp. 58 -9.

22-Michael Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava in the Year 1795 (Edinburg: Constable and Co,

1827), vol. 1, p. 249.

23-Richard Cushman, The Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya, ed. David K. Wyatt (Bangkok: The Siam Society, 2000), pp.

305, 424...enAqñaM ...1791.. kμÜyRsIrbs´RB¼áT ram TI.. 1.. ánbYsCadUnCIenAÉ Tavoy; . The Dynastic Chronicles

Bangkok Era, The First Reign, ed. And trans. Thadeus and Chadin Flood, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural

Studies, 1978), pp. 178-82.

24-enARbeTsPUma sBVéf¶ ekμgRsIenAEtbYsCasameNrIánCaFmμta.. >.. cMeBa¼ PikñúnIenARbeTs PUma vij

sUmGa n .. Hiroko Kawanami, ‘The Religious Standing of Burmese Buddhist Nuns (thilá-shin), The Ten Precepts and

Religious Respect words’, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 13, 1 (1990): 17 -39; Tessa

Barthomeusz, Women under the Bō Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994),

pp. 37, 46, 80 -1. cMeBa¼karBiPakßaelI «ásika enAbNþaRbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_sm&ybc©úb,nñ vij sUm Gan In-

grid Jordt, ‘Bhikkuni, Thilashin, Mae-Chii: Women who Renounce the World in Myanmar, Thailand and the Classical

Pali Buddhist Texts’, Crossroads, 4, 1 (Fall 1988): 31 -9; Swearer, The Buddhist World, pp. 152-6; Tomomi Ito, ‘Buddhist

Women in Dhamma Practice in Comtemporary Thailand: Movements Regarding their Status as World Renunciates’, The

Journal of Sophia Asian Studies, 17 (1999): 147 -81.

25-Kamala Tiyavanich, Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth- Century Thailand (Honolulu: Univer-

sity of Hawai’i Press, 1997), pp. 280-6.

26- mandkRsg´mkniyaykñúgAung Thwin, Pagan, pp. 34,41.

27-A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, ‘The AśokÁrÁma inscription of 1399 A.D.: Epigraphic and Historical Stud-

ies, No. 2’, Journal of the Siam Society (GMNw¼teTA sresrkat´fa .. JSS) , 57, 1, (1969): 55.

28- Judith M. Jacob, ‘The Deliberate Use of Foreign Vocabulary by the Khmer: Changing Fashion, Methods and

Sources’, in Context, Meaning and Power in Southeast Asia, ed. Mark Hobart abd Robert Taylor (Ithaca, NY: Cornell

Southeast Asia Program, 1986), p. 118.

29-Liz Wilson, Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature

124 kMNt´ cMNaM

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); B.J. Terwiel, ‘Rice Legends in Mainland Southeast Asia’, in Contributions

to Southeast Asian Ethnographies, 10 (1994): 20-1.

30-Frank Reynolds and Mani Reynolds, Three Worlds According to King Ruang (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press,

1982), p. 132.Km<IréRtPUmikfa en¼ CasñaédrbsRB¼áT lU ét EdlánniBn§enAqñaM .. 1345.. buEnþ elak Michael

Vickerytv¨afa sñaéden¼ánRbmUlcgRkgenAsm&yeRkaymkeT ... KWenAsm&yGyuFüa..> . sUm Gan GtSbT

rbs ´elak.. ‘Note on the Date of the TraibhÚmikathÁ’, JSS, 52, 3 (1974): 275-84 and ‘On TraibhÚmikathÁ’, JSS, 79,

2 (1991): 24-36. rIÉ Km<Irelakb,BaØti (Edlmanerobrab´kñúgKm<IréRtPUmikfa)RtÚveKeCOfa ánniBn§eday sT§

m’eXas£ enAÉ Thatoneday EpðkelIGtSbTedImCa PasasM®s;wt..>.. elak.. John StrongesñIfa Km<Ir ena¼

niBn§enAstvtßTI..11.. nigTI..12.. rIÉelak.. Steven Collins vijfa enAstvtßTI..14..>. sUmGa n Strong, The

Legend and Cult of Upagupta, p. 12; Steven Collins, Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities: Utopias of the Pali Imagi-

naire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 321; and Reynolds, ‘A Nineteenth-Century Thai Buddhist De-

fense’, p. 930.

31-esckþIsegçbénsñaédCaeRcIneTotmanenAkñúg Swearer , The Buddhist World, pp. 152- 4.

32-Charles Keyes, ‘Mother or Mistress but Never a Monk: Buddhist Notions of Female Gender in Rural Thailand’,

American Ethnologist, 11, 2 (1984): 228-9; A. Thomas Kirsch, ‘Text and Context: Buddhist Sex Roles/ Culture of Gen-

der Revisited’, American Ethnologist, 12, 2, (1985): 305, 309; Niels Mulder, Inside That Society (Bangkok: Duang Kamol,

1992), p. 25; Jane R. Hanks, Maturity and its Rituals in Bang Chan (Ithca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1963)

and ‘Reflections on the Ontology of Rice’, in Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, ed. Stanley Diamond

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), pp. 298-301; H. Leedom Lefferts, ‘Women’s Power and Theravada Bud-

dhism: A Paradox from Xieng Khouang’, in Laos: Culture and Society, ed. Grant Evans (Chiangmai: Silkworm Books,

1999), pp. 214-25.

33-Hanks, Maternity and its Rituals, p. 43. cMeBa¼karsagpñÜsedIm,IsgéføTwkeda¼ sUmGan .. Penny Van Esterik,

‘The Cultural Context of Breast-Feeding in Rural Thailand’, in Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, ed. V.

Hull and M. Simpson (London: Croom Helms, 1985), p. 143, and idem., ‘Nurturance and Reciprocity in Thai Studies’, in

State Power and Culture in Thailand, ed. E. Paul Durrenberger (New Haven: Yale Southeast Asia Studies Monograph,

1996), p. 27; Paul Lévy, Buddhism : a ‘Mystery Religion’? (London: Athlone Press, 1957), p. 4. enA RbeTs éfb-

NÑakarEdleKeGayeTa]BukmþayxagkUnRkmMuenAéf¶mg:lkar k¾ehAfa ²sMNg éføTwk eda¼Edr³ Susan Con-

way, Thai Textiles (London: British Museum Press, 1992), p. 46.

34-Melford Spiro, Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitude (New York and London: Harper

and Row, 1972), p. 234.

35-Gehan Wijeyewardene, Place and Emotion in Northern Thai Behaviour (Bangkok: Pandora, 1986), p. 115.

36-Lévy, Buddhism: a ‘Mystery Religion’?, p. 14.

37-Ibid., p. 101; Françoise Bizot, ‘La grotte de la naissance’, Belletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient

kMNt´ cMNaM 125

(GMNw¼teTA sresrkat´fa .. BEFEO), 67 (1980): 222-73, especially p. 246 and idem., Le Chemin de LaÉka. Textes

Bouddhiques du Cambodge (Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1992). mancMNucmYy eyIgKYkt sm:alpgEdr

KWfa BuT§sasnaenARbeTskm<úCaminsUvTTYl}T§iBlxøaMgBIkarRbtibtþienARbeTs RsI lg;a dUcenARbeTs

PUma .. nigRbeTséfeT .. >

38-Ca«TahrN_ sUmGan .. W. M. Sirisena, Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Rela-

tions from A.D. c. 1000 to c. 1500 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), especially chapters 3-4; Catherine Raymond, ‘Etude des

relations religieuses entre le Sri Lanka et l’Arakan du xii au xviii siècles: documentation historique et évidences

archéologiques’, Journal Asiatique, 292, 2 (1995): 469 -501; De Casparis and Mabbett, ‘Religion and Popular Beliefs’,

p. 295; Wyatt, ‘Relics, Oaths and Politics’, pp. 48-9.

39-cMeBa¼karsikßatamvtþGaram sUmGan .. H.B.M. Ilangasinha, Buddhism in Medieval Sri Lanka (Delhi: Sri

Satguru Publications, 1992), pp. 133 -61.

40- Wolters, History, Culture and Religion, p. 46; Wyatt, ‘Relics, Oaths and Politics’, pp. 13, 47, 49.

41-R.A.L.H. Gunawardena, ‘People of the Lion: Sinhala Consciousness in History and Historiography’, in Ethnicity

and Social Change in Sri Lanka: Papers Presented at a Seminar organized by the Social Scientists Association, December

1979 (Colombo: Social Scientists Association, 1984), p. 29.

42- Sheldon Pollockánsnμtfa enAkñúgry£kalen¼ .. ²cRkPB³.. cMNas@enAGasIuxagt,Úg .. nigGasIuGaeKñy_

kMBug ERb køayeTACa.. ²Gg:kartamtMbn´³.. EdlmanTMenarcg´sRmbPasa... nigvb,Fm’kñúgtMbn´.. (‘The Cos-

mopolitan Vernacular’, Journal of Asian Studies, 57, 1 [February 1998]: 31).

43-Gunawardena, ‘People of the Lion’, pp. 25-7.

44-Charles Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature of Medieval Sri Lanka’ (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago,

1988), vol. 1, pp. 192-9. Tambiah ánKUsbBa¢akehIyfa plbuNüEdlánBIkareFVITanKWtictYc Nas ebIemIl

tamKm<IrálI (Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, p. 93).

45-Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature’, vol. 1, pp. 192, 199.

46-G.H. Luce, Old Burma-Early Pagan, (Locust Valley, NY: J.J. Augustine, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 125-7.

47-Sirisena, Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, pp. 74, 94; A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, ‘The Epigraphy of MahÁd-

harmarÁjÁ 1 of Sukhodaya. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 11. Part II’, JSS, 61, 2 (1973): 93-4.

48-Bonnie Pacala Brereton, Thai Tellings of Phra Malai: Texts and Rituals Concerning a Popular Buddhist Saint (Tem-

ple, AZ: Arizona State University Program for Southeast Asian Studies, 1995), pp. 25-45, especially pp. 38-9.

