470 CÂU HỎI VÀ BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM KHÁCH QUAN HÓA HỌC 11 - NGUYỄN ĐÌNH ĐỘ - TRẦN QUANG HIẾU

7/27/2019 470 CU HI V BI TP TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN HA HC 11 - NGUYN NH - TRN QUANG HIU

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NGUY N N H - TR N Q U A N G HI U

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/ u m ff li ff ir 'iC j

NG UY N N H - TRAN q u a n g h i u

4 7 0 , . " 4

CU Hi V BI TP TRC NGHIM

KHCH QUAN

H A H O C

11


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ng gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


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-

u l M C L CP H N I : C U H I V BI T P ...........--------------- ------ ---------J

Chuyn 1 :DUNG D CH s I N L I .................... .................. 3A- Kin thc cn nh:. .............................. . ............ ..................... 3

Mt s dng ton th ng gp ..................... ............. . 10

A- Kin thc cn nh:..................... ..................... ............ 23Mt s dng ton th ng gp ..................... ......................... 30

B- Cu hi v tp .................................................. ......................! 34Chuyn 2 : NHQM CACBON...................... ...................... ........43

. K in th c cn nhp ....... ............. .....43

B Cu hi v tp ............................... 45Chuyn 2 : I C NG V HO H C H U c ......... . . .47

A- Kin thc cn nh......... ........ ..........................47B- Cu hi v tp ......... ............. ...... ....... .............. ........57

Chuyn 5 HIDROCAGBON ................................. 62A- Kin thc cn nh ................. ....... ....... .......................... ..........62

B- Cu hi v tp .............

.............. ..............................

'.....

74Chu n 6 :A NC L - PHENOL ...... .......... . . . . . 8 8A- Kin thc cn nh ....... ................... ........................... ................88B- Cu h.i v tp ................................ .................. I....................93

Chuy n 7 : A NDEH IT-XETO N-AXIT C ACBO XYLlC... 106A- Kin thc cn nh..;......... .............. .................................................. 1 6

Mt s' dng ton thng gp ..................................... .......... 110B-.Cu hi v tp ........ ..........................................................

PH N I I : H NC D N C I I .................... ..................... ......

Chuyn 1 : D NG D CH s I N L I ..... ......................Bng tng hp kt qu .................... ...................i ............................ .............................. ............ .. 131

Chuyn 2 :r NIT PHTPHO........................ ............................ 132Bng tng hp kt qu ........................... .......... ........... ................. 140

Chuyn 3 : NH M CA CBO N ......................... ....... ....................141Chuyn 4 : I C NG V HO H C H U c . . . . .... 143

Bng tng hp kt qu..................................... ................... ...............146

Chuyn d 5 :HIDROGACBON ..................... ....................................... .......... 147Bng tng hp kt qu ......... ............. .................. ............. ...........157

Chuyn 6 :ANCOL - PHENOL .................... .......................... 157Bng tng h p k t q 165


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P H N I.

CHUYN 1.

C U H I V B I T P

DUNG DCH - SIN u_________________ . _____

A - KI N TH C G N NH .I-C C KHI NI M V DUNG DCH1. Dung dch

Dung dch l hn hp ng nht ca dung mi v 'Cht tan.Khi nim trn v dung dch cho php .m rng VC phn loi dung dch:

- Dung dch lng: Gm 2 hoc nhiu cht ing tan vo nhau. ,- Dung dch rn: Gm 2 hoc nhiu cht rn tan vo nhau. -- Dung ch kh: Gm 2 hoc nhiu cht kh tan vo nhau.Quy c: Nu 2 cht tan trn ln vo nhau, cht' chim lng nhiu l dungmi cn cht chim lng t hn l cht lan.

2. N ng d ng dch:- L lng cht tan c trong mt lng dung mi xc nh.C th phn loi thnh cc loi nng ang c s dng ph bin nh sau:

a. Nng mol/1:L s* mpl cht tan trong 1 lt durig dch:n (mol)V (1)

b. Nng %L s gam cht tan c trong 100 gam dung dch

c.

C % = ^ - A 00%mdtl

MI lin h gia nng % v nng mol/1^ _C%.10.D'M----------

(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)M- ______ M

Trong : D l khi lng ring c dung chM l khi' lng phn t cht tan.

3. Pha tr n dung dch:Khi pha long hay c cn, khi lng cht tan khng thay ia. Pha long hoc c cn dung dch

- + Dung dch c nng mol/1

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Gi CK V| l nna v th lch ca dung dch c khi pha- long hocc cn . . Gi c :, V.l nng v th' lch ca dung dch sau khi pha long hoc ccn '

' Ta c: c ,. v , = c 2.v 2. . (1.5)Trong : v 2= V| VH70 ,

+ Dung dch c n ng %Gi C | V | , Di.l nng , th tch vkhi:lng ring ca dung dchtrc khi pha ong hoc c cn . Gi C t f , V; v D2l nng , th tchv kh lng ring'ca dung dch,sau khi pha long hoc c cn ,Ta c : C,9f'.V,. D, s c 2%:V2.D s : (.) .

b. Ph dung dch m i. t 2 dung dch ban u:+ Dung dch c n ng mol/1 '

Gi Cf, V| l nng v th tch ca dung dch (1) v c 2, v 2lnng v th tch cua duni dch (2 ) cn. ly phathnh dung dch mi c thlch l V(lt) v nng c (mol/1).Ta s dng s ng cho nh sau : .

Dung dch Cl v J


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2. i n li a : L ts gia s phn t cht tari phn ii thnh ion (n) vi lngs phn t ha lan (ri:_

a = ( I I I ) n .

Nu chia c t v riiu cho gi Ir N.v (N l s avgadro, V l th tch cadung dch th ta c:

(1. 12)

' li ca ec cht thng nm trong khong 0 < a

Cht in li mnh gm:- Axil: HC1, HNO.V HCIO4, HMn04, HiSCX, ( nc 1)...- Baz: tt c cc b. tan LiOH, KOH, Ba( H)>...

Mui: tt c cc mui tn

V d HC1 ------ > H + c r

- B a/: tt c cc b. tan LiOH, KOH, Ba( H)>...- Mui: tt c cc mui tn

V d HCl ------ > H + c r

Cht in li mnh c a = .pCh t i n iy l ch t kh i tan trong n c chi c m t ph n s phn t phn

li raion, ph n cn v n toil t i trong d ng dch d i d ng phn t .Cht in li yu gm:- Ax.it: HS, H2SO3, H2CO3, H3P4, HS04\ cc axit hu c RCOOH...- i vi bazcf v mui l nhng ch't t tan... cng c xp vo loi in li

yu. ' - V

Phng trnh in li c biu (lin bng du mi tn thun nghch


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Theo nh lul tc hg khi lurig f c:

K L 1M+|X~'j a C .aC () _ q2C (J n

c |MX| _ C , i- a C 0 . 1 - a

Phng trnh (1.13) cho hicl mi lin-h gia hng s cn hnu in li K(/ vhng s' in li a . .

-K r Jk f- + 4KC0 = v- - c - (1.14)

2C

i vi dung dch rt loans: a 1. khi (. 13) r thnh:Kc = a :C(i.. (1.15)

T(I.l) ta rt ra kt lun: m t nhi t khng i, i n t i a t i l nghchv i n ng, ch t i n li trong dung dch. Hay ta ni: kh i pha long dung dch

th i n li a tng.I ll - AXIT - BAZ1. Theo rrehinuis

Axit l nhng cht khiln trong nc phn li ra cation H+Baz l nhng chit khi lan irong nc phn li ra anion OH~Hidroxit lng tnh l nhng chl. khi tan trone nc va c ih phn li nhaxit, va c th phn li nhbaz.

2. Theo Bronsted

Axit l nhng cht c kh nng nhng proton H+ to thnh haz lcn hpc mnh ng c Ji.Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton H+ lo thnh axil lin hp c mnh ngc li.V d 1:

CH3CO OH + HOH =

axit 1

CH3COO- + h 3o +

f Z lin hp 1 axit l in hp 2

V du. 2:

Nhng H+

NH- + HOH NH 4+ + OH

baz 2 xit 1 axil lin hp 2 baz lin hp I

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- hai v d rn, ta thy hc c th ng vai tr i axit hoc h/., n l

cht lng tnh. Theo tuuyt Bronsted axit v ha/ c th l phn l hoc ion

- So vi thuyl Arrchinius th thuvl Bronslcd tniqui, hn, cho nng hp

dung mi khng phi l nc v cho c nhng cht khng cha nhm OH

nh cc amiin hay amoniac.3. H ng s phn li axit v batr.

a. H ng s' phn li c a n c.Xt q trnh phn li ca nc:

H:


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IV -p H C A DUNG DCH -CH T CH TH AXIT BAZ .

1. pH c a dung dchpH l m t i l ng drt ' nh ii uxt v ki m trong dui> dch.

' v mt ton hc, pH c tnh bng bi thc sau:

pH = -lg [H 1 (1.22)T suy ra: (H+l = 10'^H , y nng H c tnh la mol/],

o pH < 7: Mi trng axit

o pH >.7: Mi trng baz- o pH = 7: Mi trng trung tnh

Trong mt dung dch bt k 25"c th [H+|[OH| - 1' 14

Ngoi ra, ngi la cn sdrig i lng pOH ='-lgQH"J v ta c:pH + pOH = 14. .

2. Ch t ch th axit -baz .Cht ch th axit-h/. l cht c mu bin i ph thuc vo gi tr pH ca

dung dch.OH

OH

Khng mu

p K = 9 . 2 ' +OH -

Qu inonpheno la t t m

V - MU - s TH Y PHN c A MU I.1. Mu i Mui l hdp cht, khi tn trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc

NH4+) v anion gc ax.it.Phn loi:



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Mui trung h l mui m triT phn l khnec ntuyn t H lin kt

c. tip nguyn t oxi. Th d, K:CO.x, Na.?CO.(, Na: HPO.v.. ' Mui axit l mui m trng phn l c nguyn t H lin kt trc tip

ngun toxi. Th di, KHC03, NaHSOj,,

Mui kp NaCl.KCI, KCMgCh.HiO, nrui phc [Cu(NH.)4|Cb...2. S th y ph n c a mu iPhn ng trao i ion gia mui ha an- v nc lm cho pH ua dune dchthay i gi l phn ng thy phn ca m. Mi trung ha to hi gc axil mnh, v gc ba/..yu Ih mi trng cadung dch l axit pH ' >ei4 + 3 0

F3+ + H2 Fe(OH)2+ + H+

Fe(OH)f+ 1,0 < = F c (O H )/ + H

Fe(OH); ++H: Fc(OH),+.H+

Do cc phn ng thy phn, nng H+tng, do mi Irng c pH < 7 Mui trung ha to bi gc axit yu v gc baz mnh th mi trng cadung dch l bazcJ pH > 7. V d CHiCOONa, Na2SOs, KjS...

V d: Cc qu trnh xy ra khi ha tan Na2C03vo nc:

Na2COj > 2Na+ + CO.I2'

CO,,2' + H ;0 HCCV + 0H~

HC + H20 7 Mui Irung ha lo bi gc axit mnh v gc baz mnh lh mi trngca dung dch l trung tnh pH =7. V d KNO3, NaCl, CH3COONH4...

VI -PH N NG TRAO I ION. iu kin xy r phn ng trao i ion: To thnh cht k t t a

To thnh cht kh . To thnh cht i n li y u.Cch vit phng trnh ion'rt gn:

Bc 1: Vi t ph ng trhh phn t y v cn b i.Bc 2: Vi t CUI trnh phn li t n ch t c a ph

Ch : Khng c vi t qu trnh phn li cho cc ch t: oxit, ch t k t t a,ch t i n l i y i

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ng gp PDF bi GV Nguyn Thanh T


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Bc 3: (tn iiiin .nh r ion K ri nhau ( 2 v c a ph . [H+l = 10 3M, pH = 5 => [H+] = 1CT5M

Gi V| l th tch ca dung dch HN ? c [H+]= I0 3M

Gi .Vi l th tch ca dung dch HNO.i c [ H+] = 10'SM '..

