41896121 CCNA Presentation

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Assignment

Submitted by :Pankaj yadav





CISCO 60%40%

D-Link

3 Com

Nortel

Cygnus

Etc..

Cisco¶s Market Share



Router is an internetworking component, that

connects networks which are at different

geographical locations.



Serial 1Serial 0

AUI

E 0

Console

V.35 modem

modem

Telephone

PC

AUX

Diagram of 2501 series Router



Interfaces on a Router



1. Ethern

et It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have anRJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin

female connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).

2. Serial It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased

line

3. BR I/PR I It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN

4. Async It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups.

5. Console It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the

Router for the first time.

6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access

administration.



Routers

Modular Fixed

Modular Routers

These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number

of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.

Fixed Routers

These types of routers have fixed number of ports.



Cisco Router¶s Series

Cisco 700, 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600,

3600, 4000, 5000, 7000,10000, 12000.

Fixed Modular

700, 800,«.2500 2600,«.., 12000

1750 & 1751 exceptionally are Modular Routers.



Cisco¶s Hierarchical Model





Transceiver



Internal Components of a Router





Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating

System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited capabilities and

POST routines and core level OS for maintenance.

FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS

Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.

RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and

provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its

information when router is turned off. The configuration present

in RAM is called Running configuration.

NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds router¶s

configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever

router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in

NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.



Configuration of a Router

Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router with

a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a tool.

In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the router is

powered on and accessed, the following things happen,

POST

BOOT STRAP

FLASH

NVRAM

Setup Mode

ROM (mini IOS)If IOS is Corrupted



In Setup mode, there will be a message,

³Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N]´ :

If ³Y´ then, initial configuration starts.

If ³N´ would you like to terminate the auto installation?

Press ³RETURN´ to get started««You will land on the default prompt

of the Router ³ ROUTER >´.

Router>_



Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode)

2. Privilege or Administrative Mode

3. Global Configuration Mode

4. Interface Configuration Mode

5. Line Configuration Mode

6. Router Mode

7. Sub-Interface Mode



USER MODERouter> is the user mode, I,e the default prompt. It

means that when ever a router boots successfully it

lands into the user mode. Router cannot be

configured from this mode, but it is used for just

monitoring purpose. Router> en

Router #



PREVILEGE MODE

Router# it is the administrating mode, we can check

whether the settings and configurations made have been

implemented or not. Eg. ³Router # Sh int e0´. If it is newrouter all the interfaces are by default shut down, so the

message will be, ³ Ethernet 0 is administratively down,

line protocol is down.´



Router# Config t

Router (Config)#

Global Configuration Mode

As the name indicates, it is a global configuration mode

I,e. we can configure any interface from this mode, just

by entering into the interface mode.



The ³Clock´ Command

The clock command is used to set the clock of Router.

Syntax.

Router# clock set hh:mm:ss Day of week Month Year

E.g.

Router#clock set 16:35:00 1 April 2003

Note* This is the only configuration which can be done from

privilege mode,every other configuration should be done at global

configuration mode only.



Some of the important show commands in privilege

mode

Router# sh clock sh int (interface name eg e0)Sh historySh memorySh running-config

Sh startup-config

To save configuration from RAM TO NVRAM

Router#Copy Running-config Startup-config (or)

Router#Write Memory



To configure Hostname (or) Identification of

Router over the network.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Hostname R_2503

Router(config)#^Z

To configure Logging banner.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Banner Motd #

Enter text message««««.#

Router(config)#^Z



Router Password Configuration

1. Previlege Password

2. Virtual Terminal Password

3. Console Password

4. Auxillary Password



Previlege PASSWORDS

Enable Password Enable Secret

Enable Password:- It is global command restricts access tothe previlege mode, the password is in clear text.

Router(config)#Enable password 123

Enable Secret:-Here the password is in encrypted form.