RB¼maéLánnimnþeTATtzannrk ... ehIyERbtTaMgLayenATIena¼GgVrsMu[ jatkarbsxøÜn «TÞis pl buNü

dl´ BYkeK pg... >.. RB¼m¨aéLk¾ánnimnþeTAzan tavtwþgßeTot.. >.. enATIena¼RB¼Gg:ányl´nUv BBYk eTvta én

zan ena¼fa Camnusß elakFmμta.. b¨uEnþánsagkuslplbuNüedaykareFVITan.. >

49-C.E. GodakumburaniTanerOgxø¼@enAstvtßTI.. 12 .. sþIBIburs®sþIEdláneFVIkuslkmμ EdlnaM[ BYk eK

126 kMNt´ cMNaM

ánesckþIceRmIn RTBü .. nig ykkMeNItlðCagmun..>.. sUmGanGtSbTmYyrbs´elakeRkamcMNgeCIg fa

‘SÁdhucaritodaya: An Unnoticed PÁli Poem’, Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Centenary Vol-

ume 1845-1945, new series, 1, (1950): 95-103.

50- Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, p. 131. KMnitEdlfa karBreBa¼KWCaxñatvas´CMenObrisuT§ rbs´®sþI

manlkçN£c,as´Nas´enAkñúgCMenOEdlfa ®sþINaEdlsagbuNüminRKb´nwgQWcab´xøaMgenAeBlsR-

mal (Hanks, Maturity and Its Rituals, p. 61).

51- Aung Thwin, Pagan, p. 41.

52-Griswold and Prasert , ‘The AśokÁrÁma Inscription’, p. 37.

53-C.E. Godakumbura, VisuddhajanavilÁsinī nÁma ApadÁnaÔÔhakathÁ (London: Pali Text Society, 1954), p. xviii.

54-Brereton, Thai Tellings, pp. 205-7.

55-Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, p. 64; Gervaise, Natural and Political History, pp. 136-7. esckþI Bnül´BI

cgHan´ manenAkñúg Wijeyewardene, Place and Emotion, p. 36.

56-A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, ‘Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 22; An Inscription from Vat Hin TÁn,

Sukhodaya’, JSS, 67, 1 (1979): 71 -2.

57-Walters, ‘Voice from the Silence’, p. 370; cMeBa¼RbFanbTen¼Edr sUmGan .. Penny Van Esterik , ‘Feeding their

Faith: Recipe Knowledge among Thai Buddhist Women’, Food and Foodways, 1 (1986): 199.

58-Van Esterik, ‘Feeding their Faith’, p. 120; Zimmer, The Art of Indian Asia: Its Mythology and Transformations

(New York: Pantheon Books, 1960), p. 139.

59-Walters, ‘A Voice from the Silence’, p. 370.

60-A.G.B. Kempers, Ancient Indonesian Art (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), Plate 85; H.L. Shorto,

A Dictionary of the Mon Inscriptions from the Sixth to the Sixteenth Centuries (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 198;

Blagden, Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. 4, part 1, pp. 11 -13; Swearer, Buddhist World, pp. 29-30, BN’na BIBi FI-

buNürM\kBIerOgnagsuCataenARbeTséfsm&ybc©úb,nñ.. > ... cMeBa¼BiFIdEdlenARbeTs PUma cug stvtßTI

..19.. sUmGan.. Shway Yoe (James George Scott), The Burma. His Life and Notions (reprint: New York: W.W. Norton,

1963), pp. 334-7.

61-Patricia M. Herbert, The Life of the Buddha (London: The British Library, 1992), pp. 34-5. sñaéden¼niBn§ eLIg

enAedImstvtßTI .. 19>

62-Khing Mya Tchou, Les femmes de letters birmanes (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1994), p. 47. See further Van Esterik, ‘Nur-

turance and Receprocity’, p. 24, and ‘Feeding their Faith’, pp. 197-215.

63-Ca«TahrN_ kareFVITanCaexñIyekIy .. 400.. nigs,g´cIvr.. 400.. maneronrab´kñúgsilacarwk mYy rbs´

RB¼áT lU ét (Griswold and Prasert, ‘The Epigraphy of MahÁdharmarÁjÁ 1’, p.158). enAtamx<grab kUratenA PaK

»sa nRbeTséf ®sþIenAEt bnþkareFVITanCaexñIy... ekIy EdleFVIedayédxøÜnÉg pÞal´.. dl´GñkmuxGñkkar

kMNt´ cMNaM 127

FM@..> .. ehtuen¼ eTIbeKEsneRbnCaexñIyekIy dl´RBlwgGarkßGñkta ehIykareFVITanen¼.. KWCa kic© sMxan´

Nas kñúgkarsnßMplbuNü.. >.. (Gittinger and Lefferts, Textiles and the Tai Experience, pp. 19, 51, 96, 103-4) > RbFan

bTen¼k¾KYrsikßapgEdr enAbNþaRbeTs gasIuGaeKñy_ eBlniyaydláRtrbskUnnaK ... BIeRBa¼ ebIeyag

tam vin&yáRtKYrEteFVIBIdI}dæ.. > .. kareFVIkðmqñaMgeRcInEtCakic©kar®sþI ehIyeKdwgeTotfa ®sþICamþay .. ¦®sþI

Ca jatirabTukdUcmþay áneFVIáRtRbeKnelakkUn.. >.. enARbeTsPUman nacugstvtßTI .. 19.. Gñk Geg;t mñak

ánkt´Rtafa eKeGaykUnnaKrkemIleRKÓg bMbYsdUcCa s,g´ áRt NaEdlCarbs´RB¼Gg:.. > .. kareFVIdUc

en¼naM[BRgwgcMNgTak´TgCamYyejamRsIrbs´RB¼Gg :.. > .. (Lévy, Buddhism: a ‘Mystery Religion’?, p. 19)

64-A.B.Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, ‘The nscription of Vat KhemÁ. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 15’,

JSS, 63, 1 (1975): 138.

65-S ee Barbara Watson Andaya, ‘Statecraft in the Reign of Lu Tai of Sukhothai (ca. 1347-1374)’, in Religion and Legit-

imation of Power in Thailand , Laos and Burmam, ed. Bardwell L. Smith (Chambersburg, PA: Anima Books, 1978), p. 14.

66-A. Raquez, Pages Laotiennes (Hanoi: F-H Schneider, 1902), p. 392 (cited in Lévy, Buddhism: a ‘Mystery Religion’?,

p. 36).

67-Isaline Blew Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism: The Position of Laywomen and Almswomen in Early Bud-

dhist Times (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975; reprint of 1930 edition) pp.350-1. Baküfa kzin mann&yfa

Cas,g´ sRmab´RbeKnRB¼sgÇedayt,ajEtry£eBlmYyyb´mYyéf ¶. (M.B. Ariyapala, Society in Medieval

Ceylon [Columbo and Kandy: de Silva, 1956], pp. 248-9).

68-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, p. 237; Sommai Premchit and Amphay Doré, The Lan Na twelve-month tra-

ditions (Chieng Mai: So Sap Kan Phim, 1992), p. 171; Michael Aung Thwin, personal communication (4 February 1999);

Sila charuk Phokhun Ramkhamhaeng Maharat/ The Inscription of King Ramakamhaeng the Great (Bangkok: Chula-

longkorn University, 1984), p. 41. nagxJMúKitfa karExVgKMnitKña sþIBIkareFVIkalbriecäTén sila carwk en¼

minb¨¼Baldl´karBiPakßad¾TUlMTUlayrbs´nagxJMúeT.. >

69-Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism, p. 374, n.1. erOgCatk TaMgLay BiBN’na BIGtIt Cati rbs RB¼BuT§..>

70-Ibid. p. 351: Nancy Auer Falk, ‘Exemplary Donors of the PÁli Tradition’, in Ethics, Wealth and Salvation, ed. Rus-

sell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990), pp. 131-3.

71- vtþen¼ksagkñúgrC¢kalRB¼ramTI.. 1.. (1782-1809).. (K. I. Matics, Introductio to the Thai Mural [Bangkok:

White Lotus, 1992], p. 50) kñúgKm<IrmYydkRsgedayelak .. Bizot erobrabfaKWnagvisaxa minEmnnag suCata

eT EdleKniymKUrrUbRbeKncgHandlRB¼BuT§eRkamedImeBaFiRBwkßena¼ ... >. Recherches nouvelles sur le Cam-

bodge, etudes thématiques, ed. François Bizot, vol. 1(Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1994), p. 110.

72-S. J. Tambiah, ‘The Ideology of Merit and the Social Correlates of Buddhism in a Thai Village’, in Dialectic in Prac-

tical Religion, ed. E.R. Leach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 75; King Mya Tchou, Les femmes de let-

ters birmanes, p. 110.

128 kMNt´ cMNaM

73- Sylvia Fraser-Lu, Burmese Crafts, Past and Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p.260. tamkar

niTant@KñaPaKeRcIn .. . KWfa RB¼nagmayaán esayTIvg:tbu¨nμanéfbnÞabBIRbsURtRBBuT§Gg:ehIy..> . TMnak

TMng rvagmatuPaB s,g´cIvr ... nigBuT§sasna manGMN¼GMNageRcInNasenAkñúgKm<IrPasaálI man cMNg

eCIgfa bMusukUlanisgßM EdlkøayCaKm<Irl,Il,ajmYyenAbNþaRbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ ... nigCasña éd Biess

mYykñúgkRmgKm<Ir RBéRtbidksþIBIGnisßM .. (plbuNüEdlekItBIkuslkmμ)... >.. Km<IrEdlBIedIm eLIy niTan

BIKNbMusukUlik. (PaÞsukÚlika).EdlCaKN£sgÇtadug..(smaFi).. taméRBd¾eqñIménRbeTs RsI lg;a enA cenøa¼

stvtßTI.. 8.. nigTI..10.. manniTanBI erOgmYyénbuRtIrbsQμÜjmñakEdlánsøabeBm RbsURt buRt..>... bMusukUl

TImYy... ¦s,g´cIvrénRB¼BuT§Gg: smaFi Edleákdak´hals¶Üt ... nigRClk´BN’rYc ehIy ena¼ tam BiteTA..