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V c 0 p dng cnthc: C|V = CV2=> = == ]()()

. . 1 V, C, 10-5

Vy cn pha long 100 ln. p n ng l B

D ng 2.Tnh pH c a cc dung dch axit m nh ho c ba/ m nh

Bi t p m u 4.Kt lun no sau y khng ng.

A) dung dch HC10,01 M c pH =2B) dung dch KOH 0,01 M c pH =12C) dung dch HC1 40,01 M c pH =1

D) dung dch Ba (OH): 0,01 M c pH =12

Gi i. HCI - H ++ c r

=> pOH = -Ig0,01 =2, => pH =12

=>B ng

Tng t ch hai chi cn li, ta thy pH ca dung dch D = 13. Vy chn la

ng l D.

Bi t p m u s '5.Trn 200 mdung dch HC1 , i M vi 8.00 ml dung dch HNO, 0,01 M. Vy pH

ca dung dch thu c l:

Phng trnh in li:

: HCl -> H+ + c r

0 02M 0,02M

HNO -> H+ + NO.r

0,008 0.008MTng nng ion H+= (),028M

pH = -Ig ,028= 1,55Vy chn la ng i c

0,01 0,0 IM

=> pH = -lg(),(j'l =2

=>AngKOH , K++ OH

0.01 0,0 iM

A) 1,50 B) 1,59Nng cc cht sau khi trn:Gii.

u


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Bi t p m u s 6.

Trn 300 ml dung dch HCI 0,1M vi 700 ml BalOMjb 0.05M. v. pH ca

dung dch thu u c l:

A) 12,6 B) 13,3 C) 12.3 D) 10,4Gi i. Nng cc cht su khi trn:

Ch g i= = 0 IH+| = ; H ;0 .

' 0,03 0,07 . . >

[PH-Jlf = 0,07-0,03 = 0,()4M . "

pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lg(),04= 12.6Vy chn la ng l A

Bi t p m u s'7.

Trn 200 ml dung dch hn hp um HNOs (),3M+ HC0 4.0,5M vi 200 ml

dung dch Ba(OH); a mol/I thu c du nu dch c pH - 3. Vy a c i Ir l:

A) 0,39 B) 3 .9 9 9 ' 0 0.399 . 7 D) 0,398

Gi i. Nng: . cc cht 'sau kh'trn:_ 200 0 - 'e HN(j,. = = 0,15M => IH+11= 0,15M

1 .200 + 200 - . ; :

C h c i o ; - 0. 25M |H+h - 0,25MHt lU: 200 + 20 . '

C r o h = C),5a.moI/l -> [OH~| = 0,5a:2 = a mol/IBa(OH)2 200 + 200 ;

Tng nng H+trc phn ng = H+j + H +2 =0 ,15 * 0,25 = 0,4M

Do sau khi phn nn ti-ung ha xy ra, pR = -3 < 7, mi: trns axit chng

t -rng nng i r d.

Phng trnh phn rtriiiih'':H+ + Oil ->.. H ;0

Trc phn ni; . . 0.4 . APhn ng a aSau phn ng 0,4 -a uTa c: 0,4 --= K) a = 0,399 M

Vy la chn ng l c

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ng 3. - Xc nh in li t h ng s' cn bng v ng c li

- Tnh pH.c a dung dch axit y u, baz yu, mui

Bi t p m u s '8.

Ch bit axil fomic HCOOH c hng s phn li axit K = 10 '' 5. Vy 'in li a trong dung dch HCOOH 0,01 M l:

) 11% B) i 1.59 0 12%' D) 12.5%

' . , , - K r J k r + 4 K C . yGi i.p dn biu thc (i.14), ta c: a =--------- - ^ 7 -------

_ 2C

. _ ' ' - I (r 3 ' 7 5 + Jh)~ j 2+ 4 . io^-7 5 o,i. .Thay s ta c : a =: ----------- ----- -------- = 0,1247

2.0,01 ' .

=> a = 12,5% .

Vy p s ng l DBi t p m u r'9.

i n li c a a.xit xetic CH COOH 1M l 0,417V


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Theo nh lut tc dne khi lnti l c: = " 0,1 -X:

Thay S ta C: X2+ Kax - 0,1K , = 0

x 2+ 10'37'sx - 0 ,1 1() ' 75 = 0

r>|H+]=x =4 ,] 2 .1 0 ^ =>p H= .2,385

Vy la chn ng l BBi t p m u s 'I I.Tnh pH ca dung dch NaH S04,02M. Bit rng HSO4 c Ka - 102..

A) 2 B) 2,4 C) 2,5 D) 3

Gi i; . : NaHSOj -> N a+ + / HSOT v

HSO,- ' H+ + SOj-

Trc khi din li 0,02 () 0

1 in li X . 1

Sau khi in li 0,02 X X X

_ X2Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng l c: Kr = .

e . . 6 c 0 ,02-X

Thay s ta G: x: + Kax - 0 ,0 2k , = 0

x: + 0.01 X- 0.02.0.01 =() ,

=>[H+l=x = 0,()lM>pH = 2Vy la chn ng l A

Bi t p m u s 12.Hng s'in li ca axit benzoic ChH5COOH l I0 '4\ Vy pH ca ng dch

C6H5COONaO,lMl:

A) 8,9 B) 9,0 ,C )9,1 0 )8 ,6 '

Gi i Ta c : pKa + pKh = 14 => pKh = 14 -4 ,2 = 9,8 => Kh= l ( r ; x

GsHsCOONa ->' CfiH5C 0 0 + N a+0,1M 0.1M

CftHsCOO" + H 20 C


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B - CU H I V BI T P

Cu 1. Chn phng n ng trong cc phng n sau y:

A) Ch c hp cht ion mi bin li khi ha tn trong nc

B) Ch c hp cht cng ha trmdi bin li khi ha tan trong nc

C) Chc . trong nc cc hp cht in mi c kh nng in li

/D) S in ii l qu trnh phn li cht tan ong dng mi hoc trng thinng chy.

Cu 2. C mt dung dch cht in li yu, khi tng nng cht in li th:

A) in li tng

B) in i khng thay iic ) in li gimD) in li v hng s in li u tng

Cu 3. Cht in lyu l cht:

A) To c (dung dch long \

vB) Chphn li mt phn

C) Cht khng tan trong nc

D) Ch phn li th lng hy nng chy ch khng phn li trong ung dch

Cu 4. Pht biu no sau y khng ng:

A) Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton

B) Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton

C) Phn ng axit-haz l phn ng ha hc ra trong c s cho nhn proton*D) Phn ng axit -b/. l phn ng ho hc trong c s cho nhn electron

C u 5. Trong 100 m'd ng dch Ca(N03)2 0,2M c: .

A) ;2 mol Ca(NO.,)2 : B) 0,02 mi C a(N 03)2

C) 0,02 mol Ca2+ v 0,02 mol N 03 i p ) 0,02 moi Ca2+ v 0,04 moi N 0 3"

Cu 6 . Phn ng gia axit v baz l phn ng:

A) C s cho proton B) Axit tc dng vi oxit baz

C) C s cho nh n electron D) C s cho - nh n protonCu 7. Chn pht biu sai: Trong cc tiu phn N H /, CO32", s ? , HS , Na+,

Fe(H20 )3+, HO theo thuyt Bronsted.

A) Axit l cc ti u phn N H /, Fe(H2 )3+

B) Baz l cc ti phn c o / ', s 27C) Lng tnh l tiu phn HS'

D) Trung tnh l cc tiu phn H20 , Na+ .

C 8. Kt lun no sau y sai:

)NH4H2PO4, Ca(HC03 )2, Na2HP03u l mui axit

6>

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B) Dung dch NH3, Na2C03 , CH3COOK u. c kh nng lain qu tm ch y n

C) SO42', NO.r, C r, K \ Ba2+u l cc. ion trung tnh

D) H c o r, HS', HPO-T l cc i(>n lng trihCu 9. Trong cc phn-ng su :

HSC + H;Q T = H ,cr + s o , - ' . ( I )GH.iC O" + H ;0 < = CH,COOH + OH~ (2)

Nc th hin vai tr:A) axit.d (1) v bzf (2) (b) ixll (2) v ba/d (1)

o .ax it c ( ) v (2) D) baz f c (1) v (2)

Cu 10. Dy cc dung dch cng nng mol c sp xp theo chiu tngdn v pH l :.' *

A) H2S, K.Cl, HNO3, KOH (b ) HNO,, H> s/KCl, KOHC). KOH, KC1, H>s, HNO; D) HNOv KOH, NaCi H S

Cu 11. Pht biu no sa y khng ng:

) C t dung ch: NH4CI, A1(NG.,);,, NaHS 4u c pH < 7B) Cc dung dch NaHCO., KHS, NaHSO 'cu c pH < 7

C) Cc dung dch KHSO4, CH.,COONa c I ' = 7

D) Dundch NaNO: c pH > 7

Cu 12. Cp cht no sau y khi cho. v nc khn lm thay i pH ca

dung ch :A) 1C1. H..SO; B) .KC1, NaNOj

C) NH4CI, AlCIj D) NaHSQ4, Na2CO.

Cu 13. Nh mt git qu; tm vo dung dch Na H, dung dch c mu xanh.

Nh t t dung dch HC1 ti d v0 :dung dch e mu xanh th:

A) Dung (ich khng'i mu

B) Mu xanh nht (ln ri mt hn

C) Mu xanh nht dn, mt hn, sau dung dch chuyn sng mu D) Mu xanh m dn

Cu 14. Cho ba dung dch c cng nng ml/i: NH3 (1); Na H (2); B(OH)?(3). pH ca dung ch ny c xp theo dy:

A) (i) < (2) < (3) B) (3) < (2) ) Ion CO32" tham gia phn ng thy phn vi nc. .

Cu 19. In OH khng th phn ng c vi tp hp cc ion no di y:

A) H+, Cu2\ Fe3+ B) Mg2+, Fe2+, HCCV

C) NH4+, H2P 0 4_, A3+ '@ Cu2+, Al3+,Na+

Cu 20. Cho cc duhg dch NH4CI (1); CHsCO Na (2), Na2C 3 (3), NHS04

(4), Cu(N 3)2 (5), KC1 (6 ), Ba( N0 3>2 (7), K2S (8). Dy cc dung dch c

pH < 7 l: : .A) (1), (2), (4); (5) . B ) ( l) , (4), (5)

C) (2), (4). (5), (7) C) (2), (4), (6 ), (7)

Cu 21. Ch cc dung dch NH4CL(1); CH.COONa (2), Na2CO;i (3), NaHS04

(4), Cu(N03)2 (5), KC1 (6), Ba( N03)2 (7), K2S (8). Dy cc dung dch c

pH > 7 l: .

A) (1), (2), (4), (5) B) (1), (4), (5)

C) (2), (3), (5), (7) i? ) (2), (3), (8)Cu 22. Dung dch cha ion H* khng phn ng vi cc dung dch ch ccion

hay phn ng vi cc cht rn no di y:

17



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19/178

A) HCO.V, HSO3YAKV B) Cu(OH)2, FeO, CuO, AI2Oj

C) CaCO,, s o /- , OHT, s2 iD> FcS2, CuS, BaSG4Cu 23. Pht biu no sau y khng chnh xc:

A) Cc dung dch NH4CI, CuCl2, NaHS 4u c pH < 7

) Cc ung dch NaHCO,, KHS, NaHS04u c pH < 7C) Cc dung dch N aCl, KNO3, H:0 u c pH = 7

D) Cc dung dch AI(NOi)3, FeCl2, NaHS04u c pH < 7

Cu 24. C 4 dung ch trng sui, mi ung dch chcha 1 loi cation v mt

loi anion. Cc oi ion trong c 4 dung dch gm Mg2+, Ba2\ Na+, SO42",

COj2, c r , NO.r, Pb2+. l 4 dung dch:

v) BaCl2, MgS04, Na2CO,, Pb(NO,h'B) BaCl2, Mg(N03)2, N2C03, PbS04 ;

C) BhC 3, MgS04, NaCl, Pb(NO.,)3 '

D) BaCl2, M go3, N2S04, Pb(NOj):Cu 25. nhn bit c dung dch ng trong 4 l khc nhau i: KOH,

NH4CI, N2S0 4, (NH4)2S04 ta chcn dng mt trong 4 cht:

A) Dung dch AgN 3 B) Dung dch BaCl2

C) Dung dch NaOH D) Dung dch Ba(OH)2

Cu 26. C 5 dung dch ng trong cc i mt nhn l: Mg(N03)2, NH 4CI,CuCl2, (NH4)2S04 v NaN03. Ch dng int ha chit nhn bit c cnm cht n l:

A) Dung dch HC1 (B) Dung ch Ba(OH)2

C) Dung ch NaOH D) Dung dch BaCVCu 27. C dng dch ng trong cc l'mt' iihn l: MgCI2, AICI3, FeC3,

BaCl2. C th dng mt ha 'Cht duy nht no sau y nhn bit chng:Y) A) Dung dch HCl d B) KC1

C) H2S04 ung dch NaOH

Cu 28. C 4 mui FeClj, CuCl2, AlCIj, va Znicii- Nu thm t t dung chNaOH cho n d vo 4 mu i trn. Sau thm ti p NH3 d th s' k t t athu c l:

A) 1 ;.-:,');2_' ; C) 3 D) 4Cu 29. Mt dung dch gm X rriol Na+, moi N 3 , Z moi H f, t mol Ca2+.