Router(config)#Enable secret cisco



Virtual Terminal Password

It establishes a login password on incoming Telnet

sessions.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#Login

Router(config-line)#password cisco

Router(config-line)#^Z



Console Password

It establishes a login password on the console terminal.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line Console 0


Router(config-line)#Password cisco




Auxillary Password

It establishes a login password to remote administration.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line Aux 0


Router(config-line)#Password cisco




CONFIGUR ING INTER FACES

LAN interface (ETHERNET Port)

WAN interface (SERIAL Port)



ETHERNET

Router(config)#Interface Ethernet 0

Router(config-if)#Ip Address 200.150.1.254 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#^Z

Router#Show Int E0



SER IAL

Router(config)#Interface Serial 0

Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0

Router(config)#clock rate 56000Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64

Router(config-if)#No shutdown

Router(config-if)#^Z



Interpretring The Interface Status

Router# show int s0

Serial0 is up, line protocol is up. Is the messege if

the interface is operational.

Serial0 is up, line protocol is down«.. This is if

there is any connection problem.

Serial0 is down

, lin

e protocol is down

«.. This is if there is any interface problem.

Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is

down«.. This is if the interface is disabled.



The ³CDP´

It¶s a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the CiscoDiscovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the

directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol,

that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite

they are running. When a cisco device boots up, the CDPis loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level.

* The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only«

The summary includes Device Identifier(eg. Switchconfigured name or domain name), Port Identifier (eg.

Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (eg. The device

can act as a sourcr route bridge as well as a router),

Platform (eg. Cisco 2600).



CDP (Cisco¶s Discovery Protocol)





Using CDP

Router# sh cdp neighbor (shows neighboring devices)

To disable CDP«.,

Router(config)#no cdp runRouter(config)#int s0

Router(config-if)#no cdp enable

Router# sh cdp entry 192.168.10.1 (shows detailed

information about this perticular neighbor.)

Router# sh cdp interface(shows the details of the interfaceof the local decive.)

Router# sh cdp traffic (shows the packet sent, received,

lost etc.)



Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image

Usin

g TFTP

(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

TFTP Server allows you to take backup, upload and save

your IOS Image and current configuration on it. TFTP is a

software program of 1.3Mb. This should be installed on that

TFTP server i.e., (Personnel Computer).

C:\Program files\cisco systems\cisco TFTP

* Note: Always while taking Backup or Restoration TFTP

software should execute on that particular computer.



Backup Sources :

1. Through Telnet Session.

2. Through Console Session.

3. Through Auxillary Port (Remote Session)



Backup of IOS Image

Router#Copy Flash:(Press Tab key) Tftp

Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)

Destination file name [ ] ? (Press enter key or a name)

Backup of Configuration

Router#Copy Startup-config TftpAddress or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)

Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)



Upgrading IOS Image Note: This process can only be done by Console Session.

Router#Copy tftp Flash:Address or name of remote host []?

Source file name []?

Destination file name []?

Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]?

Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue

[confirm]

Erasing device eeeeeeee«««.eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee

Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!««.!!!!««.!!!!!!



Leased lineWAN Setup

Case 1: The distance between the locations is greater than 5 Km.

Requirements

A pair of Routers, Leased line, pair of leased line modems V.35,

Pair of G.703 Modem.

Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km.

Requirements

A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.



Internal Network Internal Network

V.35 Cable

Csu/Dsu

Switch/hub

V.35

modem

Csu ± channel service unit

Dsu ± data service unitS0 ± Serial port of router E0 ± Ethernet port of a router

G.703 G.703

Mux/Dmux

Mux/DmuxS0

E0 S0 E0

Switch/hubRouter

V.35

modem

Leased line Setup( > 5km)

Leased line



Leased line Setup (< 5 km)

Internal Network Internal Network

V.35 Cable Csu/

Dsu

Switch/hub

V.35modem

S0

E0 S0 E0

Switch/hubRouter

V.35

modem

Leased line

Telephone

Exchange



RoutingRouting is of three types.

Static

Dynamic and

Default

When the destination is known, static and dynamic

routing is done. For unknown destinations, default

routing is employed.

In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the protocol. The paths will be changing depending on the

length of the path. Always the shortest path is preferred.

Static routing is done by the users. These paths are stored

in the routing table.



Example:

Switch/hub Switch/hub

E 0 E 0

S 0

S 0

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24

192.168.1.150/24 192.168.2.150/24

10.0.0.1/8 10.0.0.2/8

Location A Location B



Router(config)# ip routing

Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected

networks).

³ C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0´

³ C 10.0.0.0/8 ³ µ µ µ S0´

³ C ³ indicates connected networks.

Static Routing

Syntax

Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask)

(next hop address)



Location A


Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Note* if we don¶t know the address of next hop, we can just

write the name of the hop.

Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0

Location B


Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1



Router# sh ip route

C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0

C 10.0.0.0/8 ³ µ ³ ³ S0

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2

³S´ represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the

administrative distance value and b has no significance in

static routing. For static and default routing b can be 0 or 1.

lesser the administrative distance value, higher the

preference.



³Tracert´, ³Trace Route´ and ³Route

print´.C:\> tracert

C:\> route print

Router# trace route (gives the complete route)

Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses)

Default Routing


Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop

address)

Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1

R t # h i t



Router# sh ip route

C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0

C 10.0.0.0/8 ³ ³ to S0

S* 0.0.0.0/0 ³ ³ to S0

Dynamic RoutingIt is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and

IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and

maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad

casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The

routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.

Classification Of Routing Protocols



Classification Of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector

Hybrid Routing

Link State

Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines the

direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork.

When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol

changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This

update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP

and IGRP.

Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire

network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is

situated). Eg . OSPF.



Functions of a distance vector routing

protocol. Identification of source of information

Discovering routes

Select the best route

Maintain Route information

Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the

distance vector algorithm.



Note:

Maximum 6 paths (Default 4).

³H op count metric´ selects the path

Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds.

Router(config)# router rip

Router(config-router)# network (network ip)

Enabling RIP Configuration

Router# sh ip protocol (shows the current routing protocol)

Router# sh ip route



172.16.1.0

E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0

192.168.1.

172.16.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.2

10.2.2.2

10.2.2.3192.168.1.1

Router rip

Network 172.16.0.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Router rip

Network 10.0.0.0 Router rip Network 192.168.1.0

Network 10.0.0.0

A S



Autonomous Systems

An autonomous system is a collection of networksunder a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within

an autonomous system where as EGP connects different

autonomous systems.

Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible

for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100.

We can use any number unless the organization plansfor an EGP.

C fi i IGRP



Configuring IGR P

Syntaxes.

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number

This defines IGRP as the routing protocol.

Router(config-router)#Network network-ipSelects directly connected networks.

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier

Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric.

Router(config-router)#traffic-share (balanced/ min)



Autonomous System 100

172.16.1.0

E0 S2 S2 S3S3

E0

192.168.1.

172.16.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.2

10.2.2.2

10.2.2.3

192.168.1.1

Router igrp 100

Network 172.16.0.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Router igrp 100

Network 10.0.0.0Router igrp 100

Network 192.168.1.0

Network 10.0.0.0



IP Classless Command

Router(config)# ip classlessA router by default assumes that all the subnets of a

directly connected network should be present in the

routing table. If a packet is received with a destination

address, of an unknown subnet of directly attachednetwork, the router assumes that the subnet does not

exists and drops the packet. This happens even if

routing table has a default route.For the above condition

if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is

received, then the router will match it to the default

route and forword it to the next hop specified by the

default route.



EIGRP



Calculation of Wildcard Mask

WCM = BCM-SNM

1. 192.168.1.0/24

255.255.255.255

- 255.255.255. 0

0 . 0 . 0 .255

2. 192.168.1.0/27

255.255.255.255

- 255.255.255.224

0 . 0 . 0 . 31

3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0



OSPF

OSPF(Open Short Path First) is of two types : 1) Single Area OSPF and

2) Multi Area OSPF.

Internal Routers

Area1

Area2

Area Border Router IR

IR

ABR

ABR

Area0S 0

S 0



Router A Router B

S 0 192.168.1.194/252 192.168.1.193/252 S 0

E 0 1.65

192.168.1.32/255.255.255.224 192.168.1.64/255.255.255.224

E 0 1.33

OSPF under Single Area



(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573

(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1

(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.32

255.255.255.224(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.192 0.0.0.3 area 1


255.255.255.224



(Config)# ip routing

(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1


255.255.255.224

(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.195 0.0.0.3 area 1(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.195

255.255.255.252

Configuration of Router B

--------------------------------



OSPF under Different Areas

Area 0

192.168.1.0 192.168.5.0

Area 1Area 2

E0 E0

5.50

Router A Router B

1.50




(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573


(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0



Configuration of Router A

--------------------------------




--------------------------------

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573



(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0



Access Control ListIt is also called Network Traffic Control

Management (NTCM). We can provide restrictions to

individual users, subnets and services etc.