KWCaCayRkNatbEnSmEdleKykeTArMu sBTarkena¼ ... >.. Km<Irena¼Ecgfa s,gbMusukUla.. KWCa s,g lð elIs

eK.. >.. enAeBlRKgs,gcIvren¼ Etmþg EdlRB¼BuT§Gg:ánCYycmøgstV elakeGayrYcput BI val vdþ sgßar¿.¿.¿>

KNbMusukUliken¼ehIyEdlánkareKarBbUCaBIsMNakfñakdwknaM ... nigGñk muxGñk kar RsIlg;a Ca eRcIn rUb

edayeFVICaGMeNaydlejamRsIrbsRB¼Gg:RKbGg:nUvsemøókbMBakepßg@.. >.. sUmGan Wilhelm Geiger, Cul-

ture of Ceylon in Medieval Times (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960), p. 202; Strong, The Legend and Cult, pp. 71-2;

G. Martini, ‘BrapaÞÐukÚlÁnisaÞsaÞ’ BEFEO, 60 (1973): 61, 71; and Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, pp. 41-4, 168.

74- Geiger, Culture of Ceylon, p.196.

75-Kenneth Wells, Thai Buddhism. Its Rites and Activities (Bangkok: Suriyabun Publishers, 1975; first printed 1939),

p. 108.

76-Apocryphal Birth-Stories (Paññasa-JÁtaka), trans. I.B. Horner and Padmanabh S. Jaini (London: The Pali Text So-

ciety, 1985), pp. 170-80, 200-7; Sommai and Dore, Lan Na Twelve-Month, p. 171; Fraser-Lu, Burmese Craft, p. 260; Git-

tinger and Lefferts, Textiles and the Thai Experience, pp. 102-3. GtSbTEdlniyayBIBiFI buNüRsedogKña en¼ KWBIFI

²sMbuksURtmas³ EdleKseg;teXIjRárB§ enAqñaM .. 1941..kñúgcMenamCnCati .. Pai-i Ca Cn Cati rs´ enAtam

RBMEdnRbeTsPUma.. nigtMbnynNanRbeTscinBN’naBIkarRárB§GbGrrbsGñkRsúk dl CMnaj tm,aj

rbs´® sþI GacCYy[ ánbuNüeBjmYyRsukPUmi.. >. (T’ien Ju-K’ang, Religion Cults of the Pai-I along the Burma-

Yunan Border [Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1986], pp. 48-52) cMeBa¼kar Bi BN’naBIBiFI buNük zin enA

PaK»sanRbeTséf sUmGan Tambiah, ‘The Ideology of Merit’, pp. 75-7 rIÉ Swearer, Buddhist World, p. 23 manerob

rab BIBiFIbuNükzinEdlelakáneXIjpÞalEPñkenAvtþ mYy tam CnbT enA PaK xag eCIgRbeTs éf kal BI

eBl fμI@en¼ .. >

77-A.B. Griswold and Prasert naNagara, ‘Epigraphic and Historical Sources No. 19. An Inscription from Keng Tung

(1451 A.D.)’, JSS, 66, 1 (1978): 79.

78- Susan Murcott, The First Buddhist Women: Translations and Commentary on the Therigatha (Berkeley: Parallax

Press, 1991), pp. 76-7; Horner, Women under Primitive Buddhism, pp. 1-18. cMeBa¼karBN’naBI }riyabTén mata enA

kñúgkRmgkMNaBüCaPasatamIlsm&ybUraNfaCakic©RbesIrsRmab´TaMgbursTaMg®sþI sUmGan Paula Rich-

man, ‘ Gender and Persuasion: The Portrayal of Beauty, Anguish and Nurturance in an Account of a Tamil Nun’, in Cabezon

kMNt´ cMNaM 129

ed., Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, pp. 126-31.

79-Tessa Bartholomeusz, ‘The Female Mendicant in Buddhist Sri Lanka’, in Cabezon Buddhism, Sexuality and Gen-

der, pp. 126-31.

80-Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature of Medieval Sri Lanka’, vol. 1, p. 117.

81-Richard Gombach, ‘Feminine Elements in Sinhalese Buddhism’, Wiener Zeitschrift fu die Kunde Sudasiens, 16

(1972): 68, 78-9, 91-3.

82-Briggs, Ancient Khmer Empire, p. 222; Nandana Chutivongs, ‘The Iconography of AvalokiteÐvara in Mainland

South East Asia’ (Ph.D. diss. Leiden University, 1984), pp. 332-3.

83-Ca«TahrN_enArvagRKisþstvtßTI..7..nigTI.. 13.. RbFanbTCaTUeTAmYyénkarniBn§Km<IrRB¼BuT§sasna

Ca Pasa cin sþIBI TMnakTMngrvagsmaCikkñúgRKÜsar.. KWCaktBaØútaFm’rbskUnRbúscMeBa¼mataxøÜn BIeRBa¼ Kat

án pþl´kMeNIt.. nigbMeÁeda¼ eGayFMFat´..>... rUbcmøak´bgHajBIkarl¼bg´sUm,IEtCIviténmatamYyrUb ...nig

ktBaØÚtaFm’rbskUncMeBa¼KuNelakeFVIenA stvtßTI..17.. RtÚv RKisþsasnTUtykmkeRbIedIm,IBnülBIkatB V

kic© EdlRKisþsasnikRtÚveFVI.. >. . CMenOEdlfa kareFVIbuNü snßMkusl GacCYyjatisnþaneGayrYcBIzan

nrk EdlmanerobrabkñúgerOg niTanRB¼maéLk¾manelIkmkniyayeLIg pgEdr enAkñúgerOg mU elon Ca Pasa

cin ..> . k¾b¨uEnþ manPaBxusKñad¾FMmYy... KWfa enAkñúgKMnitCnCaticin matuPaBminGacEjkdac´ ecj BIkar esB

emfun .. nigPaBGesac ehIyfakUnRbúsRtÚvEt CYyrMeda¼RBlwgviBaØaNmataecjbIzannrk . BI eRBa¼ Kat án

lu¼ kñúgkielseBlKat´enArs´.. > Victor H. Mair, Tun-Huang Popular Narratives (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, 1983), pp. 89-121: compare Alan Cole, Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism (Stanford: Stanford Univer-

sity Press, 1998), pp. 133, 176 and 232, with writings by Alexandre de Rhodes cited in Peter C.Phan, Mission and

Cathechras: Alexanderof Rhodes and Inculturation in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam (Mayknoll, NY: Orvis Books, 1998),

p.220.

84-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, p. 115.

85-Donald K. Swearer and Sommai Premchit, The Legend of Queen CÁma: BodhisraÞsi’s CÁmadevÍvaÞsa,a Transla-

tion and Commentary (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), pp. 25, 79.x

86-Mabel Haynes Bode, The Pali Literature of Burma (London: Royal Asiatic Society: 1909), pp. 16-19; C.E. Go-

dakumbara, Catalogue of Cambodian and Burmese PÁli Manuscripts (Copenhagen: The Royal Library, 1983), p. 89;

David K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 51, 58; Gunawardana, Robe

and Plough, pp. 271-7.

87-Pollock, ‘Cosmopolitan Vernacular’, pp. 6, 9.

88-N.A. Jayawickrama, The Sheaf of Garlands of the Epochs of the Conqueror, being a translation of the Ji-

nakÁlamÁlÍpakaraÆam of Ratañña Thera of Thailand (London: Pali Text Society, 1978), pp. xix, 2-3; Gombric, ‘Femi-

nine Elements’, p. 80; Brereton, Thai Tellings, pp. 32, 103; Jean Mulholland, Herbal Medicine in Paediatrics: Translation

130 kMNt´ cMNaM

of a Thai Book of Genesis (Camberra: ANU Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, 1989), p.18. sñaédTakTgRbFan bT

dUc Kñaen¼niBn§enAkñúgRsúk sUmGanerOgTI .. 3.. TI.. 19.. nigTI.. 23.. esovePA bBaØsCatkEdlniBn§eLIg kñúg

Rsúk eá¼ Bum<eday. Horner and Jaini trans., Apocryphal Birth-Stories.

89-Cœdès, Histoire ancienne, p. 329; Indianised States, p. 253.

90-Wyatt, ‘Relics, Oaths and Politics’, p.13; Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, pp. 195-214.

91-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen CÁma, p. 44; Brereton, Thai Tellings, p. xxi.

92- Alain Forest, Les missionaries français au Tonkin et au Siam (XVIIè-XVIIIè siècles) (Paris: L’ Harmattan. 1998),

vol. 3, p. 285.

93-U Lu Pe WinbgHajBI}T§iBlCabmindacénerOgCatkenAkñúgsñaédrbselakeRkamcMNgeCIgfa ‘The

JÁtakas in Burma’ in Essays Offered to G.H.Luce by his Colleagues and Friends in Honour of his Seventy-fifth Birthday,

ed. Ba Shin, Jean Boisselier and A.B. Griswold (Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae, 1966), vol. II, pp. 94-108. enA

eBlEdl ]Bukrbs´GñkniBn§rUben¼áneFVImrNkaleTA eKRáb´elakeGayeronerOg mhaCnk Catk

Edl manerobrab´BIkarEfrkßabIác´énRB¼BuT§kñúgGtItCaticMeBa¼RB¼mataRB¼Gg:.. > ‘ The Jataka Stories and

Laopuan Worldview’, in Thai Lolklore: Insights into Thai Culture, ed. Siraporn Nathalang (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Uni-

versity Press, 2000), pp. 47-62.