H thc lin h gia x,y, z, t l:A) X+ 2y = t +z B) X+2t = y +z

C) X+ 2z - y +z . D) x+3y= t +2

C 30. Mt dung dch Xgm 0,03 mol Ca2+, 0,06 moi Al5+, 0,06 mol NO3', 0,09

mol SO42'. Mun th c durtg dch A cn phi h tri hai muno? ; :

18



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20/178

7Ka!aOH baC 7d jA) Ca(NO.,k, AUJSOih r B) C aS04, A l(N 03h ;C) Ca(NO,)2 .Al(NO,)j . D) CaS04 HNO,

Cu 31. Tp hp ion no di y c th cng ln ti trong cng mt dung dch:

( ) Mg , C , NO3' , OH~ B) Fe3\ F e \ NO,-. CO32'

. G) HS , OH", HCOj H+ vD) Na+, Cu2+ SO4 , H+.

^u 32. Dung dch NaOH OJM, dung dch HG1 0,0JM. V y pH c a hai -dung dch trn ln lt l: y

. A) 1 v 2 B) 13 v' 2 C) 2 v 13 . D) 0,1 v 0,01

'bu 33. Tr n lOOml NaOH 0,1M v i dung dch HCl 0,01M. V y pH c a dung

^ dch sau khi trn l: A) 7 . B) 12,69 C) 13 ; . D) 2

Cu 34. thu c dung dich'co pH = 7 th t l th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1M

v HC10,0IM c n l y l:,A) 1:10 B> 1:1 0 10:1 D) 2:5 /**

Cu 35. Dung dch X l dung dch HC1, dung dch X l ung dch Ni^OH. Ly 10

ml dung dch X pha long bng nc thnh 1000smi dung dch' ih Ihu c

dting.dch HC1 c pH = 2. trung ha 100 g dung dch Y jcn 150 ml dung

dch X. Vy c% ca dung dch Y la:

. ) 2% B )3 c/r C) 5 % >)6%

Ca 36. Phi pha ong dung-dch KOH 0,0()1M vi nc bao nhiu ln cdung dch c pH = 9.;A) 100. ln B) 110 ln C) 99 ln D) 80 ln .

Cu 37. Duhg ch HC1 c pH =3, dung dch KOH c pH =11. Vy nng H+

~ trong 2dung ch trn ln lt l:

A) 3M v 11M , B) 10" v 10'"M

C) 10' v 1(T!M D) 3M v 10"M

G 38. thu c 1 lt dung dch HC1 c pH = 5 t dung dch HC1 c pH =3

th th tch n c c t c n dng l:A) 900 ml B) 990 ml C) 1000 ml D) n o ml

Cu 39. Trn 200 ml dun dch HC 0_JM vi 200 ml dng deh KOH c pH =11

th pH c a dung ch sau khi tr n l:A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8

Cu 40. thu c 1 lt dung dch c pH = 4 sau khi tr n th t l th tch c a

. ung dch HC1 103M v i dung dch K H 10:1M l:

A) 1:2 . B) 11:9 C) 9:1.1 D) 2:15O u 41 Th tch dung dch KOH 0,001M c n pha thnh 1,5 lt dung dch c

jTpH = 9 l: ) 0,015 lt B) 0,02 lt0 0,0015 lt O) 0.15

. r* ' 19


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21/178

Cu 42. Thm t t 100 gam. (luna dch H2SQ4 98% vo nc v iu chnh c 1 lt dung dch. Vy nng mol H+ca dung dch l:

A)2M . B)3M 0 2.5M-' , D) 4M

Cu 43 Cn phi thm vo-1 lt dung dch H2SO.1 2M hao nhiu ltdungdchNaOH 1,8M thu c dung dch c pH =1.

A) 2 ll B) 1,5 lit C) 1 ll , D) 0,5 lt

Cu 44. Cn phi thm vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 2M bao nhictrl.it dung dch

Na OH 1,8M thu c dung dch c pH -13.

A.) 1,235 ll B) 1,25 lt . C) 1 lt D) 0,9 lt

Cu 45. Cho I lt dune dch H2SO4 (),()05M tc dng vi 4 lt dung dch NaOH0.005M. Vy pH ca dung dch sau phn ng l:

A) 11. B) 10.3 C) 11;3 D)12

~^Cu 46. Trr. 250 mi dung dch hn hp cm HC1 0,08M v H3SO4 (),()IM vi

, fl25() ml dung (lch Ba(OH)2 a mo 1/1, thu c m gam k t t a v 500 ml dung

dch ccVpH = 12..Vy m v a c !i trl:

A) ( 6?5g v 0,05M : B) 0,4828.g v'0,04M

C) 0.5825 g,v 0,06M D> 0,233 va 0,05M

Cu 47. Dung dch HC1 c pH ='3. c n phi pha lng axit ny hao rihiu ln

thu c lunii dch c pH = 4.

A) 8 ln B) 9 ln C) 10 ln D) 100 ln

Cu 48. Trn 20 ml -dim's dch HCT(),)5M vo 20 ml dung dch H2S 04 0,(T75M.

Vy pH ca dung dch thu c l:A) i B) 2 C) 3. D) 1,5

Cu 49. Trn 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH); 0,5M vi lOO.riil dung dch KOH 0,5M thu

c duns dch A. Nn moi H" irong dung dch thu c l:

A) 0,65M B) 0,55M C) 0,75M D) 1,5M

Cu 50. Th tch HNOi 10C (D = 1,1 'c/ml) cn trung ha dung dch 2()0.ml ' KOH 0,75M l:

A) 83,9mi ' B) 85,9 ml C) 85 ml D) 90 mlC u 51. Trn 250 ml du nu dch hn hp Km HCI 0,08 mol/1 v HjSO j 0,0lm ol/l

V(i 250 rhl dun dch NaOH a mol/1, c 50Q ml dung dch c pH = 12. V y

. a c i ir l: '

A)0,12M , B) 0,13M . C)0.14M D)0.15M

Cu 52. Cho 200 ml ciung dch HNOi c pH - 2, Nu thm 300 ml dung dch

H>S040,05M v duni dch trn th dung dch mi thu e c pH bng bao

. nhiu ? .

A) 1,29 B) 2,29 C) 3 D) 1,19

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22/178

, Cu 53. Mt dune dch gm hn hp 2 axit HCiv H2S 04. e trng ha 10ml

dun dch A cn dna 40 ml dung dch NOH 0.5M. Mt khc, nu ly 100rill dung dch A cho tc dng vi mt'"lng va , ri c cn (iu nu dch thuc 13,2 iam mui khan. Vy nnsi rnl/I cia 2 axit tronu hn hp i:

A) (),8M v 0 ,6M B) 0,6 v 0 .8M C) 0,5 v 0,7M D )0 .9 v I ,5 MCu 54. Trri2.75 lt dun dch Ba(OH); c.pH =13 v 2,25 lt dung dch HC1

c pH =1. Vy pH a dung dch sau khi trn l: .

A) 13 'B ) 12 C) 11. D) 10

Cu 55. Dung dch ha/ mnh Ba(OH)i c Ba:+j = 5.J04ml/1. Vy pH cua tluni;dch ny l:) 9,3 . B) 8/7 . . C)14 5 ) 11

Cu 56. Thm 90 ml'nc vo lOnil Uunc dch HNOi c pH = 2. Vy pH ca dungdicfi th c l:A) 1 T) 2 . . ,C).3 ' D) 4

Cu 57. Ki lun no su.y sai:

A) Dung dch Ba(OHh, pH = 11,6 c c \, = 0.002M

, B) Dung dch HC1, pl = 2 c CM= (),()] M .KC) Dung dch H;S04, pH = (17 c CM= 0.5M .

D) Dung dch NaOH, pH = 12,3 c CM= (),()2M

Cu 58. Pha long 10 ml clung dch HC1 vi nc thnh 250 ml dung dch cpH = 3. Vy nns v p.H ca dung dch trc khi pha loans: l:

A)0,025M v 1,402 VB) 0.025M v l,fi02

C) 0,03M v 4,67 ' . ' D) 0, 4M v 5,4

Cu 59. Cho a moi kh NOj sc vo dung dch cha a mol KOH. Vy dung dch

th c c mi triil:

A) axit *B) ba / O ir nm n h D) Lng tnh

.Cu 60. Axit CH COOH 0.1 M c hiii s in li K., = 40-4-67. Vy pH ca dung' d ch l:

A) 1 . B) 2,1 .C) 2,88 D) 2.78

Gu 61. Axil HCN 10'"4M c hna s iruli i 10 ; ,s. Vy pH ca dung dch l:

A) 3,44 ' B) 5.67 C) 6,87 D) 6,63

Cu 62. Bit hng s phn li ca ion NI I-1+ l Ka = 10 Vy ihu tCc

'250 ml dung 'chc pH = 5 Ih s gam NH-jCl l:

A) 2.32 gam . B) 2.56g C) 4.64g D ) l , ! 6 gamC 63. xit nitr c hnii S' phn li axit .l Ki, = Vy pH ca dung dch

UNO; 0,0;vi l: A) 2,35 B) 2,69 0 2.6 D) 3,0)

21


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23/178

Cu 64. Cho hng s phn ii haz ca CH.COO l Kh = IO'1':-4. Vy pH ca

dung dch CH?COONa O.l.M l:

A) 8,79 B) 9,91 0 8,878 . D) 8,978

Cu 65. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH O.IM vi 300 ml ung dch CH.vCOOH

0,075M. Bit hng s'in Vy pH ca dung dch thu c l: 1

) 5,66 B) 5,14 0 5,76 , D)5,71Cu 66, Cho hng s 'axit ca HCN l K =6,2. O 10. .Vy in li ,ca HCN trong

dung dung dch IM l:

A )2,5.10 " B )2,1.10 5 B) 1,5.10"5 D)6,2.iO'5

Cu 67. Cho Ka ca axit axetic l 1,75.105. Khi in li l 2% th nng cua axitaxetic l:

A) .0,045 B) 0,043 C)0,048 D) 0,031

Cu 68 . Cho dung dch hn hp gm CH.iCOOH 0,05M+CHjC00Na 0.05M. Bit

hng s phn li axit ca CH-COOH l 1,8.10'5. Vy pH ca dng dch l:A) 4,32 B)5,12 C)4.47 P) 4 91

Cu 69. tari trong nc ca CaF2 25"c l 2,I4.I0^M. Vy vs tan ca CaFi l:

A)3,9.10'"' . B)4,1.10 n - C)2,14 l (rx )3 ,5 .I0 :"

Cu 70. Tch s tan ca BaSQ4 25nc l 1()"'. Vy tan ca BaS04trong dung dchH2S 40.1M l (ch p nh n H2SO4i n li hon ton)

A) 10 5M B) 10 M . C) 10"VM : D) l(r8M



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24/178

CHUYN 2.