ACL

Standard ACL Extended ACL

Any access list is identified by its number.

S. A. L 1 ± 99

Ex. A. L 100 - 199



Rules for creating and implementing

Access List1. Access list must begin with the Deny Statements (If

exists) then Permit Statements must follow.

2. There must be at least one Permit Statement as anImplicit ³Deny All´ always exists.

3. While Implementation of Access list, There must be

only one Access list per Interface, per direction and

per protocol.



Standard Access List

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4

5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Syntax

Router(config)# Access-list ALNO P/D Src Src-WCM

Router(config)# Int <name of interface>

Router(Config-if)#Ip Access-Group <Direction>



Configuration Standard Access-list For

Router ARestricting particular user (Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0

(Config)# Access-list 1 permit 0.0.0.0

255.255.255.255or

Access-list 1 permit anyRestricting a Network

(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255(Config)# Access-list 1 permit any



Extended Access List

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

1.20




(Config)# Access-list 101 deny TCP 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255

192.168.1.20 0.0.0.0 eq FTP

(Config)# Access-list 101 permit IP any any

Implementation

(Config)#int E0

(config-if)# IP Access-group 101 Out



NAT(N t k Add T l ti )



NAT(Network AddressTranslation)

Router ARouter B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.2192.168.1.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter

with mask.





--------------------------------

# Config t

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0

(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip nat inside

(Config)# int S 0



(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload

# Config t(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0

(Config-if)# clock rate 56000



(Config-if)# exit


--------------------------------

(C fi )# i ti




(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0

(Config)# access-list 10 permit any

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out

Note : Only Public IP can go to the Internetworking world.

A Scenario of providing Net access to the IP's of Router B



A Scenario of providing Net access to the IP s of Router B

Natting

Router A Router B

Switch

Routing

Leased line

Routing

5.05.501.50

172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2

192.168.1.99





--------------------------------




(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)



(Config-if)# exit



(Config)# int E 0



(Config)# int S 0


((Config-if)# exit


(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload

(Config)# int E 0



(Config-if)# exit


--------------------------------




(Config-if)# exit



(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# clock rate 56000



(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int E 0



(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# exit



(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload



PPP(Point-to-Point) using PAP protocol

Router A

(ISDN)

Router B(Zoom)

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Internet based leased line

NOTE : Passwords of both should be same.





--------------------------------

# Config t

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)



(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp

(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP

(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username zoom password cisco




--------------------------------

# Config t

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)(Config-if)# bandwidth 64


(Config-if)# exit



(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP

(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username ISP password cisco



PPP(Point-to-Point) using CHAP protocol

Router A

(ISDN)

Router B(Zoom)

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Internet based leased line

NOTE : Passwords of both should be same.




--------------------------------

# Config t

(Config)# int E 0


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0




(Config-if)# exit



(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco




--------------------------------

# Config t

(Config)# int E 0


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0




(Config-if)# exit



(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname ISP

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco



DDR(Dial on Demand Routing)

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

ISP

# Config t



# Config t

(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0

(Config-if)# no ip address

(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp(Config-if)# no cdp enable


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1

(Config-if)# ip address negotiated(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp

(Config-if)# no cdp enable

(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname unicomin@hd2

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password password

(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username unicomin@hd2 password password



(Config if)# ppp PAP sent username unicomin@hd2 password password

(Config-if)# dialer in-band

(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400

(Config-if)# dialer idle-time out 180

(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/0(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1


(Config-if)# exit


(Config-if)# dialer-group 1(Config-if)# exit


(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2



(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2


(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0



(Config-if)# exit



(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int dialer 1 overload

Backup Interface for a Leased Line



Backup Interface for a Leased Line

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

ISP

ISP

CPE -Customer Premises Equipment

DTE -Data Communications & Circutary end

CPE/DTE

Bri 0

# Config t



(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0


(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0





(Config-if)# exit





(Config-if)# ip address negotiated



(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username isp password cisco

(Config-if)# dialer in-band

(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400

(Config-if)# dialer ideal-time out 180(Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10

(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/ 0

(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1


(Config-if)# exit




( g)

(Config-if)# dialer-group 1

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0

(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2



(Config)# int E 0



(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0(Config-if)# ip nat outside


(Config-if)# exit

(C fi )# i di l 1





(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# Access-list 2 permit 4 public 10