94- K.R. Norman, PÁli Literature (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983, pp. 177-8; Horner and Jaini trans. Apoc-

ryphal Birth-Stories erOg.. bBaØasCatk.. eXIjniBn§eLIgCadMbUgenAextþeQog ém EdleRkaymkeXIj

cMNg eTA RbeTsPUma ... > .. cMENksmuc©&yCaPasaExμr vijmanlMdab... nigGtSn&yxusBIerOgCaPasaéf... nig

Pasa PUma.. >

95-Ca«TahrN_ bTraykarN_BIRbeTslavmYykalBIqñaM.. 1930.. BN’naBIkarsURtevsßnþrCatk Edl

eFVI eLIgkñúg rcnasm<n§beNþa¼GasnñmYyEdl eKykeTAKUrlmð elIKMnUrRkNat´edayniTanerOgtam

Qutqak.. > (S. Karpeles, ‘Chronique: Laos’, BEFEO, p.31 [1931]: 332).

96- Wyatt, ‘ Relics, Oaths and Politics’, p. 35; Margaret Cone and Richard F. Gombrich, The Perfect Generosity of Prince

Vessantara: A Buddhist Epic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), pp. 415-18.

97-enAqñaM .. 1865.. RB¼áT mukud Bnülfa RB¼sgÇéf.. KYrsURterOgRB¼evsßnþrCatk tamEbbepßg@ ... ²dUc

Ca Ebblav Ebbmn EbbPUma ... nigEbbExμr (manelIkmkniyaykñúg Terry E. Miller, Traditional Lao Music: Kaen

Playing and Mawlum Singing in Northeast Thailand [Westport, CT/ London: Greenwood Press, 1985], p. 38).

98-A.B. Griswold and Prasert naNagar, ‘ King Lodaiya of Sukhodaya and his Contemporaries, Epigraphic and Histor-

ical Studies No. 10’, JSS, 60, I (1972): 118.

99-Cone and Gombrich, Perfect Generosity, p. xxi; G.H. Luce, ‘The JÁtaka at Pagan’, JBRS, 58, 2(1975): 231-3.eKÉg

naMKñaeCOfa nrCnNaEdlsþaberOgRB¼evsßnþrCatknwgekItTanRB¼BuT§emetyü ... KWRB¼BuT§ Gg: eRkay...>..

elak Collinsk¾án[ témøesμIKñarvagKuNsm,tþiénkarsagpñÜs karRtas´dwgCaRB¼BuT§ kar man RTBüsm,tþi

kMNt´ cMNaM 131

hUrehor ... nigkarcab´kMeNItfμIeTot Edlpþl´bribTsRmab´karsURtGanerOg RB¼evsßnþr Ca tk sUmGan

(Nirvana and Other Other Buddhist Felicities, pp. 43, 376).

100-Griwold and Prasert, ‘Inscription from Vat Hin Tan’, p. 72, and ‘Inscription of Vat KhemÁ’, p.138.

101- Roxanna M. Brown, The Ceramics of South-East Asia: Their Dating and Identification (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford

University Press, 1977), p. 53, 260-1.

102-PollockRbEkkfa enARbeTs}NÐa BiFIbuNüRB¼ramGaceGayeKTajrk[ RBwtþ ikarN_ Cak´lak´

xø¼enAstvtß TI..12.. enAeBlEdlRB¼raCasasnahiNÐÚánRbdUccMáMgrvag RB¼ram... nigRkúgraBN_ eTA

nwg CMemøa¼pÞalxøÜnRB¼Gg:CamYyBYk bc©amiRtTYKI (Sheldon Pollock, ‘RÁmÁyana and Political Imagination in India’,

Journal of Asian Studies, 52, 3 [May 1993]: 263).

103-Epigraphia Birmanica, ed. Taw Sein Co and Charles Duroisell (Rangoon: Governement Printing Office, 1921) vol.

II, part I, pp. 130-2; vol. II, plates 351-60, 377; Cone and Gombrich, Perfect Generosity, p. xxi. QutqakEdlero-

brab´BIkarTYjesakrbs´RB¼nagemRTI GacfaCaQutmYyedayELktaMgEtBIedIm erog mkem¨ø¼ .. >..

GñkGeg;telIRbeTsPUma enAstvtßTI..19..ánGtSaFib,ayfa .. ²eKGaceFVI[ mnusß elak Rsk Twk EPñk án³..

ebIsEmþgQutRtgen¼[ Biera¼lð.. >... (C.J.F.S. Forbes, British Burma and its People, Being Sketches of Native Man-

ners Customs and Religion [London: John Murray, 1878], p. 150).

104-Burmese Classical Poems, ed. and trans. Friedrich V. Lustig (Rangoon: U Khin Pe Gyi, 1966), p. 29.

105-Epigraphia Birmanica, ed. C.O. Blagden (Rangoon: Gevernment Printing Press, 1928), vol. III, part 2, p. 278.

106-Cole, Mothers and Sons, p. vii.

107- Mulholland, Herbal Medicine, p. 18.

108-Women in Thai Literature (Bangkok: Office of the Prime Minister, 1992), p. 70. eyIgBitCaminEdl eXIj man

nimitþrUbénmrNkalrbs´mataNaeT.. > ..b¨uEnþ eyIgKYrdwgpgEdrfa enAeBlBreBa¼mþg@ ®sþIEtg RbQm

muxnwg esckþIsøab´... >.. enARbeTsGg´eKøs RbEhlqñaM ..1600 .. eKRbmaNeXIjfa kñúgcMeNam kar qøg Tenø

100 .. mñak´ man®sþImñak´ehIy Edlsøab´ . (Dr. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, personal communication, 3 May 2000).

109-Khing Mya Tchou, Les Femmes de letters birmanes, p. 42.

110-Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature’, vol. I, p. 122; Strong, Legend and Cult, p. 241

111-Brereton, Thai Tellings, p. 58. enAkñúgerOgeRBgExμrmYy manRB¼Gg:m©asmYyGg:EdlánrYmesBemfun

CamYy RB¼matabeg;ItrbsRTg edayminándwgfa RB¼nagCaRB¼mata k¾ánksagsþÚb ectiymYy edIm,I lag

ábkmμ rbs´RTg´.. > .. sUmGan... Ashley Thompson, ‘Intoductory Remarks Between the Lines: Writing Histories of

Middle Cambodia’, in Other Pasts: Women, Gender and History in Early Modern Southeast Asia, ed. Barbara Watson

Andaya (Honolulu: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hawai’I, 2000), pp. 47-68.

112-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen CÁma, p. 161.

113-edaynaMcUlBIRbeTs}NÐaEdlmantwktagc,as´kñúgsm&yKubþ Gupta.. (BIstvtßTI. 4.. dl´TI.. 6).. rUb

132 kMNt´ cMNaM

cmøak RB¼nag KgHIgEdlCasakßIénkarRtasdwgrbsRB¼BuT§Gg:áneKykmkqøakkñúgRsukPUmi...>.. enAkñúgerOg

ena¼ RB¼nag ánb®g;ab T&Bmar edaybeg;ItCaTwkCMnnecjBIRB¼eksaRB¼nag .. (EdlCanimitþrUbénPaB sm,Úr

CICati).. KWCak,acEdleKminFøab eXIjmanenARbeTs}NÐa...>.. cmøakExμrman cu¼kal briecäT kñúg sm&y eRkay

Gg:r ... buEnþkarqøak dMbUgEdleKeXIjmanenA tMbnGasIuGaeKñy_ KWcmøakeFVIBIsMriT§énnKráh;an enA stvtß

TI..11.. ¦TI.. 12..> .. Donald M. Stadner, ‘Pagan Bronzes. Fresh Observations’, in The Art of Burma, ed. Donald M. Stad-

ner (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 1999), p.63. cMeBa¼Rbvtþi}NÐa sUmGan.. Janice Leoshko, ‘The Case of the Two Wit-

nesses to the Buddha’s Enligntenment’, in A Pot- Pourri of Indian Art, ed. Pratapaditya Pal (Mumbai: Marga Publications,

1988), pp. 39-52; and John P. Ferguson, ‘The Great Goddess Today in Myanmar and Thailand: An Exploration of her

Symbolic Relevance to Monastic and Female Roles’, in Mother Worship: Theme and Variations, ed. James J. Preston

(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 286. nag xJMú sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl´.. Elizabeth Guthrine.

EdlCa Gñk sikßa RsavRCavBIRB¼nag KgHIgEdlánpþl B&t’man nigÉksarBieRKa¼d¾manRbeyaCn_dlnagxJMú..>

114-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, pp. 118-19; Mulholland, Herbal Medicine, p. 18.

115- enAkúñgmenaKtiEbbBuT§sasna kareÁeda¼mþayminsUvCab´Tak´TgCamYymþayeT.. >.. enAkñúgelak

FatuviTüakñúgKm<Ir éRtPUmikfa PaBlð}tex©a¼énsIlFm’énRbCanura®sþénTVIb«tþr KW «tþrkuru ... KWfa TarkGac eÁ

Twkeda¼ edayRKanEtCB¢ak RmamédGñkNak¾edayEdledIrkatena¼ minfaRbús¦RsIeT ... >... cMENkenA kñúg

GtSbT niBn§CaPasaGñkRsukxø¼ dUcCa ‘The Sheaf of Garlands’ nigCaPasaPUma.. ‘Glass Palace Chronicle’,

munI}sIGacciBa©wmkUnecArbs´elakeday bMeÁTwkeda¼tamRmamédelak ...>... Reynolds and Reynolds, Three

Worlds, p. 132; Collins, Nirvana and other Buddhist Fecilities, p. 322; Jayawickrama, Sheaf of Gralands, p. 98; Pe Maung

Tin and G.H. Luce, The Glass Palace Chronicle (Rangoon: Rangoon University Press, 1960), p. 5; Van Esterik, ‘Nurtu-

rance and Reciprocity’, p. 40.