NIT - PHOTPHO

A - KI N TH C C N NHI- C U T O NGUYN T - KH N Nt PH N NG C A NIT V

PHOTPHO1. C u t o nguyn t .

- Nhm VA gm c cc nguyn lnit (N), pholph (P), arsen (As), ntimoii

(Sb) v bilmut (Bi).- Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc ngyn. t' nhm VA trrig

thi c bn l ns2np\ do nhn thm 3 e t n cu hnh bn vng ca kh

him. Do vy, trong cc hp cht chng c cng ha ir3.

- T p tr i, do xt- hin phn lp d Irng nn trng thi kch thch, mt

electron ghp ca phn lp ns chuyn sang orbital d trng, v vy ccnguyn t n c 5 electron c thn, nn trong hp cht chng cng ha tr

la 5.

Trng thi c bn : t t

ns np nd

-f

ns np- nd

Trng thi kch thch :

2. Kh nng ph n ng.

- Kh nng oxha gim dn l nild n bitmit, trong cc hp cht s" oxi hacao nht ca cc nguyn t nhm VA l +5. Ngoi ra, chng cn c cc s oxi

h l -3, +3.. Ricng nl cn c thm cc s' oxi ha +1, +2, +4.

- T nit n bitmut, tnh phi kim gim dn, tnh kim loi tng dn, nit vphotpho l cc phi kim. Arsen th hin tnh phi kim tri hn kim loai, antimon

th hin tnh kim loi v phi kim .tcng ng nhau, cn bitmut th hin lnh kim

loi mnh hn phi kim.

II- TNH CH T L, H C A NT V PH O iPHO

Nit Photpho

1 Tnh

ch t v t

L chi kh khng mu. khng

mi, khng chy, khng duy tr ssng, ha lng 196c, ha rn -210"c..

p c 3 dng ih hnh l p

(, bn chuyn thnhphotpho trng 416C), ptrng l cht rn khng mu

hoc, mu vng nht, nng

23


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25/178

-

ch 44,1 "c v p en, ldng th ' hnh mang lnhch kim. loi, c mng linhth* .trc thoi...

2

(

rinhch t

ha'h c

~-v. ,

77/? v/0 '0 lx. -.1N: + 3H-. 2NH,

4ooC .

6L + N-------->2Li3N

Tnh khDo c lin kt ha bn vng nn nhit - thng nilrt hot ng

km, nhit cao th hoi nmnh h,n:

N + 0 , 30()()(!_ > 2N0

iu 'kin thni N -* NO; cmu nu:2 NO + O: > 2N0.>

V

Tn/ oxi ha:2P + 3Ca ->Ca,>

; Cmxi pholphua

Tnh kh

Phoi pho th hin tnh khkhi tc ng v.i c c phi kim

hot ng nh oxi, luhunh...............f> . 0 +3

4P + 3 0 ---- - > 2 P o O s

. iphotpho trioxxit0 0 +5

4P + 50- ------>2 P-1O 5

iphptpho pntaoxxil

Phn nsj vi clo: *

2P V 3Cb ------>2 PCI,

Nu dll do: .0 0 +5

23P + 5C1: ------> 2. PC1S

Ngoi ra, p cn tc dng

vi hp cht:

6P + 5KC10., >3P; 5 +

5KC1

3 Tr ng

thi t nhin

Tn ti d nu t d v hp cht Tn ti dng hp chl,

ch yu c 'trong quniiapatil CasFfPOjii v

pholphorit Ca3(P04);

4 Di u

ch

Trong PTN:

NH4NO; N; + 2H:0Dn khne kh-qua bt dnu nung

:4N; + ; + 2Cu -> 4N: + uO

3N+, + 3CaCl: 3CaCI: +

24



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26/178

3H;0 + N,

Trong cng nghip: Trong cng nghip:Tin hnh chne ci. phn on Nung qung photphort, ct.khia kh lng. H lng khng v Ihan cc 120 0 c trong

kh, sau nng dn rhil d, - l in:I96nc nit si v lch khi oxi Ca;(P04); +3SO: +SC ->

lng ( oxi ha lna -183"C) . 3CaSiO, +2P + 5CO,

I I I - CC H P GH T QUAN TR NG C A NU 0'1. Amoniac v mu i amoni

a. Amniac : Amoniac NH .1c cng thc cu to nh sau: Do cn mt cap electron cha s dung

. .. _ U , , , .. . Cp e chann -NH.vng vai ir l mt baz Lewis , , s dngtrong mt s phan ng hahc, ng.()i racn do cp electron m NHi c kh nng t / I

to phc vi rrii. s ion kim loi nh Cu , HAg4- Trong phn l NH.1, nguyn t NH. c

s oxi ha -3,'nn NH.i cn l cht kh.

Tnhbat

NH , + H ; 0 NF V + OH K, = 10 : 'Y'NH, + HC1 -> NH,C1

Dunsz ch NH c kh rinc lo koft la nhiu hidroxit kim loi khi lcdns vi un dch mui iia chlna;

Al.'++ 3NH, + 3H:0 AKOHhJ. + 3NIV

Kh nng t o ph c:

Cu + 2NH. + 2H - ClKOMK sI + 2N H / o c * r i & - C

Cu(OH): +4NH, u J-CiKNH.,).,]-- + 20H .

Tctra amin nc (II)

( mu xanh ihm)

AgCl + 2NH, > lAg(NH:).-r + C .iamin hc(I) '

Tnh kh :-.r '

+ Tc di vi ox: 4NH- +30-, >2N'2 + fiH-)0

- < 14 N H, + 50-, '.....>4 N o + 6 1,0s.so 9t() ('

. 4- Tc dng vi cl: Kh NHbc chy trormbnh kh k> to ra nun la c

M + q 4.i' ?

i25


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27/178

khi trng: 2 N H ,+C12 ->N2+6HC1

+ Tc dng vi oxi kim loi: 3NH , tfCiiO >3Cu + N, + 3H20

Sn xut NH

Amoniac c tng hp t kh nit v hidro theo phn ng sau:

N: + 3 H / ...>2NH,, AH = -9 2 kJ451)" c

Kh nit v hidro c nn the t l :3 v cho vo thp tng hp psu t 300 -l()()()"c vi xc lc l Fc kim loi c hoai hoa bng A1-.1 v

KiO, hiu sut phn ng at 2 0 -259.

b. Mui amoni.

-'-Ion NH4+trong dng dch g vai ir l mt axit u, lm qu tm ha

hn". -

N H / < = N H 3 +,H+, K;, = 10"9-2f .

NH4+ + O H ' .-> N H ,t + H20- Mui amoni d bnhit phn:

.+ Mui amoni to hi axit khng c tnh oxi ha:

NH4CI N H + HC1

NH4HCO3 1 > NH, + CO; + H:0

+ Mui amoni to bdi axit c tiih oxi ha:

NH..NO, - 2li'-c > N, 0 + 2H ;0

NH4N 2 ->N , + 2H,0

2. Axit nitric v mu i nitrat

a. Axitntrc

Crig thc cu to:

, H o -----n '

X0

- Axit HNO3 l ch t l ng kh ng mu, b c kh i rri nh trong khng kh, .si 86"c. Khi bun nng phn hy ml phn theo phng trnh:

4HNO,


28/178

V ^ . ' 3Fc(N03)3+ NO + 5H2O

i u ch :

rong phng th nghim:

, rfa$ * ra>+ H2S 0 4(^ i >NaHS04 + HNO3

- Trong cng nghip:

N2 NHs ------ ^ NO -> N 02 -> H ffoj ' . ' ; . 850-900 c

b. Mu i ntrat.- T t c cc mu i nitrat u tan trong n c v l nh ng ch t i n li m nh

- Mu i nitratkmb n rhi t, chng bphn h y khi un nng: Mui c a ce kim lo i ho t ng m nh t Li, K...Na cho s n ph m l

mu i nitrit + 0 2

M(N0 3 )!%M(N 0 2)n + | o 2t .

. 27


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. Mui ca cc kim loi hoin!: trung hnh t Mg - Cl) chos n phm, l oxit + NOj + O;

, 2M(NO.,)^ M ; O n + 2 n N O ; + - 0 : t . 2 - ;

Mi ca cc kim loi hoi ng yu Hg Pl cho sn phm 'l kim

loi + NO2+ O2

M(NO.O -> M + nN O:+ - 0 :T"> .

- N h n b i t g c N O f : Khi c m t ca ion H \ ion N O r ih hi n tnh oxi-

ha ging nh HNO. Do , ne i la cho vo dung dch mui' NO." vi

git-axil H;S04 v mt t bi nu. Khi , dune dch s xut hin mu

xanh c a ion Cu:+ v c kh kh ng mu thot ra, sau ha nu m i n g

one nihim.

. Cu + 81-r + 2NO > Cu"' + 2NO + 4H,2HPO. ++ H20

Axit metapholphoric

- Tnh axi': H3PO4 l mt ax.it 3 in axil, 'c mnh trung bnh. Trong dung

dch n phn li 3 nc

HjP04 < = , H+ + H 2p p 4 , ; Kai-7 ,6 .1 ^

H;P 04~


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Duns dch H3P4 lm qu tm ha , tc dng vi xi ba/., V'?i haz...Khi

tc d ng, v i ox t h / li , hazd, ty hep l ng ch t lc d ng rii c th th

. c mui axit/m i tr ri ha ho c h n h p mu i.,

d) i u ch v ng d ng: Trong f*TN:Oxi h a pholpho b ng ]-(N 3(W ?C aS O , t 2H-.PO;

Ngoi ra, ngi fa cn iu ch bans qch t chy phoiph ri thu i;y

P;Os cht hp nc: POs +. H 2HiPO.

2. Mui photphat

a) Tnh tail : Tt- c cc mui' ihidropholphatu ln, trong s cc mui

hidrophoipht v phtphat chic mui ca na tri, kali, v moni d tan, cn .mui cita cc kim ioi khc u khnii tan hoc t lri.

b) Ph n ng th y phnCc mui photphat tan b Ihiy phn tron dung dch;

P ( + H O (N H4):C 0 3

b. Phn, ln: L phn bn cung cp photpho cho cy di dng ion .photphat.

Phn ln nung chy: Thnh phn chnh l-hn hp photphat v silicat cua

canxi v magie (cha 12-14% P2O5). Cc mui ny khng tan troiig nc,

nn cng chthch hp cho loi t chua. . Superphotphat n: Cha 14. - 20% P2Os, c sn xut bng cch cho

qung photphorit hoc apatit tc dng vi H2S 4c, nng:

29


WWWFACEBOOK COM/DAYKEMQUYNHON

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C*(P04)2+ 2H:S 0 4 -> Ca(H2P04);'+ 2CaS04

Trong thnh phn ca suprphotpat n c Ca(H2P04)2+ 2CaS04 Superphotphat kp: Cha 40-50% -PjOs, qu trnh sn xui xy ra 2 giai

on:

Ca.((P04)2+ 3H2SC>4 -> 2H3PO4+ 3CaS04lCa.,(P0 4)2+ 4 H3PO4 3Ca(H2P0 4)2

M T S O D I V G T O N T H N G G P

D ng 1.Ton t ng h p amoniacBi t p m u 1.Cho 3 moi N2v 8moi H; vo mt bnh kn c th tch khng i

cha sn cht xc tc (th tchi khng ng k). Bt tia a in cho phn ng

xy ra, sau a v nhit ban u th thy p sut gim 10% so vi p

sut ban u. Vy % v th tch ca N2sau phn ng l:

A) 34,50% B) 24,50% B) 25%% D)24,75%Gi i.

Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:

N2 + 3H2 2NH,

Trc phn ng 3: ^ 0 (mol)Phn ng X 3x

Sau phn ng 3 -X 8 - 3x 2x

S mol kh trc phn ng ni = 3 +8=11

S' mol kh sau ph n ng n2= 11 - 2xD bnh kn nn p sut tl vi s' mol, ta c:

n, P| . 11 p 1L = , thay s: = = n2 p2 . 11 - 2x 0,9P 0,9

9,9 = 11 - 2x => 2x = 1,1=> X = 0,55

%N2 = - - - : 100% = 24,75%11 -2.0,55

Vy phng n ng l D

D ng 2.Kim lo i tc d ng v i axit nitricB i t p m u 2.Khi ha tail hon ton 1,5875 gam mt kim loi ha trIII trong

ung dch HNO3 long thu c 604,8 ml h n h p kh N2v NO ktc c t khi hi so vi hdro l 14,5. Vy M l:

A) AI B) Fe . ''"...].'.

30



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Gi i.Phng trnh phn ng:

M + 4HNO., M(NOi)-. + NO + H;0

X X

10M" + 36HNO.?- IOM+(No'o. + 3 N + 'I8H1O

. . y ' 3y/IO

Ta c .

x H - y ^ O . 2 7

3()x + 28 -!10 : 14,5.2

X = 0,0135mol

y = 0.045mol

X + V KK

. I n - M= 0,045 + 0,0135 = 0,0585 mi

0.0585 '

v.y M . AI Chn .

Bi t p m u 3. Ch' 18,5 gam hn hp X SI m Fe v F c,04 tc dng vi 200 mlung ch HNO.I long, un nnu v kh.uy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra .

hon ton thu c 2,24 ll kh NO luy nhl (dltc), dung dch Y v 1,46 gam

kim loi.. Trong bi ton trn c bao nhicu phn ng ha hc xy ra:

A)2 B) 3 C)4 D) 5

b. Nna moJ cia duns dch HNOl:

A) 2M B) 2.4M C) 2.5M D3.2M

c. Khi lng mui ca dunii dch z l:A)30,4g . B)49,2g C)48,6g D) 48,2g

Gi i.

. Cc phng trinh ha hc xy ra:FC + 4HNO, ^ Fc(NO,h+N +2H :0

3Fe,G4 + 28 HNOi -> 9Fe(N0,)., + NO + 28H:0

Fed + 2Fe(NO.t), -> 3Fe(NO,b

=> Ch n l

b . F e + 4HNO., -* Fc( NO.,)., + NO + 2H;0 .X 4x X X

3Fc.*04+ 28 HNO. 9Fe(NO


33/178

Fell + 2Fe(NO.,)3 -> 3Fe(NO.O:

x+9y J x ^ 3y

Ta c :

5& x'+ 23 2y + 5 6 ^ - ^ j + l ,4 6 = 8,5 ' y ' 0 ,0 3

4x + . CM= 2.= 3,2M

0,2

=> Chn c

c. m Fe(No3)2. = 3 . ^ y j , 1 8 0 = 48,6(g)

=> Chn B

D ng 3. Kim lo i ph n ng v i mui nitrat v i s c m t c a ion H+Bi t p m u 4: So snh th tch kh NO thot ra trong hai th nghim sau:

TNI: Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng,vi 120 ml dung dch HNO} 1MTN2: Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung ch HNO ,3 IM + H2SO4

0,5 M . . -

A)T N2>TN, .. . B) TN | > TN; .

C )T N |= TN j . D. Khng xc nh c

Gi i. Phng trnh phn ns dng ion rt gn: . ,

3Cu . + . 8H+ + 2NO.r 3Cir++ 2NO + 4H.OTh nghim 1: 0,lm ol 0,12 mol 0,12 moi

Th nghim 2: 0,1 mol 0,24 mol 0,12 mol

Ta thy s mol N 0 3~v s' ml Cu 2 th nghim nh nha, mt khc d l

mol/h s' cn bng ca Cu v N O r u ln hn so vi t l ml/h s' cn

bng ca H* ha) ni cch khc, s moi Cu v N O f c 2 thnghim u d

so vi H \ do lng NO thot ra ph. thuc vo H+. Do. th tch kh NO th rmhim 2nhiu hn 1. => Chn A.

D ng 4.Nhi t phn mu i nitrat . !Phn ng nhit phn mui nitn ihnixy ra khng hon ton do mui

vn cn d sau phn ng. Khi lni mui gim = khi lng cc kh thot r.

Bi t p m u 5. Nhit phn 66,2 ?am' Pb(NQj)2 thu c .55,4 g cht rn. Hiu

sut phn hy ca phn ng trnl:

A )5 0c/f B)7(T/


34/178

Gi i. Phn ng nhit phn: . : .

Pb(NO.O; - ;()"->PbO + 2N 2 +1/2 0 ;X 2x x/2

G i X l so'mol PbNO?): nhi t phn:

Khi lng kh thot ra = 2x.46 + 0,5x.32 .='66,2-55,4= 10,8 => X= 0,1 mol

Vy hiu sut phn ng l: H .= 50'^ =J> Chn

D ng5. Kh nng t o mui khi cho n bazrt m nh tc d ng vi axit H3PO4Cho un? dch cha a mol NaOH vo dung dch cha b mol H3PO4. Cc

trng hp th xy ra :

NaH.-PO.; + H:0

1 < < 2 t o ra m u i natri ihidrophotphU v natri hrophotph at

NaOH + H3PO4 -> NaH,P04 + H2

. 2NaOH + HPQi >Na^HPO, + 2H20

= 2ch lo ra mui n tri hidrophotphat

2 < < 3 to 2 mui natri hidrophotphat v natri photphat

2NaOH + H P0 4 > N;HPO, +.2H ,03NaOH + H,P04 ->Na(P 4 +3H?0

> 3 t o ra mu i n triphoiphal v c th c NaOH d

. i t p m u 6. Cho 500 ml dune dch K H 2M vo.500 ml dung dch ll


35/178

B - CAU HOI VA BAI T P

Caul . Ni l bn iu kin thng v chi' hot ng ha hc nhil cao ido: .

A) Trong phn t Ni c lin kt eng ha tr

B) Trons phn l N; c lin kt ba bn vneC) Phn t N: c m in cao

D) Phn l N> l cht kh khng mu. khng mi,;khne v.Cu 2. Cho sd phn ng sau :

X(k) + Y(k) r); - > Z(k)450 c

z+ HC1-> T

T+ NaOH -> p + z + H20

Vy X, Y, z, X v p ln lt l:

A) H :,N: NO, H20 , NH.V B) Nj, H:, NH.1, NH4CI, NaCl

C) N:, H:. NO, NH4CI, NaCl D) N;, H;, NH., NH4C1, FNO.,Cu 3. Cho s phn ng

. . m w ' c . . / . . +NaOH M KIA| ----->A 2 ------ > A -> A4 --------- >NaNO

Vy A|, A:, Ax v A4 ln l t l:

A) N2, NH,, NO, NO; B) N;, NO, NO:, HN .,

B )N ^N H 5, n o , HNO: D) NO, N 02, N20 5. HNj

Cu .4. Mt xit ca nil, Iron ntcchim 30,43%. Vy cng thc ca oxit

ny l:A) NO; B) NO C)N jO , D) N:Os

Cu 5. Cho cn hng sau: 2NO: < > N2O4

nu khngm

Khi t h phn nitrn vo nc th-thy mu n.u gim. Vy phn ngtheo chiu 1 l phn ng:

A) Ta nhit B) Thu nhitC) Cn bng nhit D) Khng xc nh c

Cu 6 . Cho s hin ha sau:

X T T + C 0 > + H 7 ONH, (, > A| - Pcao-*

+ H1SO4 ong - A3 (kh)

+ NaOH > Aj (kh)

Vy A|, A:, A. v A4 ln li l:

A) (NH:):CO, (NH4):CO',. CO; v n iu

B) (NH;);CO. NH4):CO,, c o v NU.,

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o ' NH2CO, (NRihCO, CO v NH,

D) (NH2)2CO, NH4H CO,, CO v C02

Cu 7. Cho SNO v NO:. Al. Cu(.N002v Mg

B) Cu(NO.,):, CuO, N02v NO, HNO, AgNO.,, FcCl; v Ag

C) Gu(NO,):, Go, NO, 'v O,, Cu, HN ,, AgNOj, FeCl: v Ag

D) Fc(NO.,)2, CuO. NO: v NO, Cu, HNO,, AgNO, FcCl; v CuCu 8 . Ch s phn tig sau:

>x6 (hn hp rn)X,

Fe3C +HNO3

+ KOH d * x4 - X,

Bit X2l hn hp khVy thnh phn ca Xi, X?. X,x 4, Xs v x


37/178

dng vi dung dch NH3to ra dung dch A'-v' kt ta 2. Nung A; nhit '

cao thu c cht rri A> Xc nh cc cht v cc dung dch A, B, B|, A,,. A2v A}.

La chon Dd A B B| Dd A , a 2

A- Fe3+, Cu2+ NQ n o 2 [Cu (NH,)4]2+ Fe(OH)., Fe20 (B Fe2+, Cu2+ NO NO, [Cu(NH3)4]'2+ Fc(OH) CuOc Fe3\ 'C u 2+ N n o 2 Fe'u ,Cu2+ Fe(OH)j: FcQD Fe3+, Cu2+ NO; n o 2 Fc2* Fe(OH)s F e A ,

Cu 10. Cho mt lng Cu2S tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 un iingthu c dung dch A| v kh A: khng mu, ha nu trng khng kh. Chia

A, thnh 2 phn. Thm dung dch BaCl; vo phn 1 thy to thnh kt tatrng A3.'Thm dd NH.1 d vcphn 2, ng thi khuy u hn hp, thu

c dung dch A4c mu x nh m. V y' A |, A2, Aj,' A4 l :

La chn Dd Ai . a 2 Ai A4

A Cu (N0 3)2, HNOy NO BSO] Cu2+

B Cu(NO )2 : NO BaS04 [Cu(NH,)4]2+

c h 2s o 4 NO BaSO-3 [Cu (NH3)4]2+D Cu(N03)2, HNO3d, H2S04 NO BaS04 [Cu (NH3)4]2+

Cu 11. Gho s phn hg sau:

Kh(A ) - - H-2--dd( A) - '-- >(B)- -->Kh(A) - >(C) ^->(D) + H20Vy A, B,c, D ln lt l:

A) NH3, dung dch NH3, NH4NO1,NH4HCO3, C02

B) NH3, ung dch NH3, NH4CI, NH4NO3, N20

C) n o , dung dch HNO3NH4CI, NH4NO,, N2

D) NH3, d ng ch NH 3, NH4C, NH4NO3, NO

Gu 12. Cho hn hp X gm N2v H2, pht biu no su y khng ng :A) Thm N2vo hn hp s l cho tkhi hi ca X i vi khng kh tng

B) Thm H2vo hn hp s l cho tkhi h ica X i vi khng kh tng

C) Tng p sut khng lm thay tkhi hi

D) Ly bt hidro, khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp tng

Gu 13. Trong mt bnh kn cha ]0 lt Ni v JO lt H2 nhit 0c v 10 atm.Sau phn ng tng hp amniac, a hnh v 0c. Bit rng c 60%.hidro

phn ng. Vy p sut trong bnh sau 'phn ng l:

.A. lOatm 3 . 8am C; 9atm D. 8,5 atm

Cu 14 Trong mt bnh kn c dung tch khng thay i ch 10 lt N2 v 10 ltH2 nhit 0c v 10 atrri. Sau phn ng tng hp amoniac, a bnh v

36



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0c. Bit rng c 60% hiro phn ng.Nu p sut trong bnh l 9 atm ih

sau phn ng %N2 trong hn hdp l:

A)50% . B) 70'7r C) N260% - D) 807HN3, (NH^SO:,. Chdng ha cht no sau y nhn bit cng thi cc cht trn:

A) NaOH B) KOH C) Ba(O H)2 D) HN3

Cu 28. Gho cc ung dch hg trong cc l mVnhn sau y: K2CO3, Ca(NQ3)2,

HNO3, (NH^O.*, NaOH. Chdng ha cht no sau y nhn bit c ngthi cc cht trn:

A) Qy tm B)NaCl C)BaCl2 D)H 2S04

Cu 29. GHo cc dung dch ng trong cc l mt nhn sau y: NaOH, H2SO4c,

ngui v HNO3 c. Ch dng m t ha cht no sau y nhn bit c ngthi cc cht trn:

A) A1:, B)C u C )F e D) PlCu 30. Nhi t phn mu i 1 mol mu i v c A thu c cc ch t ng kh v h i

khc nhau mi cht u c moi. Bit rng nhil phn hy khng cao v phn

ng xy ra hon ton. Bit khi lng moi ca X l 79 gam. Vy cng thc ca X

l:a ) N R , h s o4 B) NH4HSQ3 Q N H 4HCO3 D)NH4N0.1

38



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C ifs i . Nung 9,4 gam mt'mui niat trong mt hnh kn, Sau khi phn ng xy ra. hori lon cn ti 4 sam oxit. Vy muiniirat l: %

A)Ca(Ni): B)Fc(NO,): C)Cu(NO.,h D)Ai(NO,)Cu 32. Nhit phn hn hp um 2 mui KNO v CutNG.): c khi lng l 95,4

gam. Khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c ml hn hp kh c M = 37,82. Vy

khi lng mi mui trone hn hp ban u l:A) 20 v 75.4g BI 20,2 v 75,2 g 'C) 15,4 v 80g D) 30 v 65,4 g

Cu.33. Nhit phn 66,2 gam Ph(NO.i); thu c 55,4 g cht rn. Vy hiu sut

phn hy ca phn ng trn l:A)60% B)70% . 0 80% D)50


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C 39. Nung nng 27,3 gam hn hp NaNOj v Cu(NQ.?)3, hnhp kh thot rac dr vo 89.2 ml nc cn d 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp.th:Nng

% ca HNO? lo thnh l? . .