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 2 int dialer 1 overload

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0

(Config-if)# backup delay 30 60

Frame Relay



Frame Relay

Point - to - Point

frame-relay Network

Router A

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Dlci 101 Dlci 102 Router B

Fr-Switch Fr-Switch

PVC

C fi t



Config t

(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point



(Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102

(or)

(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast


(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

Point - to - Multi Point



Point to Multi Point

10.0.0.4

101

102

A

B

C

D

103

104

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

10.0.0.14.0

2.0

3.01.0


--------------------------------



Config t

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay


(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0





(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3

(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1

(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point



4.0

2.0

3.01.0

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

172.16.1.2

172.16.1.1

161.16.1.1

101

102

103

104




Config t

(Config)# int S 0


(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay


(Config-if)# exit



(Config-if)# clockrate 56000


(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit


--------------------------------


(Config if)# ip address 161 16 1 1 255 255 0 0





(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clock rate 56000


(Config-if)# exit



(Config-if)# clockrate 56000




(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

I



Iso

International organization for standardization

Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model(open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that

Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers

1. Application layer

The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols

@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.2. Presentation layer

Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present

In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @

This layer are

Compression ± decompression

Coding ± decoding

Encryption - decryption



5 Netwrok layer



5. Netwrok layer

Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &

destination address are attached to the data.

Protocols @network layer

Routed protocols routing protocols

Eg: ip,ipx eg: rip,igrp,ospf

Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them

Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to

carry the data

At this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.

Data link layer



Data link layer

MAC LLC

Media access control logical link control framing of

data

Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.

Here layer2 switches are used.Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.

Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets

DLL info+ packets --> frames

7 h i l l



7 physical layer

Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here

Frames are converted to bits (1¶s & 0¶s).The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at

this layer.

I P Addressing

Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme.32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.

i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1¶s & 0¶s)-(1¶s & 0s)-(1¶s & 0¶s)-(1¶s & 0¶s).

(binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0.

In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.

Class A 0 - 127



Class A 0 127

Class B 128 - 191

Class C 192 - 223

Class D 224 - 239

Class E 240 - 255

8-8-8-8

M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO

Through out class A, the MSB µ0¶ is constant in class B the



g

Msbs are µ101¶ constant through out.

Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used for

Multicast network.³ E ³ ³ ³ research.

class A

0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice

127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback

127-0-0-1

127-0-0-´

127-0-0-´ usually reserved for loopback

127-0-0-´

127-255-255-254

Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be



1 to 126.

All ip addresses are divided into two.

1.network I.d2.host I.d

in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e

N-H-H-H..

Class A N-H-H-H

Class B N-N-H-H

Class C N-N-N-H

Network Ids are represented by 1s & host ids are by 0s.

Types of ip adresses



IP address

public ip address private ip address

Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the

Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.

Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses

Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia

Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC.

We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choiceBut it should not be connected to internet.

Range of addresses for private network



Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Private ip addresses donot have routing.

To meet the demand of no.of networks, the network is broken

Into smaller networks called subnets.

Eg: find no.of subnets, hosts/s.n subnet mask & valid ip addresses

For a class c address.

192.168.1.0/24

µ24¶ shows the network bits

24= 3 octate position bits are enough, therefore no need to borrowAny bits from host position.

=24 network & no host

Default subet mask is 255.255.255.0 & valid ip addresses are

192.168.1.0 network

Switch



An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types like

Layer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5«..

Layer 2 switch :Switch hub

Layer 2 layer 1

b.w is equal @ all ports b.w is shared

Identifies source with MAC cannot identifiy the source

Broad cast occur, till mac table alwaysbroad cast

Is built

Collision occur when both A&B Many collisions

Wants to reach D.

1 broad cast domain 4 collision 1 broad cast domain 1 collisionDomains domain

Switches



Access layer Distribution layer Core layer

Access layer swithc: catalyst 1912

Catalyst ± manufacturer, but it is now owned by cisco.

12 port switch

Switch



standard edition enterprise edition

To configure VLANS,go for enterprose edition as standard edition

Will not support VLAN.

For uplinking or cascading 100mbps is minimum required.