116-Reynolds and Reynolds, Three World, p. 122.

117-Watlers, ‘A Voice from the Silence’, pp. 370, 376; Wilson, Charming Cadavers, p. 31. elak Wilson yl´eXIj

fa kareRbóbeFoben¼tamBiteTACakarbnÞabtémøénmatuPaB ... nigkarciBa©wmkUnkñúgpøÚvGaNacRk..>

118-Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature’, vol. II, p. 251; Gambrich, ‘Feminine Elements’, pp. 69-70.

119-Gombrich, ‘Feminine Elements’, pp. 74-7. eyIgKYrcgcaMpgEdrfa stvtßTI.. 18.. KWCa eBl Edl

TMnak´TMng éf ... nigRsIlg;aánbnþsarCafμI.. >

120-cMNucen¼maneKRáb´nagxJMúenAeBlnagxJMúTsßnaMrauk-U enAExFñÚ... qñaM..2000.. >

121-Cone and Gombrich, Perfect Generosity, p. 90. karTYjesakrbs´RB¼nagBim<a.. (yesaFra Ca mehsI én

RB¼BuT§ ).. enAeBlEdlRB¼Gg:ecjbYsena¼ k¾CaqakmanRbCaRbiyPaBNasEdr...> .. enAkñúg Km<Ir CaPasaéf

PaK xag eCIg mYy EdláncmøgeLIgenAcugstvtßTI..18.. bBa¢ak´kan´Etc,as´BIesckþI RsLaj´ rbs´ nag

cMeBa¼RB¼raCbuRtrahul... nigkar G¼Gagrbsnagfa eRkayBIeBl EdlRB¼ sVamI RB¼nag ecjsag RB¼pñÜseTA

²RB¼matad¾RsLajbuRtyagxøaMgen¼ nwgKaMBarbuRteGaydUcCabitamñakEdr.. > .. mann&yfa .. mena seBa©tna

kMNt´ cMNaM 133

rbs´ nagcMeBa¼buRtnag...KWRCaleRCANas´ dUcen¼buRt nag nwgyl´fanag Ca matapg ... nigCabitapg..>

Donald K. Swearer, ‘BimbÁ’s Lament’, in Buddhism in Practice, ed. Donald S. Lopez (Princeton: Princeton Univer-

sity Press, 1995), pp. 541-2.

122-Sachchidanand Sahai, The Rama Jataka Tale in Laos: A Study in the Phra Lak Phra Lam (Delhi: B.R. Publishing

House, 1996), vol. I, p. 23, n. 28; vol. II, p. 25.

123-Searer and Sommai, Legend of Queen CÁma, pp. 12, 69. xxxx (xx Emmanuel Guillon, The Mons: A Civilisation

of Southeast Asia, trans. James V. Di Crocco [Bangkok: The Siam Society, 1999], p. 39.

124- Mulholland , Herbal Medicine, pp. 56-7; Taw Sein Co and Duroiselle, ed. Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. II, part I, p.

101.

125-Pe Maung Tin, ‘Women in the Inscription’, pp. 149-59.

126- Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature’, vol. II, pp. 256, 300.

127- Ibid. vol. I, p. 256; Gombrich, ‘Feminine Elements’, pp. 69-70.

128- Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen CÁma, p. 127; Adrien Launey, Histoire de la Mission de Siam 1662-1811

(Paris: Charles Douniol and Retaux, 1920), p. 304. xxxxxx (A.B. Griswold and Prasert na Nagara, ‘The Inscription of

Vat JÁÉ Lom. Epigraphic and Historical Studies No.8’, JSS, 59, 1 [1971]: 206).xxxx (Cushman and Wyatt, Royal Chron-

icles, p. 305).

129- Brereton, Thai Tellings, pp. 104-5.

130-Cazanx<sCageK ehIyCazanéneTvtaEdlmanbuNüeRcIn ... buEnþminTanánRtasdwgeBj bribUreT..>

131-nagxJMúsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl´elak Dr. Swearer xxx Donald K. Swearer, Becoming the Buddha: Image Con-

secration in Northern Thailand (Forthcoming).

132-Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, p. 175. emIlCa«TahrN_ silacarwkelx ..1141. CE careLIgeday

Alaungsithu enA .. Pagan (1112-47)EdlRTgsgÇwmfa eFVIxøÜnRB¼Gg:CaKMrUdUcRB¼BuT§eKat¹m nigRtasCa RB¼BuT§

eday RB¼Gg:Ég (G.H. Luce and Pe Maung Tin, ‘the Shwegyugi Pagoda Inscription, Pagan, 1141 AD’, JBRS, 10 [1920],

67-49).

133-Taw Sein Co and Duroiselle, Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. II, Part 2, p. 117; Pe Maung Tin and Luce, Glass Palace

Chronicle, pp. 20-4.

134- Victor B. Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycle, Anarchy and Conquest c. 1580-1760 (Princeton, Princeton

University Press, 1984(. pp. 230-1, Gayatri Sen Majumdar, ‘Status and Positionof Women as Depicted in the AÉguttara

NikÁya (zan£nigtYnaTIrbs;RsþI) in Buudhism in Comparative Light, ed. Sanghasen Singh (Delhi/ Vanarasi: Indo-Asian

Publishing House, 1999), p. 182.

135-Faure, Visions of Power (Tsßn£GMNac), p. 35.

136-Jayawichrama, Sheaf of Garlands, pp. 349

134 kMNt´ cMNaM

137-Reydolds and Reynolds, Three Worlds, pp. 46.349.

138-Swearer and Sommai, Legend of Queen CÁma (erOgtMNalGMBImhakßRtIcam), p.104.

139-Griwold and Prasert, ‘Inscription from Keng Tung’, p. 84.

140-Betty Gosling, Sukhothai: Its History, Culture and Art (Singapore Oxford University Press), pp.40.91.

141-Rita Ringis, Thai Temples and Temple Murals (Singapore Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 121.

142-Guillon, The Mons, pp.160, 170-20.

143-Ibid.pp. 171-2, Blagden, Epigraphia Birmanica; vol. IV, part 1. p. 42.

144- Royal Orders ofBurma, Ad 1598-1885, ed. Than Tun (Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, 1983(, vol. III. p. 64

145-Kennon Breaseale, personal communication (20 February 2001)EdlmancitþlðÂan pþl´nUvGtSbTbkERb Ca

PasaéfGMBIRbvtþisavtarExμrsegçb>

146-Wolters, ‘Khmer King at Basan’, pp. 74 -5.elak GarvaiseniyaypgEdrfa RB¼raCaExμrmYyGg: .. (eCdæaTI..2

qñaM .. 1618- 27).. ÂanTuk[ mehsIrbs´RB¼Gg: ... (GñkGg:ma©s´CatiyYn)dwknaMkmøaMgT&ByYn EdlÂanbBa¢Ún[

mk CYyRB¼Gg: RbqaMgnwgGyuFüa (Natural and Political History, p. 195).

147-Trevor Ling, ‘Introduction’, in Buddhism Trends in Southeast Asia, ed. Trevor Ling (Singapore Institute of South-

east Asian Studies, 1993), pp. 4-5.

148-Wyatt, ‘Rlics, Oaths and Politics’, p. 47.

149-emIlkarcUlrYmbdiPaKcMeBa¼... ‘Spirit Cults and the Position of Women in Northern Thailand’, ed. Paul Cohen

and Gehan Wiieyardene, Special Issue of Mankind (14, 4 [1984] ; Richar Davis, Muang Metaphysics: A Study of North-

ern Thai Myth and Ritual (Bangkok, Pandora, 1984). p.20. and Rosalind C. Morris, In the Place of Origins: Modernity

and its Mediums in Northern Thailand (Durham, NC & London: Duke University Press, 2000).

150-Wyatt, ‘Relics, Oath and Politics’, pp. 39-4.

151-A.B Griswold and Prasurt na Nagara, ‘A Declaration of independence and Its Consequence. Epigraphic and His-

torical Inscriptions No. I’, JSS. 56.2 [1968]: 26. n 39.

152-Ibid, p. 26 n. 39, Andaya, ‘Statecraft in the Region of Lu Tai’, p. 17, n 37.

153-The Chiang Maichronicle, ed. and trans. David K. Wyatt and Aroonrut Wichienko (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Book,

1995), pp. 80- 1.

154-Ibid, p. 41.

155-dkRsg´ecjBIGtSbTB&t’manGFib,ay enAkñúgsarmnÞI.. Nan.. Ex .vicäika.. 2000.

156-Penth. ‘Historical Notes on the Region West of chiang Mai’ JSS. 65. 2 (1977): 181.

157-sUm,IenAkñúgqñaM .. 1863.. enAeBlEdlGñkRKb´RKgnKreQogExgTTYlmrN£Pøam.. > . bÚðn Rbús rbs´

Kat´RtÚvÂaneKEtg taMg[ eLIgRKb´RKgCMnYsPøamEdr bnÞab´BIBYkGPiCnCaeRcIn Âan fVayjtiþe sñIsuM e TA

RB¼raCmata .. Pierre- Bernard Lafont, Le Royaume de JyÉ KheÉ: Chronique d’un royaume tay lœ 2 du haut Mékong (XVe

kMNt´ cMNaM 135

-XXe siécles) (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1998), pp. 199-20, see also pp.xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvii, 106, 116, 165.

158-Wyatt and Aroonrut, Chiang Mai Chronicle, p. 68.

159-Wyatt ‘Relics Oath and Politics’, p. 49.