A).13%. B) 12.6^ .0 1 0 % - D) 9,2%

Cu 40. Mi nhm hc sinh lm th nghim cho kim loi ng tc dng viHN j long. Hin tng quan st c l:

A) Kh khng mu thot ra, dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh

. B) Kh mu nu thot ra, dung dch khng i mu

C) Kh mu nu thot ra, dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh

1 D) Kh khng mu thot ra, sau chuyn sang mu nu v dung dch

chuyn thnh mu xahh

Cu 41. xit nitric c nng phn ns vi nhm cht no di y:

A) Fe(OH)3, CuO, NH,, Ag, Cu, Fe20.,, Fe.A, c, sB) Mg(OH)2, CuO, NH3, Ag, Cu, Fc:0,. Fe,04, Au, S, CC) Fe(OH)2, CuO, NH, Ag, Cu, Fe;0.,, Fe30 4>B aS0 4D) Fe( H/:, CuO, NH.,, Ag, Cn, Fe203, F e , Pt, MgCl2

Cu. 42. Cho m gam AI lan hon ton Irong dung dch HNO3 thy to ra 44,8 lt

hn hp kh NO, N;0 v N2 c t l mol tng ng l; 1:2:2. Vy m c gi trl: . :

A) 35,1 g B) 16,8g C) 140,4 g D) 2,1g

Cu 43. Cho kim loi M tc dng vi dung dch HNO}. Thu c kh khng muho nu trong khng kh. Vy tng h s cn bng ca phng trnh phn ng

gia M v HNO.I l:A) 3 + 4n B )6 + I5 n C) 6+ 7n D) 7 + 6n

^/Cu 44. Ch 9,6 gam'kim loi M tc dng vi dung dch kNO? d thu c 2,24

lt kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh kc. Vy kim loi M l:

A) Mg B)Z n C) Cu D). Fe

Cu 45. Cho 3,2 gam kim loi Cu tc .dng vi dung dch HNO3 d.Ch dung

dch KOH d vo dung dch sau phn ng thu c kt ta. Lc, nungkt tatrong khng kh n khi lng khni thu c Xgam ch't rn. Vy Xc

gi tr l: r '

A) 4 g B)4.6g . C )8 g D) 12 g

Cu 4 ^ Cho 12,8 gam Cu tan hon lon.vo dung dch HNO3 thy thot ra hn

hp kh (NO. NO:) c ti' khi vi H2 l 19. Vy th tch ca hn hp kh

trn iu kin tiu chun l: JA) 1,12 lt B) 2,24 lt C) 4,481t D) 0,56 lt

40



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C47> Ch phdn trnh phn ng sau:

A1+ HNO.V-> A(NO.} + NiO + N: +

. Nu l l gi N20 v Nj c t l l 2:3 th sau khi cn bng phng trnhphn ng t l smol Al: N:0 : N l:

A)'23:4:6 B) 46:6:9 C) 46:2:3. D) 20:?:3

Ca48. So snh th tch kh NO thoi ra trong hai th nghim-sau:

TN|.: Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng v i 120 nil dung dch HNO. 1MTN2: Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch HNO. 1M.+ H2SO40,5M ;A) TN, > TN2 . B) TN, > TN| C) TN| = TN; D. TN, < TN2

u 49. Ch 140,4 gam 1 tan hon lon trong diirm ch HNO Ihy to ra 44,8

lt hn hp kh N , N20 v N2 c ll.ml tcng ng l: 1:2:2. Th tch caHNO30,5M cn dng l:A) 38,4 lt B) 19,2 t ' : C) 18,4 lt . D) I4.331I

C 50. Cho 2,4 gam c vo .dung dch 50 ml dung dch hri hp gm H2SO4 1M

v Cu(N0 3)2b,4M. Chthu c kh NO bay ra. Vy th tch kh NO thu c

l:A) 0,28 lt B) 0,336 lt C) 0, 448 lt (DIAS'S lt.

C u 51. Khi ha tan cng mt lng kim loi M vo durig dch HNO long v

X vo dung dch H7SO4 long th thu c kh NQ v Hc th lch hng nhau cng iu kin nhit p.sut. Bit rng khi lng mui nitral ihu c

bng 159,21% khcti lng mui suni'aL Vy R l:A) Fe B) Cu C) AI D) Ca.

Cu 52. Cho 200 ml NaOH 0,7 M vo I0CX) mdung dich,HP0 4 0,iM. Vy c

- th thu c mui no sau y:

A) Na3P 0 4v Na2HP04 B) NaH;PO, v Na.HPO'

C)NaH 2P 0 4 D) Na-.PO, .^C i 53. Cho 44 gam Na H vo dung dch cha 39,2 gam H3PO4. Sau khi phn

ng xy ra hon ton, em .c cn dung dch n kh. Hi thu c nhng* mui no v khi lng bao nhiu giam.

\ A) Na3P 0 4 , 50 g, Na2HP04 14,2g ; . B) NaHjP04 14,2 g v Na2HP0449,2 g

O N a.H PO , J5 gam .D) Na3PO:t 49,2 g v Na:HP04 14,2 gam

Cu 54. Cho 12,4 gam P tc dng hon tn v i oxi. Sau cho (on b snphm ha tan vo HOn ml dung dch Na H 25$ ( (1= 1,28).' Vy nng ckc cc mui tng ng l:

) Na3P 0 4 20% ,

41


B

ID

N

G

T

O

N

-L

-

H

A

C

P

2

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1

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0

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B) Na3P 0 430% v NaH2P 0 4-2(Y7tC)NaHnPO., 14.68% v Na2HP0426,06',*D) NaH2P 410% v Na2HP 426,069,

C 55. Cho s . ph n ig sau:X Y *- z Super photphat kp

+Ca(OH)2d

T.Vy X, Y, z v T l:

A) p, PH.,, P2O3v Ca,(P 04): B) p, p2ps. H.,PO, v Ca,(P04)2 'C) p, P;05, H,P04v C a,(P 04): D) p, P;Os, H.,P>4v Ca.,(P0 4)2

C u 56. Chn cng Ihc nu ca patit:

A) Ca,(P0 4)2 B)Ca(PO.O; C) 3Ca.,(PO^)? CaF2 )C aP20 7

Cu 57. T qu ng photphorit i u ch' axil photphoric theo s sau:

Ca3(P04)2 - s-2-c -'(> >2P p20 5 ------>2H,P04

Hy tnh khi lng ht qung photphorit 73*7f cn thit iu ch 1 tn

H3PO450%.Bit hiu sut ca qu trnh l 90%.A) 1200,8 kg B) 1340,5kg , C) 1203,6kg D) 1235,1kg

Ca 58. Khng nh n sa y chnh xc:

A) Thnh phn superphotphat n gm C aS04+CaHiPO-i)::B) Thnh phn superphotphat n gm Ca(H:P04)2

C) Thnh phn supcrphotphat kp gm CaS 4+ Ca(H2P 4j2D) Thnh phn superphotphat kp gm CaH2P 04

Cu 59. Khng nh no sau y khng ng:

A) Phn phc hp amophot gm hn h p cc mui NH4H2PO4v(NH4)2HP4

B) Phn hn hp NPK l phn c cha cc nguyn t N, p, K

C) Phn vi lng l cha cc nguyn t B, Zn, Mn, C, Mo...

D) Phn vi lng cha cc nguyn tN , p, K -

Cu 60. Dung dch n sau y khng ha tan c ng kim loi:

A) HNO3c, ngui B) HNG)? c, nngC) H2S 4long ' D)HCI + NaN 3



B

I

D

N

G

TO

N

-

L

-

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A

C

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C H U Y N *

NHM CACBON

A - KI N TH C C N NH

CACBON SIL1C1. rtn

cht

Cachon c 3 (lng th'hnh chnh: kim

cng, than ch, ihan v nh hnh.Trng , than v nh hnh l hot

ng nh Cachon ch yu the hin lnh kh:

0 ill V V -4C + 2CuO >2Cu + C O i

c th hin lnh oxi ha l()MC 4 2H-. 2 CH.J

Silic c 2 dng th hnh:

Silic tinh th v silic v

nh hnh. Silci v nhhnh hot ng hn.

Silic ih hin tnh kh:(1 . ,0 >-4Si + 2 F , ... -----S F,

* Si th hin lnh 0X1 ha0 .0 -4Si + 2M g- ------Si

2. Oxit * C l xit Irung tnh, c tnh khmnh, c cng thc cu to nh

sau:

C 0

0 ,0 ' 44 C 0 + Fe?04 >3Fe +4CO-I

CO; i m.t oxit axit

CO' + 2H'0 HCOr + HCT

* CO; c tnh oxi ha:+* .0 ' 'C O v +2 M g 1 > C + 2MsO

Silic ioxiKSiO:) lanc trorm kim nng

chy:SiO: + 2N,a(OH ->

Na>SiO, + H:0 Tc dng vi xit

lhklricSi(); + 4HF- -> SiF4t +

2H20Do khni dni l thy

tinh ridng dch HF

3. Axt Axil cacbonic (H:CO.)

Kh C 2 lan Ironsnc mt ptino ra axil cacbonic, khng bn b phn

y lo C j v nc:

c 2: + h 2o = h . c o ,

HCOl mt xit yu 2 nc:

H .co ,


45/178

I 1!'I

j: r 4. Cc

mui

quan

t r ng

v cc

ng

dng

Ka;=4,8J0"

Mui cachonat trung ha

loi kim d tn trong ngia phn ng Ihy phntrng kim, cc mti

. nhit. Cc ixiui cacbonat c

tan, d bphn hy hi nhi

, CaCOy ->CaO + c o

:a kim

, thamto mi

bnn li t

t:

Mui hidrocacbonat d tunnhit phn:

Ca(H CO,h ^ CaC,

v d b

+ C;+ H_iO

b mu

ht n

CaCO. linh khil l . cht

trng, c dng lm ctrong lu ha cao su

* Nil:CO n tron cng nghipth y tinh,' c m . h t i i l...