160-«TahrN_.. J.C. Eade, ‘The Mangrai Buddha Image of Chiang Mai: A Computer Assisted Reading’, JSS, 81, 1

(1993): 39; Penth, ‘Historical Notes’ erobrabGMBIRB¼mhakßRt Phra Yo énnKreQogér (1487-95)nig RB¼mata

r bs´RB¼Gg: ...kßRtTaMgBIrGg:EdlCa BuT§sasnikd¾mansT§amutmaMen¼ Cajwkjab´ RtÚv ÂaneK BiBN’ na

faBuT§sasnUbtSmÖk£³ . (p. 181). silacarwkCaeRcInsSitenAkñúgsarmnÞIrnana enAeQogEsn dUcEdl man

kal briecäT .. 1496.. BIvtþRÂasaT... k¾ÂanktRtanUvRB¼raCTanCaeRcIncMeBa¼vtþnanaGMBIRB¼raCmataCa eRcIn

nig R B¼raCbuRtTaMgLay. .. Psþútagsila carwkGMBIkarbMeBjbuNükusleday®sþIGñkmanRTBüsm,tþienA

kñúg suexaT&y RtÚvÂanBinitüdkRsgeday B.J. Terwiel ‘The Urgency of Making Merit in Early Thai History’, forth-

coming.

161-«TahrN_ RbtibtþitamFm’EdlsEmþgeRÂasBIsMNakRB¼BuT§Cam©as PikçúGg:úlimalk¾ÂanERb køay eTA

Ca Gñk karBar ®sþImanépÞeBa¼ EdlCYy[®sþI sRmalkUnÂanedaygayRsÜl ehIykarsURtÂalImYy Ka

faEdlniyayGMBIelakena¼ RtÚvÂaneK yl´RBmKñay:agCak´EsþgfanwgCYydl´karsRmalkUn Edl man

kar lMÂak.. rUbbdimarbs´elakenAectiy.. ShwezigonénnKr á¨h;an bgHajnUvRbkasKafarbs´PikçúGg:úli-

mal (Strong, Legend and Cult, p. 241).

162-Judith Jacob, The Traditional Literature of Cambodia: A Preliminary Guide (Oxford University Press, 1996), p.

29. manRbéBNIExμr-mnd¾yUryarmkehIy Edl sresIrGMBIKuNrbs´mþay (Saveros Pou and Philip N. Jen-

ner, ‘Les CpÁp’ou ‘Code de Conduites’ Khmer CpÁp ‘Kram’, BEFEO, 66 [1979]: 156).

163-Hallisey, ‘Devotion in the Buddhist Literature’ vol. II, p. 300, n 126.

164-Jacques Le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, Trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1988). pp. 1 -15; Shaw, Passionate Enlightenment, p. 13.

165-Joan Scott, ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis’ American Historical Review, 91.5 (December 1986):

1075.

CMBUkTI.21-...enAtMbnGasIuGaeKñy_...manBiFICaeRcInTakTgnwgBiFIqøgv&y...«TahrN_...BiFIekarCuk .. BiFIbYsnaK ...BiFI

erobkar .. >l>

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b‘Í.. vIehßdum..nig h:aRb‘ÍEyl..EG‘l..kahVhIV..(1908 .. eá¼Bum<eLIgvij ..sIukaeh:a½.. saklviTüal&y sIuka eh:a

eRbss_ . .1960).. >..eyablrbs. van..ehßnenb.. RtÚvánerobrab lmðit enAkñúg esovePA rbs.. FUrnWr.. cMeBa¼

136 kMNt´ cMNaM

GVIEdlKatehA fa.²dMeNIrkarénBiFIbuNü³ .. >.. CaBiesssUmGan...vIkfUr..FUrnWr . ..éRBénnimitþrUb..(GIusaka .½

saklviTüal&yxUrENll_...eRbss_..1967)..nigsUmGan..vIkfUr..FUrnWr..nig eGdIs.. FUrnWr ..rUbPaB.. nigFmμya

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3-..va¨n´..ehßnenb ..BiFIbuNüqøgv&y..TM¿..66.. >.

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niym n&y énePT½..karksagvb,Fm’éneynD&r..nigePT..bNÑaFikar GUrtnWr..nig.. va¨yEhd ..(ExmRb‘Íd. ½

sakl viTüal&yExmRb‘ÍdERbss_..1981)..TM¿..13>

6-..mIreso..GIulIy¨ad .BiFIepßg@..nignimitþrUbénBiFIbMbYs½..Gaf’kMáMgénkMeNIt..nig karcab´ kMeNIt eLIg

vij .. b k ERbeday. .vIllad..Ga..Rtask_..(jÚvyk½..harpWr..xULÚpUn .. 1975)..TM¿..eGc..>..c,abedIm én esov

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tYcbMputkñúgcMeNam®sþI..RBmTaMg mankarTTYls:altictYcBIBYkburs..> ..RbsinebI. ..kar pøasbþÚr d¾ sMxan en¼

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9-..vinDI..dUnIhßWr..GUpøahWrFI ..RB¼siv£.½..tabselμaPkam..(GuksVd½..saklviTül&y.. GuksVdeRbss_ ..1981)

TM¿..38..> ..esovePAen¼eá¼Bum<elIkTI..1..kñúgqñaM..1973..mancM NgeCIgfa.²PaBCatabs... nig kamarmμN_..

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nrviTU Gaemrik..11¿2.(1984)½.. 223-41.. >..enARbeTsPUma. BiFIbuNüeca¼Rtecok.. (NatVIn)..R árB §eLIg

kMNt´ cMNaM 137

sRmab´ ekμgRsI.. manlkçN£dUcCaBiFIbuNübMbYs®sþI...EttUctacCagBiFIbuNübMbYsburs..(suInBüú)..Edl

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kalIhVrna eRbss_.1970)..TM¿..234-47.. >

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efrvaT.. >

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8- Thích Mat Thê KWCa RB¼ sgÇEdlman cMeN¼dwgx<g´x<s´ mkBI .tMbn´ .eFO..Îan..(ehV). . Thùʼa Thiên (Huế).. >

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kMNt´ cMNaM 151

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11-.Keith Taylor áncgðúl bgHajeRbóbeKkan´bBa¢a... nigelIktem;Ig c,ab´ ... nig GaCJaFr tamry¼ neya áy

vb,Fm’ énBiFI buNüRBlwg nana . eday viPaK elI RTwsþIBak´kNþalpøÚvkar enA stvtßTI .. 14..énkar sresIr

RBlwg Việt Ðiện U LInh Tập .(GtSbTcgRkg BI . raCvaMg ggwt rbsRbeTs evot)..> .sUm Gan . Taylor, K,enA kñúg GasIu

GaeKñy_BIstvtßTI .. 9.. dl´TI .. 14. .. D.G. Marr and A Milner (eds), Singapore & Ganberra: Institute of Southeast Asian

Studies.

12- g¨U..Dwk..fk(Ngô Đúʼc Thọ) (1973.. 10).. TIsk;ar£TaMgen¼Gac EckCa ..4 .. RbePTKW . .. vihar ..(edn ..Đên )

.vihar. . ¦sala (mar..Miếu) ..xÞmGñkta.(Dij..Điṅh) ..nig .vtþ RB¼ BuT§sasna .(Chua).>.cUrcgcaMfa . man xÞmGñk-

tamYy ¦ eRcIn .yag ehac Nas manvtþRB¼ BuT§sasna mYy tam PUmi nImYy@ .EdlmankñúgbBa¢I..> . tam Gñk eFVI bBa¢I

án [dwgfakar eRCIs erIs vtþ cu¼ eQμa¼en¼ min Gac ykCa TYelxénvtþ... vihar .... nigxÞmGñkta TUTaMgtMbn CnbT

ena¼ eT...> ..Cagen¼ eTA eTot Tinñn&y Edl kt´ Rta cUlen¼ man Et B&t’man lmðit tic tYc b¨ueNÑa¼. .>..RkúmTaMgbY-

nen¼ Eck dUc xag eRkam.½ . 584.. vihar /... 377 ... vtþ RB¼ BuT§sasna(CY..Gam/.(Chùa Am)) . .. nig GaRsm. .( Chua,

am) / 93.xÞmGñkta /. . 10 ... vtþsasna tav. .( dav..xVan..Đao Quán)

eTa¼bI GñkeFVIbBa¢ITaMgen¼ minán bBa¢ak´c,as´ las´ BI ehtupl EbbNa EdleKykTIsk;ar£ RbePT

epß g@ Kña CaeRcInmkeFVIcMNatfñakRtwmEtbYnRbePTdUecñ¼.. >.. buEnþeKdwg fa kar catfñaken¼.. KWBit Ca man vNÑ£

GPiCn CaGñkdwkmux.... > . .eQμa¼tamtMbn´rbs´TIsk;ar£TaMgena¼eFVI[ eK sgß&y elI k areFVIcMNat´fñak´...>.. Ca

«TahrN_ enA tMbn´dIsNþTenøemKg: .. vihar xø¼ . GñkPUmi ehA fa xÞm Gñkta . ehIy eKk¾ eKarB bUCa eTA tam ena¼

Edr..> . . enA kEnøg epßgeTot vij.vtþ RB¼BuT§sasna CaeRcIn eRb I Ca kEnø g CYbCMuRbCuMKña.tamRbéBNI buraN

rbs. xÞmGñkta . eTAvij.. >. eBlxø¼eKeRbICamUldæan eyaFa sRmabkarb¼eártam tMbn.tamkal£eTs£tRmÚv.