NaHCO.1'dinH Irons* cnsi nihi p ihcphm, tronu y hc (lm thuc cha

bnh u d dy)

mi silicat tanng dng qan trng ca

cc hp chl cha Si l

trong sn. xuV thy tinh, gm, xi mng

Cc phn r.g xiy ratrong qu Irnh sn xut

thy tinh nli sau:

Na2CO.,+ Si 2 ->NcItSO +COi

C;iC03+ Si0 : ^CaSiO.1 + C 0 2

Thnh phn thy tinhthng' c vict:

Na20.Ca0.6Si0 2

gm l yt liu c

ch to t t st-v caolanh, gm cc loi gm

xy dng; vt liu chul; snh s v men

Xi mng Poong:

ihnh phn chnh gmcnxi silicat v canxi

aiumina!. khi xy dng,

xi mns c Irn vi

nc to thnh khi nho,

sau mt thi eian, nhffne

rih th hitlral (iari xen

vo nhau ihnh khi cnv hn:

3CaO.Si : + 5H2C) >

C:Si0 4 .4 H20 + C a(0H )2

2CaO.Si; + 4H30 -

Ca:Si04.4H20 . . ,

3C0.Al:0., +6H20 >

Ca.,( A I0:,):/->H20

44



B

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N

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T

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46/178

B - CU HOI V B T PCu 1- 'S electron c thn m ngyn t nhm IV A c th c l:

-;',' A) 2 B) 3 C)4 D) 2 hoc 4u 2 ; Trong s cc n cht c lo thnh bi rihm cacbon, cc kim loi l:

A) cacbon v ch B) SIic y gccmani

C) Silic v thic D) Thic v ch' e u 3. Loi than no sau y c s dune sn xut .mc in:

A) Than mui' ... B)T hnc h Than ' D) Than c c

Cu 4. Tnh oxi ha ca cacKon c th hin phn rie no sau y: ) C - + H'O > CO + H. B) c + CuO > 2Cu + CO;

C) 3C + 4AI AUC, D) c + 0 ., -> CO ?

Cu 5. Kh C v C 2bcx)i l cht gy nhinvmi v:1) None C ch phcp trong khni kh l t 10-20 ppm, nu n.5 ppm

s c hi cho no.2 ) COi cMVgy nn hiu ng nh knh.3) C 0 2n thit cho qu trnh quarig hp cua cy xanh,

' 4) CO l kh y nn hiu ng nh knh T5) CO l kh gp phn thuc y qu trnh quang hp ca cy xant

Nhn nh ng l:

'8 -garn .hn hp gm Nai.CO v NaHCOj tc dng vi dung dchHC1 sinh ra 8,96 lt COV(klc). Vy khi lng Na^CO. irong hn hp l:A) 21,2g B) 16g C) 10.6g )5,3g

Cu 7( Kh CO nhit cao c th kh c oxit no di y :

A) Na20 B) K2 ; C) FeO ; ; D) A .O-,

Cu 8 . Dung ch chl no sau y khng th'cha trng hnh ihu tnh

'. A) H2SO4 . . B)HNO., C) HF D )-!IC1Cu 9. Nung 150 kg CaCO. thu 67,2 kg CaO. Hiu 'sut ca phn ng-l:

A ) 6 m B )50r/< ; C)HOc/r D) 90 Cu 1 0 ' Nguyn l R to thnh ti p ch kh vi Kiclro e cng thc ha hc l

RH4. Trong hp' icht. c ho trcao nht vi oxi Ih l R chim 27,27% v khi

lng. Vy R l A) c B) Si G) s D) Gc

Cu 11. Nung than trng l khns c khng kh th thu c:A) Than cc B) Nha n C) Than ch ) Than t ong

Cu 12. Trong dung dch n&mu cacbona v nhm n ;sau y phn ng: c vi kh cacbonie ti tan to ra mui hidrcacboriat?

A) Nhm IA B) Nhm IIA D) Nhm III A D) Nhm IB

B) 2. 3, 4 C ) 1. 4 ,5 ) 2 , 4 , 5


B

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N

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0

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Cu 13. Trona cng nghip silic c iu ch t:A) t si B)C l C) Magic silicat D) Du m *

Cu 14. Phn ng c trng ca mui cacbonat l tc dng vi:A) Mui bari B) Kim C):Axit D) Bc liilrat

Cu 15. Theo dy Pb, Sn, Ge, Si, c. Tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn tA) Tng (ln B) Gim dn

C) Bin i'lun hon D) Ban u tng, sau gimCu 16. Theo dy HjCOi, HjSiOi, H;:GeOi. m nh axit:

A) .Gim dn B) Tng nC) Khng thay i D) Bin i lun hon

Cu 17. phn bi t c CO: v SO; c Ih lng dung dch no d i y:A) nc vi trong B) Br: C) HC1 D) NaOH

Cu 18. Kh no sau y c s dn! trong qu trnh luyn nan S

A) CO B)CO; C) 0 : D) Hj

Gu 19. t chy hon ton 8,96 ll hn hp cm CO, CO: th cn dng ht 11,2lt khn kh. Vy % y th lch ca CO iron 11hn hp l: A)40


48/178

CHUYIN ' 4.

I CNG V HA HC HU c

A - KI N TH C C N NH

I-H P CH T H U C V HA H C H U C 7. Khi ni m v h p ch t h u c v ha h c h u c

H p ch t h u c l h p ch t c a caebon (tr c o , C02, mui cacbonat, xianua,cacbua..)Ha hc hu c l ngnh ha hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht hu c.

2. c i m chung c a cc htp ch t h u c

a. Thnh ph n cu t o: ,,H p ch t h u c ph i c c irong 'phn t . Ccnguyn t cacbon thng icn kt vi nhau ng thi cn lin kt vi ec

nguyn t khc nh H, o , N, s, P...Lin kt trong ha hc hu c thng llin kt cng ha tr.

b. Tnh cht vt l: Cc hp cht hu c thng c nhit nng chy, nhit si thp, thdng l tan hoc khng tan ong nc, nhng tan trong dngmi hu c.

c. Tnh ch t ha h c- a s'chy khi t

- Km bn nhit- Ph n ng x y ra trong ha h u c th ng ch m, khng hon ton, c n xctc... r.

3. Ph ng php tch bi tv tinh ch h p ch t h u c .a. Ph ng php ch ng c t : Ph ng php ch ng ch t l qu trnh un si 2

cht lng c nhit si khc nhau, khi cht c nhil si thp hn s

bay hi trc, hi c dn qua mt h thng lm lnh (h thng sinh hn),khi hi s ngng t dng lng.

b. Ph ng php chi t :Phng php chit l

phng php tch hai ehtlng khng trn ln vo

nha. Cho hn hp vophu chit, sau mt thigin s tch lp. Khi ,

ch t c kh i l ng ring

l n s n m d i. Ta chvic m kha phu l tch c 2 ch t.


B

ID

N

G

T

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

31

0

0

0

B

T

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N

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49/178

c. Ph ng php kt .tinh : L phng php da trn tan khc nhau ca

cc cht v s Ihay i tn theo nhit tch bit v tinh ch chng.

II- PHN LO I H P CH T H U c V G I TN II P CHAT II U c .I. Ph n lo i

Hidrocacbon l nhng h Dxhl chi'chia. 2 nguyn to'c v HPhn loi: y / Hidrocachon no

> Hirocacbon N. Hiclrocacbon khng no

Hirocacbon thm

Dn xut ca hidrqcacbon l nhng hp cht m trong phn t ngoi c, H cnc mt hay hiu nguyn.t cc nguvn t" khc nh , N, s, halogen...

Dan xt halogen->

Dn xut hidrocacbon Ancol

- A. . 2. Nhm ch c .Nhm chc l nhm nguyn tu -y ra nhng phn ng c trng

ca phn t hp cht hu C. : ' , Cc oi nhm chc thng gp:

- Nhm hiroxyl -OH- Nhmandehit -CH = o I

- Nhm cacboxyl -COOH

- Nhm este COO-

- Nhm amin -NH 2

- Nhm nitro -N 0 2...

3. Danh php h u c

a. Tn thng th ng: l tn. ca hp cht hu c thng c t theo

' ngun gc tm ra chngb. Tn quc t 'UPAG( International Union of Pure and Applied'Chemistry-Hip hi ha hc c bn v ng drig quc t)

S nguyn

t c '

1G 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C 10C

Tip u

ng

Met Et Pro But Pent Hex Hcpt ct Noa De



B

I

D

N

G

T

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

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P

.

Q

UY

N

H

N



50/178

I l l - PHN TCH NGUYN T/. Ph n tch nh tnh :,Phn tch nh tnh nhni xe nh thnh phn ca cc

nguyn t to nn hp chthu c bng cch phn hy hp cht hu C(1 thnhcc cht v c n gin ri nhn bit chng bng cc phn ng c trng. Thd, phn tch mt hp Gh't Hu c X theo s sau:

. C02 C ~ 2-CaC 03

HO -AsNO >Agci - /

II20 cSO >CuS04 .5H_,0xanh)HCHC X < - ------ V ------------------------ '. 'M " '\ + H 2S04 c l ,. - f v' N

^ ( N H 4 )2 S()4 ------>NH, iC12. Phn tch nh l ng

T cc php phn tch nh ng iix. gam cht hu c X ngi ta thu c

khi lng C 0 2, H20, Nj, AgCL. khi lng hoe % v khi lng ca ccniupn fn r W'W OI rilfrirrinh nhiY C3I1

> X c

c

H

N

C1

khi lng C 0 2, H20, Nj, AgCL. khi lng hoe % v khi lng ca cc

ngyn t' c , H, N, Cl, o c tnh nh. sau:

nh lng c :

nh lng H:

nh lng N :

=-44

- . 1 2 = 3 .^ - v %c =mCo 2 .1 2 .1 0 0 %

1 1 '.

m

2 . 1-0 0 %

= a t M l.2 = v%H =18 9 18.mx

IBl,22 4.1000 m,

nh lng C |:

nhl ig :

mam&ri ______m Ar ,.100%-^-.3 5 ,5 v %C1 = - .35,5143,5 U l.s .m v . 143,5.mx

mn =m v -(mc + m H + m N; + mc l)

v %0 = 100% - (%c + %H + % 0 + %C1)

IV - XC NH CNG TH C PHN T H p c h t h u c . Cc ph ng php xc nh phn t kh i.

a. Da v tkh} hdi ca kh X so.vdi kh B

dx/B = ~ ^ -= > Mx = Ms-dx/B. ; .

b. Da vo khi lng ring ca kh iu kin tiu chn

Mx = 22.4.D .

c. Da vo trng thi kh l tung

PV = nRT => PV = RT => M = mRTM PV

49


B

ID

N

G

T

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

31

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

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51/178

d. Da vo nhng th tch hng nhau ca cng mt khi lng cc kh

v x = VBo nx = nB My -rrir

e. a v nh lut Raoult : tng nhit si hoc gim nhit ng c ca mt cht khng in li khi ha tn vo dung mi c biu

t = k.-M

M = k mAt

thhng cng thc :

Trong :Al tng nhit si hoc gim nhit ng ck hng s nghim si hoc nghim lnh

m: Nng molan- l s gam cht tan trong lOOOgam dung mi

M: khi lng phn t cht tan

Th d: Ha tan 450 gam c ht X vo 2 kg nc thu e mt dung dch

ng c -5,58(c. Bit hng s nghim lnh ca iic l 1,86. Tm Mx?

mTheo nh lut Raoult la c: M = k,. At

. . Thay s ta c : .M = 1,86450

2 5,58

2. Xc nh cng th c ph n t .

a. Xc nh trc tip

o D a vo kh i l ng cc ch t trong h p eh t12x _ y _ 17. _ 14t _ 35,5u _

%c ~%H ~ % 0 ~ % N ~ %C1- :o D a vo kh i l ng cc c h trong h p ch t

M

100%

12x _ y _ | 6z _ 14t _ 35,5u _ M

mG mf ;m N mci m

o D a vo ph n ng chy. - '.

t chy a mol hp cht hu c CxHyO/N|Clu cn dng b mol oxi, thu c

c mol CO:", d mol H;0, c moi N2. v f liol HC1

C xH yO zN tC lu + [ x + - - ] o 2 - > x C 0 2 + h 20 + - N 2 +UHC1

y 7.X + - - -

4 2b

y2d

2e

Ta c h thc sau:y zX+ 4 --

50



B

I

D

N

G

T

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

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P

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52/178

T ta c th tnh c X, y, t v u. Nu cht hu c cm t l cht kh

v sn phm thu c l cc cht kh Irong cng iu kin v nhit v psut th tl trn c th thay th bne ti' l v th tch (ml hoc ll)

b. Phng php hin lun

t chy a gam hp cht hu crt X (Q H vO .N ^l,) thu c khi lng CO:,H20, N2, HCL.Xc nh CTPT ca X y, -ta da vo cng thc nmiyn xc nh c ne [hc phn l, tin hnhnh sau:- Tm khi lng hoc 9fkhi lng cc nguyn l tronii hp cht

- Tim t cc nguyn't' (phi l cc s nuyn li gin)mr m M m 0 niv mn

x: y: /: t = = f='t- = : V! = p :q: r: s: tJ 12. 1 16 14 35,5 1 4

% c _ %H _ 9rO_ tyN _ %C1 _

12 ~ 1 16 ~ 14 ~ 3 5 ,5 ~ p : q :r :s :l

- Tm c cng thc ngyri ca X l (CpHqOJN-CUn- Bin lun tm cng thc phn l, c th da vo:

+ Kh i ri phn t M

+ D av t b t b hak....