(sUmGan «TahrN_ . .Èak´..CI..day..eRTÓg.(Ta Chi Đai Truʼòʼng). 1989. 170-1).. >. cMNuclðrbs´bBa¢Iena¼ KW

RKb TI sk;ar£TaMg Gs suT § Et man BnülBIRbvtþi .PUmisa®sþ... kMNaBüniBn§eday bBaØvnþ... nigesckþI GFib,ayBI

eTsPaB rUbragvtþ..> kar briya y bgHajBI samK:I PaB énGMNac neyaáy ..nig karelIktMekIg c,ab´ sRmab´

fñakdwknaM GPiCn .. >. . vaKμanGVI PJak epðIleT ebIsinCaeKrkeXIjkar briyay en¼ eFVIeLIgedIm,IRbqaMg ¦ edIm,I [

xus Kña nwgCMenO RbCaCnkñúg Rsúk .. nig eTvviTüa...>. .kMNtRtakñúgRsúk TMng Ca min suIKñanwgkarEtgsresrkñúg

raC vaMg BIvtþvihar...>. . ehIy bMNg GPiCn fñak´ dwknaMkt´RtaTukeTvkf a . . nig erOg eRBg niTan minEmn RKan´ Et

beRmI RbeyaCn_ én kar tm;l´ Éksar .. nig kar sikßa RsavRCavena¼eT.. >

152 kMNt´ cMNaM

13- RkeLk mIl mYy EPøteTA elI Epñk sMNg´GKa r d¾man RbeyaCn_xag vb,Fm ’Edl án cu¼bBa¢ IbBa¢ak ´ Ráb´

eyIg fa... kñúgcMeNambYnRbePTena¼KW vihar mancMnYneRcInCageK. .> .en¼bBa¢ak[eXIjfa GPiCn fañkdwknaM

na GtItkal bn´Rsn´[RBlwgCYyxøÜn.> . cMnYn vtþRB¼BuT§sasna man Cit. 36 % ... ¦ eRcIn Cag mYy PaKbI ebIeR-

bób eFob nwg viharGñ ksasna tav suT§EdlmanEtmYy PaKryena¼. .. > . eRkABIena¼ suT §Et «TÞisdl´ RBlwg

.enA kñúgRbeTsmYyEdl . .. dMbUnμan bIy¨ag án elIk eLIg edIm,I lay bBa©ÚlKña eTACa RbB&n§ CMenO EtmYy. min

xus BI CMenO enA RbeTs cin mun sm&yTMenIbeT.. >

14- .GñklemðógeTAelICMenO twgEt g rbssasna eCnkñúgcMeNamBYkGPiCn kñúgkarsresrRbvtþi BuT§ sasna

. manCaGaTi_ Nguyen Cung Tu . (1995)ánseg;tkñúgGtSbTviPaKrbsxøÜnelIExßRsLay.. nigÉksar Rbvtþi

sa®s þ nana ... .EdlBak´Bn§enAkñúgena¼. minánKaMRT .. elIkarbnþ énExßRsLay BI nikay eCn cin ena¼eT.>

15- .. Gñk niBn§ enAviTüasSan RsavRCav han..NUm. (Hán Nôm) (Ngô Dú’c Tho et al.,1993).. Edl áncgRkg bBa¢I

vt þ v ihar enARbeTsevotNamdUc án erob rabxagelI Edl án ktRtakñúgÉksarCapøÚvkar... nig Bak kNþal

pøÚv kar cMnYn...150.. KWsuT§Et CakrNIKYr[ cabGarmμN_...> . . tam kar Binitü sÞabsÞgen¼ .án kt bgHaj Psþútag

én karrsran eLIg vijénBuT§sasna enA stvtßTI ..17 .nig ..18..>. tam karvinicä&y BuT§sasna eday ELk enA

c,ab´Rkmhuk..Dwk.(Hồng Đúʼc) kñúgrC¢kal. Lê na stvtßTI ..15... nig c,ab´.Gia Long enA stvtßTI.. 19. elak.

Coulet. k¾ snñidæan fa BuT§sasna rIklUtlasenA kñúgraCaNacRkena¼ BI stvtßTI ..15 ..dl stvtß TI..19. .(Coulet,

1929. 28).> .. mUlehtuEdl .. Coulet ánelIkeLIg ... KWWfa enAeBl Edl c,ab´Rkm.Tang.nig Qingán cmøg

eLIg vij eKeXIj man c,ab sþIBInikayepßg@énBuT§sasna minánlubecalena¼eT.. .> .. .GñkniBn§epßg eTot

dUcCa Minh Chi et al(1993 .25)G¼Gagfaedayehtufac,ab´Rkm Hông Dú’c tak´EtgeLIg. KμanBak´B&n§ fa

BuT§sasna Casasna eT.. .ena¼eTIbviFankarb®g;abenAstvtßTI .. 15 ..RákdCaBak´B&n§nwgrdæál Ca Cag

neyaáy ... nigmenaKmviC¢a...> .. .b¨uEnþ viFankarrdæálen¼bgçM RB¼T&yRB¼sgÇ Edl minán Rblg Cab´

pøÚvFm’swkGseTAvij...>.. .GñkniBn§dEdl ánsresrfa BIstvtßTI...16. . dlstvtßTI..18. .karrsran eLIg

vij ekIteLIgenAkñúgrC¢kal MaceRBa¼ vtþviharcas´@ án CYsCulfμI EfmTaMgmansg´vtþfμIxø¼eTotpg ..> .

bnÞab BI rC¢kal. Le .ánegIbeLIgvij. RB¼ sgÇRtkUl. Trinh k¾CusCul ...nig ksag vtþ vihar fμIpgEdr..> . nikay

sasna eCn rbsRTúk..Lim. Èav..dug .. (Trúc Lâm Tào Động)... nig .Lim..et .(Lâm Tế)ánrsraneLIgvij... nig kar

rYb rYm CamYy nwg lT§ixug CWk¾ elIk CaRbFanbTsRmabkarBiPakßa kñúgcMeNambBaØvnþ..> . stvtß TI..19 ..RtÚv án

Gñk niBn§ TaMgen¼ án sresr eLIg fa... Ca ry£kalénkarFøakcu¼ edaymankMNt..> ... GñkniBn§TaMgena¼ G¼Gagkñúg

ry£ kal ena¼ .RB¼ BuT§ sasna enAEtmantYnaTIEdlxøÜn manBYr munCayUrmkehIyenA kñúg sg:m evotNam...>..

eKalneyaáy... rwtbnþwg... nig karri¼Kn BIraCvaMgGac katbnSyekrþ_ eQμa¼ rbsBuT§sasna xø¼k¾BitEmn....buEnþ

min Gac bBaÄb´ karrIkceRmIn cab´mindac´rbs´vaáneT.> .

16- . b‘Åv..sWn..KI.ehOg(Bùʼu Soʼn Kỳ Huʼoʼng )(mann&yfa Kn§BiedarcEmøkénPñMmantémøeRkaymkkøayCa. . BSKH)

KW CaRkúm BuT§ sasnikEdleCOfa... xøÜnnwgándlzansux edaymanGñk beg;It d¾ Qøas éveQμa¼fa .pat . éf .ét

Gan . (Phat Thay Tay An).(RB¼BuT§Cam©as én snþiPaB elakxaglic)... Edl ekIteLIg enA tMbn xagt,Úg RbEhl

kMNt´ cMNaM 153

Ca enA Bak´kNþal stvtßTI ..19.>. sUm GanhU..tay.(Ho Tai 1983).>

17-.. Ileto..G¼GagBIsSanPaB RsedogKñamanenARbeTs hVIlIBin .EfmTaMgelIkykclnamanRTgRTay FM@

ekIt man enA GasIuGaeKñy_mkG¼GageTotpg.. >.sUmGan Ileto.(1992 .. £.198-9).>

18-.. sg:hvtSúbYny¨ag KW

-.. Tan ... KWkar[nUvvtSúxØÜndl´GñkdéTKYr[.. >

-.. biyvaca .. KW kareBalBaküEpðmBIera¼.. >

-.. Gtþcriya ...KW karRbRBwtþCaRbeyaCn_.. >

-.. smantþta .. KWPaBCaGñkmanxøÜnesμI minRbkan´xøÜn.. >

19-.. Tukç.sMedAeTAelI eRKa¼kmμ.. ‘Dharmic perils’ (pab..Nan..Pháp Nạn).

20-. bEnSm BIelIsñaédrbs .. Tinh Do Cu Si sUm Gan .Do, M.T., Charity and Charisma, the Dual Path of the Tinh Dô

Cu Si, a Popular Buddhist Group in Southern Vietnam, Social and Cultural Issues No. 2 (98) , ISEAS Working Papers.

21-. elak Woodside (1969). ktsm:alfa. karlaylMKñaénBuT§sasna.. niglT§ixugCWen¼án RCabcUldl

BYk GPiCn evotNam kñúg Tsvtßr_ qñaM ... 1800..>

22-.etV..hßak . (Tuệ Giác) . CaRbvtþiviTUshsm&y .G¼Gag fakMEN TRmg BuT§sasna evotNam sm&yTMenIb

án KMnit mk BI RbeTs cin.> . .buK:ld¾sMxan ena¼KW .Daixu.(1889-1947).Edlsresr esovePACaeRcInPaK

sþI BI kMEN TRmg RB¼BuT§ sasna enA RbeTs cin.ehIybeg;ItsmaKm .. Chinese Buddhist Soiety enA qñaM .1929...>

Îan..Cav .(Thiện Chiếu) ánbkERbesovePA xø¼ rbs´xøÜn ... nig TsßnavdþI. hay..Ïav..yin.. (Hai Chao Yin)

(sMeLgTwkrlk).> .. sUm Gan... Woodside (1969 .12). nigecI..eGn .(Chʼ en).. (1964/..455-7). >

23-.. GñkRáCJ lT§ixugCW. eQμa¼dU..Tan´..hUv (Đỗ Thuần Hậu ) minánCYb RKÚrbs´Kat rhUtdlKatGayu .. 50.

bnÞab´ BI ena¼ mk CIvit Kat´pøas´bþÚry¨agxøaMg .. >..Kat´rkeXIjmnþGaKm... nig mhiT§ii¬T§i pøÚv ggwt tam ry£ kar hat´

smaFi.. > ..cMeBa¼ CIvRbvtþi yagxøI en¼ sUm GandU..Tan..hUv (1994).ePb..sYt..hUn. (Phép Xuất Hồn) [viFIeFVIdM eNIr

én RBlwg].. >. cMeBa¼ erOg²RB¼sgÇ dUg ³.sUmGan .infra, n. 36.