III-C U TRC PHN T H P CH T H U C

1. Thuy t cit t o ha h c Butter p+ .Trong phn l hp chl hffii c, cc nguyn l Iin. kt vi nhau theo ng

ha tr v m t tr t l nh t nh. Th t lin k t c g i l c u t o ha h c.

S thay i th t licn kt, tc l thay i cu to ha hc, s to. ra hp chtmi.

+ Trong phn t hp cht hu c , cacbon c ha tr 4. Nsun t cachonkhrig nhng lin kt vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t' khc m cn licn kt vi

nhau to thnh mch cacbon+ Trih cht ca cc cht ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht, s

lng cc nguyn t).v cu to ha hc (th l lin kt cc ngiiyn t)

2. ng ng, ng phn

ng ng: L nhng hp cht m ihnh phn phn t hn km nhau ml

. hay nhiu nhm -C H 2- nhng c tnh cht tnii t nhau.Th d: CH,-CHr OH. CHCH^CH OH, CH(CH;CH:CH:OH ng phn: L nh ng h p cht c c ng cng th c phn t nh nsi khc nhau

v cng thc cu to3. Lin k t trong ha h c h u c

. Lin k t xch ma ( ) : L lin k t c hnh thnh do.s xcn ph tr c gi acc orbital s-s hoc s-p

51


B

ID

N

G

T

O

N

-L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

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.

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53/178

S xen pty irc t lien kt .

b. Lin kt pi (tc) : L lin kt c hnh thnh do s xen ph bn ca cc

orbital (thng l orbital p)

S xen ph hn to lin kt 7t

c. Lin k t n : L lin kt c hnh thih bi 1 ep electron'dng chung,

lin kt cfn thu.c loi in kt . Lin kt n c biu din bng 1 gchni hoc bng 2du chm gia cc nguyn t

d. Lin k t i : L lin kt c to bi 2 cp e dng chung. Lin kt i gm

1 lin, kt v 1 lin kt 7C.

Th d: Xt phn t Cb 2 = CH2.Hai nguyn t c cbon tr ng thi lai ha sp2. M i m t nguy n t c 3 AO(Atomic Orbital - obitn neuyri t) li ha sp: , 2 AO ny (c ng

to 2 lin kt vi 2 nguyn t H, 1AO - sp: cn li t xen ph trc vi

1AO -sp ca nguyn t c kia. Kl q l c 5 lin kt n (a) trong cngmt phng l mt phng . Mi mi nguyn t c cn li orbital thunkhit. Trc ca AO ny vung gc vi mt phng . 2 AO ny xen ph hn

L lin kt c hnh thrih hi 3 cp cectron dng chung. Lin kt ba gm 1

lin kt v 2 lin kt 7t.Th d: Xt s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t CH = CH.Hai nguyn c irng thi lai ha sp. .Mi mt nguyn t c dng 1 AO - sp

to thnh lin kt vi mt nguyn t H, mt AO -s p cn li xcn ph



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trc vi AO - sp ca nguyn l kia, Trong mi ngnn t c cn 2 / .th u nkhit l 2py v 2pz, 2AO ny x xen ph bn vi 2AO ca nguyn t c kia

to ra 2lin kt' LK pi

---- " '-C LK xich ma

V' ? LK pi 2 ng phn c u t o:Nhng hp cht c cng cng thc. phn, t nhng c cuto ha hc khc nhau gi l-nhng (ng phn cu tp

5. Cch bi u din c u trc khng gian c a phn t h p ch t h u c .

. a. Gng thc ph i c rih : L cig the lp th m ng nt lin biu dinlin kt nm trn mt trang gi, ng m biu din lin kt hng v phamt ta (pha trc trang giy), ng nt t biu din lin kt hng ra xa

mt t (ph sau trang giy)

Th d: Cng thc phi cnh ca ancl etylic

M hnh rng ca phn t C2H5OH M hnh c C2H5OH

6. ng phn l p th : ng phn lp th l nhng ng phn c cu to ha

hc nh hhau nhng kht nhau v s phn b khng gin ca cc nguyn t(tl khc nhau v cu trc khng gian ca phn t)

V d:

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PDF bi GV N Th h T


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h 3c

H H/

XCH,

cis-but-2 -cn trans-but-2 -en

Xt hdp ch sau:

i u ki n c ng phn l p th cis-tnins l *h v c *d. Nu 2 nhm av c ln cng 1pha th ta c ne phn cis, nu khc pha la c ng

. phn trans

IV -PH N NG H U C .

1. Phn lo i ph n ng ng c : D a vo s hin i. c a phn l h p-ch h u

c khi tham gia ph n ng ng i ta phn lo i ph n ng h u C(t thnh cc lo i

sau y:

a. Phn ng th : CH4 + Ch as--> CH iCI + HC1

b. Phn ng cng : CHv=CH:+ H2 f ->CHrCH,iI

c. Ph n ng tch : CH.,CH2OH H"Sn c ->CH2 =CH; + H;0 i Q t v J f - -

2. Cc ki u plin c t lin k t c ng ha tra. Phn ct ng li : Trng s phn ct n li, i clcclron dng chu c

cha u cho 2 nguyn t to lin kl.to ra cc tiu phn man electronc thn gi l gc l do. nu electron c thn nguyn l cacbon si loc cacb t o

b. Phn ct d li : Trong phn .ct d li, nauyn l c m in ln hdnchim c cp electron dng chung ir thnh anion cn nguyn t c min, ln hn tr thnh cation. Nu in lch dng nguyn l cacbonc gi l c cbocation

.nh s nu .c + C C 1 4 C I

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c tnh ca gc cacbo t do (R*), cacbocation (R+) u Tt khng bn, thi

gian tn ti ngn, kh nng phn ng cao, 'chuyn ha ngay thnh cc sn

phm hn nn ngi la gi chung l cc lieu phn trung gian.-

3. M t s d ng ton th ng g p

D ng 1. CxHy/ + 2 > sn phm ------>

Trong :/ Bnh 1 h p th nc, nn khi lng hnh I tng - mHl0, c th thay th

H1SO4 c b nii c c ch i h t n c khc nh CaC l;, P:O i, C11SO4...

s Bnh 2 hp Ih C 0 2: CO; + Ca(OH); - CaCOj + H:0 v khi lng bnh2 tng = mC(), . c the iha th"Ca(OH); hng B(OH):, KOH, NaOH...

D ng 2.

CxHyOz S a phm -----

Khi ;

J Khi lng bnh.tng = mco, + mHl0. Khi lng ki ia = mCaCOl

V Nu khi lng dung dch sau phn nu tng ln AnKg) v c mC;lC0 , kl

t a: Am = ( mC(')2+ mH2o ) - mCaC(),

v' Nu khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim Am(g) v c mCaCO kt la:

Am = mCaCOl - ( mco, + mH,0 )

Bi t p m u.l. I chy hon lon m l l ng amin X b ng m l l ng oxi v a

c C 02, H2Q v N2, Cho ton h sn phm chy .li qua hnh ng nc vi

trong d thu c 20 gam. k t t a ng th i kh i l ng c a bnh gi m i so

v i ban u l 4,9g. Kh Ihot ra kh i hnh c ih lch l 1,12 'lt. 'Bi t Mx xC02 + - H;0 + -N i . 4 2 2

.. y z.a ax a - a -2 2

CO2 + Ca(OH) > CaCO', + rHjO

ax ax

Ca(OH)2d

H,S0 4,d

Bnh I

Ca(OH)2d

Bnh 2

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Ta c h ph ng nh sau:

ax = 0,2

s n ph m------ + C.( H)2| ^ * mj(g)

Sn phm thu c sau phn ng chy dn qua. dung dch Ba(OH)2 hocCa(OH): thli c T1| sm kt ta v dung dch X, sau un nng X hoccho X tc dng vi kim ta ihu c Tb gam kt ta; na th xy ra cc. "

phng trnh phri ng sau:COj + Ca(OH); -> 0 ) 0 0 , + H;0

th i(g )

2 C 0 ; + C a (O H ) 2 - Ca(HCO)

Ca(HCO,h > CaCOj + C 0 2+ H20m;(g)

T tnh dc kh i l ng CO ,kk ng n c.

Bi t p m u 2, t chy hon [n hn hp 2 hidrocacbon l ng ng lin

tip. Dn ton b sn phm chy vo 3,lt dung dch Ca(OH )2 .01M thu'c

kt ta v khi lng ung dch tng 2,46g. Cho thm dung dch Ba(0

H>2

dvo li thy kt ta xYhin, tng khqi lng kt ta thu c c hai ln l6,94 gam. Vy 2 hidrocacbon cn tm l:

'A) CH4 v CjHfi . . B) C2Hf, v C,Hf, C) C2H6v C3HS D) CjHs v C4H |{) .

Gi i. Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi dn c o 2vo dung dch Ca(OH)2

C02+ Ca(0H )2 -> CaC0.,+.H20

a a a

2C 0; + Ca(OH);- - Ca(HCO ,)2

2b b b

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Ca(HCO,)j + Ba( H)v -> CaC, + BaC O, + H20 b b h b

Ta c h phng trnh sau:

a + b = 0,.03

] l Oa +1 00b + 197b - 6,94

Gii h ta c a - 0,01; h = 0,02 molTng s.mol COi = a +2b = 0,05 mol

. Khi lng dung dch tng = mco? + m H-,0 - 100'a = 2,64 ,

=> (44.0 ,0 5+ m M;,0 ) - 100.0,01 = 2,46

^ m ^ o = I,2g = > nH.,0 =0 ,07 .

So snh ta thy nCCH < nH2o ;nen l hn hp cua 2 aiikan ng ng k tip nhau, t cng thc ca 2 ankan l C -H ?- +>,

Phng trnh phn ng chy:

1 rriol n ( n + 1 )

Vy 2 ankan ) C.?H v Cli --> Chn c

B - CU H I V BI T P

cu 1. Cho nhng cht sau: NaHCOy(); CFhCOONa (2); H2c 20 4(3); CaC2(4).

A14C3(5): C2H5OH ('6 ): CMI5CI (7). Nhng cht hu c l :..

A) (1), (2), (4 )'(5 ) B) ( 1), (4), (5) v (6 )

C) (1), (3), (4), (5), (6 ) v (7). D) (2), (3). (6).v.(7)

Cu 2. Mt cht hu e X khi trng thi hi c tkhi hi so vi cht hu c Y

l 2. Bit 2,2 gam cht Y c th ch bang th tch ca 1,6 g oxi trong cngiu kin nhit (f, p suft; Vy tkhi ca X i vi CH4l:

A) u B) 10 :C) 6 D) 5.5

Cu 3. Hp cht hu c c cng .thc tng qui la'CxHjO/NiCViX) khi lng-

phn l l M Ih: 'a< 12 x_ y ) 6 z _ 14.t_ 35 ;5u_ : M. '

% c %H ' % 0 ~ %'S u c \ 1()0 (/fB) 12x _ y _ 16 / _ 14t_ 35.5u M

; % c %H ~%N- %0VcC lOOVr '


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Documents

470 CÂU HỎI VÀ BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM KHÁCH QUAN HÓA HỌC 11 - NGUYỄN ĐÌNH ĐỘ - TRẦN QUANG HIẾU