24-. GtItKNenyükreFVIkar[FnaKar}NÐÚcinegVón..KIm..mYn.(Nguyễn Kim Muôn) án pøas´ bþÚr CIvit rbs

xøÜn eTA Ca Gñk EsVg rkGtþPavnaeBjTMhwg..>..ehIycugeRkaymkKatánbeg;ItvtþviharmYycMnYnBItMbn .Gia

Dinh (1933)rhUtdl´eka¼PU..KYk . (Phú Quốc) (Tsvtßr_ qñaM..1940).. >.. enAcenøa¼qñaM..1928.. dl.. 1935.. Kat´

án eá¼Bum< esovePA CaeRcIn sþIBIkarbkERbKm<IrsURt.. tRmak,Ün... nigsñaédepßg@ GMBIerOgGtþPavna Edl

mYuy k,al@... man kRmas´ . 100. TMB&r Éena¼.. >

25- GñkniBn§Gnamik/.. Din..á..Rtúg..hVúg..RÈav (Đàn Bà Trong Phong Trào) Phu Nu Tan Van, no 248.

26-.. GñkniBn§ rbs´GtSbT en¼ .cu¼ htSelxa H.T’ enA .kaEst Trang An enAqñaM ..1935. .min RtÚv án eK s:al´

GtþsBaØaNeT...>. .egVón..Lag. Viet Nam Phat Giao…, 1994, v.3.23

27-..egVón..Lag (1994£ 24)

28-.egVón..Lag (1994£27-8)

154 kMNt´ cMNaM

29-.. Tenø BIrsMedAdl´ ... ²eRtIyxaglic³ .(eTog..y¨ag. Tiền Giang)... nig . ²eRtIyxagekIt³ ... (hUv..y¨ag .Hậu

Giang)..én TenøemKg: enA evotNamxagt,Úg..> .. Baküfa.. ‘Tê’ enAkñúg ‘Ëam..et.Kiêm Tế KWmanTMnakTMngnwg..

‘KIj..ág..et..ef..Kinh Bang Tế Thếʼ.. (mhicäta esdæ kic©).. >

30-.. RB¼etC RB¼KuN.CI..Îan (Trí Thiền) nig bkßBYkrbselakRtÚvcabxøÜn eday kg bUlis EdleKrk GavuF

eXIj enA vtþ EdlCa sñak´karkNþal rbs´smaKmenAqñaM ... 1939..> . eK ánbBa©ÚnRB¼etCRB¼KuNCI..Îan

cUl Kuk enAeka¼.. Cong Lon. ehIy án søab´enATI ena¼ .eyagtam Gñk EdlánRtlb´mkvij .enA qñaM .. 1945.

(egVón..Lag/.. 1994£..73-4).

31-.. Katl,IfaánsresresovePA...6.elx.. > .elxnImYy@ manBI..600.. eTA..900 ..rb¼CaBakükaBü.> RbEhl

CamYyelx@..áneá¼Bum<Ca ..800¿000 c,ab´ .. >.egVón.. v¨an..hUv .. Nguyên Vâu Hấu (1969£. 42-8).>

32-.. sUmGan .. Do, M.T., Charity and Charisma.

33-.. m¨ak´.hal..McHale(1993)dkRsg´ecjBI . Nguyen An Ninh, 1938, ehV..b‘Íj..hVat´..hßav Phé Binh Phat

Giao [karri¼ Kn´ BuT§ sasna ], My Tho: Dong Phu o’ng Thu’Xá. 6, 44.

34-.. Fan..Cav.(Thiên Chiều) cUlrYm clna .Nam Ky Kh’oi Nghia.. enA tMbn . huk.. mUn á . Ehßóm..Hôc Môn Bà Diem

PaKxag eCIgéRBnKr enA qñaM 1940.> .Kat´ áneTAenA evot Nam xag eCIg bnÞab´BIsn§isBaØa Rkúg sßW ENv ..

1954. ehIy søab´ enA TI Rkúg haNUyenAqñaM ...1976. ( egVón..Lag, .1994. £. 80-1).

35-.. Nguyen Van Hau, a, b.. (1969£249).

36-.. skmμPaB suxumalPaB rbs´ Rkúm . Tinh Do ánCYy erobcM cMNg sg:m dMbUg CamYynwg GñkRk . Ca smiμT§

pl d¾ KYr [ ktsm:al Edl cUlrYm cMENk [ mankarrsran .... nig karrIkceRmIn...>. .. sUmGan. Do, M.T., (1998)

Charity and Charisma.

37-. sUmGan h‘.. Huynh Minh, (1965a; 1966a.& b; 1968; 1971; 1972).

38-. Nguyen LangelIkeLIg BI sñaédmYy Edl bgHajBI Cemøa¼ TaMgen¼ ... nig karQW cab´EdlBuT§ sasnik v&y

ekμg EdlcUlrYm bdivtþ ánCYbRbT¼ . Nhu’ng Cap Kinh Mau (The Colored Glasses)1965a,1965b. án sresr

enA qñaM ..1947. . b¨uEnþ rhUt dl´qñaM .. 1965.. eTIbán eá¼Bum<pßay. .>.

39-.. Nguyen Lang, (1994.£385).

40 -. karemIlRsal rbs´ .Ehßóm (Diem)... nig Tsßn£ GaCJaFrm Gaemrik Edl man mUl dæan enA éRBnKr eday

sar karray karN_xusBIskmμPaBGuCGaledayBYkkumμúynIs RbEhlCaCYybEnSmKñaeTAvijeTAmk .> . .

sUm Gan «TahrN_ Blais, A.(1995.£. 26-30).. >

41-. Chân Không(1993£.15).

42-. sUmGan. Tran Hong Lien(1996£. 93-4)

43-.. eday G¼Gag fa .citþ s¶bes¶óm. Ca lkçxNÐdMbUgsRmab snþiPaB BiPBelak Katk¾sg;tF¶n elI tulü PaB

TaMg kþIRslaj ... nig RáCJa sμartI.enAkñúg emtþ akruNa EbbRB¼BuT§sasna... >... müagvijeTot .karniyay eday

emRtIPaB .. ( hy xa).RtÚvEt enA Cabnwg emtþa kruNa .ebIsin CakargarsuxumalPaB BuT§sasna ... KWRtÚveFVI[ xus

kMNt´ cMNaM 155

BI smaKm sb,úrsFm’.ÉeTot.. >

44-.. tamBitRB¼Gg: faj..Nam.(Thành Nam). bBa©bkarsikßa CaCagCYsCulesμInwg.. ²visVkr CMnYy ³.. ebIKit-

tam RbB&n § GgeKøs ....>. .. kñúgcMeNam sñaédd¾KYr[ktsm:al rbsRB¼Gg: KW faelakrsedaysarEt EpøeQI

... nig TwkdUg BI qñaM .1943.. dUcen¼ehIyeTIb manRB¼rhsnam fa .²RB¼sgÇdUg ³..> ..smiT§pl epßgeTot ... KW

vtSúman sBaØa ..8 (Bát Quái) .. dUcbeg :alkm<s´.. 14. Em¨Rt EdlcinehAfa . pakua.. (eight trigrams ).Edl

elakbnRsn edIm,I ÉkraCü Cati ... nigsnþiPaB rYmTaMg.. ²TUk RáCJa³ ... man bICan.CanimitþrUb BuT§sasna én kars-

maFis:al´Fatu xag kñúgxøÜn..> .. }LÚv en¼ TUken¼enAmanenAeLIy ehIykøayCaTI eTscrN_ enA .extþ . Ben Trê.

sUmGan Huynh Minh.(1965b).

45-.. sUmGan cin..hug..elOn(Trần Hồng Liên) (1996. £. 69).

156 kMNt´ cMNaM

Table of Contents

Preface 07

Chapter 1: Localizing the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of early Theravada Buddhism 09

Introduction 11

The position of women in Southeast Asian Buddhism 13

Women and Dana in early Theravada Buddhism 17

The maternal metaphor in early Buddhism 22

The power of mother’s milk 27

Buddhism, motherhood and royal exemplars 30

Conclusion 35

Chapter 2: Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in a Northern Thai Buddhist Society 39

Introduction 41

The Monkly Ideal 42

The male Child in Buddhist Northern Thailand 44

Gender Ambiguity during Candidacy for Ordination 46

Maleness Transformed through Ordination 50

World Renounced, World Restored 54

The Buddhist Problem of Male Gender 57

Chapter 3: Books of Search: The invention of traditional Lao Literature as a subject of study 63

Traditional Lao Literature and its role in Lao society 66

Knowledge of Lao versification prior to the mid-twentieth century 67

The modernization of Laos and Northeast Thailand and the transformation and decline of

Traditional literature 68

Printing technology and its effect on traditional Lao literature 69

The invention of traditional Lao literature as a subject of study: The work of Sila Viravong 73

The study of traditional Lao literature and Lao-Thai cultural politics 73

The life and career of Sila Viravong 74

Sila’s study of Lao versification 76

The political use of traditional literature in the revolutionary movement of the Lao patriotic front 84

kMNt´ cMNaM 157

The official role of traditional literature in the Lao People’s democratic republic from 1975 to the present 85

Books of search: in conclusion 87

Chapter 4: The quest for enlightenment and cultural identity: Buddhism in Contemporary Vietnam 91

Introduction 93

Typology 94

Decline 95

Reform and Revitalization 99

Patriotism and National Consolidation 101

Marxist and Buddhist Critiques 108

Activism and Politics 110

Post-colonial resistance 112

Schisms 116

Conclusion 118

Note 121

Chapter 1 121

Chapter 2 136

Chapter 3 142

Chapter 4 150

158 kMNt´ cMNaM