Functions of switch1. Adress learning

2. Filter & forwarding

3. Loop avoidance

1. Address learningBooting 1.blocking state (15 secs)

2.Listening state (15 secs)

3.Learning stage (20 secs)

4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)

The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself

Th h ld l i l h MAC dd



The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC addres

2. Filter & forwarding :store & forward

cut through

fragment free

On access layer the default is fragment free we can change to any

Of the3 mentioned above.

1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytes

Ethernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination

In MAC table and then forward.

2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrivesIt looks into MAC table & forward.

3.loop avridance: consider a seenario whr pci wants to communicate



To pc2. Switch a makes entry of pc1 in its MAC table as it is a new

Switch. This looping is before the mac table I s made. This is called

Initial flood or broad cast storm.STP: spanning tree protocol. To avoid loops in case of a cascaded

Switch stp is enabled by default.

Parameters to select a switch

1. Bridge priority (32768) default.(1-655355)2. MAC address

Bridge id is calculated. Bridge id=bridge priority + mac address.

Which ever the switch having least bridge ID will be elcted as root

Bridge and others are non-root bridge. On root bridge the ports used

For cascading are called designated ports. All the designated portsWill be at forwadingf state . In non root bridge from the two ports

one will be selected as root port. This will be depending on the

cost speed).least cost path (faster transmission) the other port

will be blocked.

The ³hello´ packets that are sent by root bridge for every 2 sec to infor



that it is working properly are called BPDUS;

(bridge protocol data limits). If non root bridge do no receive

10 BPDUs for next 20secs then it is clear that the root bridge hasFailed.

20secs ± max age time

Then a new root bridge is selected.

In the above eg:if switch A is selected as root bridge and ports A & B

Of switch A are designated ports. Depending on the shortest paths

For high speed & low cost one port of switch B is selected as root port

& the other will be blocked.

ISDN

Integreted services digital network



Integreted services digital network.

It is a circuit switching technology approved by CCITT.

ISDN PSTNDigital analog

More bandwidth less

Multiple services like,

Voice,data,video etc.

ISDNBRI PRI

(Basic rate interface

2b channels & id chennel)

european standard north american

standard

30 bchannels 23 bchannels

& &

id channel id channel

µB¶channel ± it is a bearer channel for data.



µD¶channel ± it is a delta channel for synchronization

In bri each B channel = 64 kbps

d channel = 16kbpsMax 128 kbps BW in isdn

In PRI both B & D channels _= 64kbps.

European ± 2mbps

North american ± 1.54 mbpsISDN will have a voltage of 90-110v

SPID number : (service profile identifier) to identify the link.



Types of ISDN switches

Euro-basic net3

U.S-basic 5 ess-at&t standardU.K-basic net3 & basic net5

France-vn3 & vn4

Ss7 (signalling system7)Will be configured at the back bone side.

telco

vn3/vn4 basic net3

France India

ss7

E-series, I-series & Q-series

E t ll b t t l h t k & ISDN t k



E-tells about telephone network & ISDN network

I-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDN

Q-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN

DDR

Dail on Demand Routing

The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request &

Discounects when no data transfer is taking place.

nat (network address translation

IP NAT inside

IP NAT out side

overload

IPNAT i id f h i l k ill b NATED



IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATED

To public Ip address sending the request from internal network

To Bri interface is overloading.When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table.

Nat table:

When nat t able is enabled nau request will be allocated a port

Number after 1024. Above 1024 port numbers are reserved for other

Services. This allocation of port numbers is dynamic.

Configuring a DDR for ISDN

Config#int e0



Config#int e0

Config#ip adress 192.168.5.150 255.255.255.0

Config#ip nat insideConfig#exit

Config-if#int bri 0

Config-if#ip address negotiated

Config-if#encapsulation PPP

Config-if#PPP authenticaiton PAP chap collinConfig-if#PPP chap hostname (username)

Config-if#PPP chap password (password)

Config-if#dialer string (tel.no.)

Config-if#dialer idle timeout (time in secs)Config-if#dialer group

Config-if#ip nat outside

Config-if#exit

Ip address negotialted : this is when an ip adress is fetched kdynamicall



From ISP 7 donot have a permanent public I.P adress

Dialer ± list range 1-10

to configure router as a DHCP server Config#ip pool <name> staring ip end ip.

Some ISDN command

Sh int bri0Sh isdn status

(layer 1 should be active. If not physical conectivity is lost)

Sh isdn active

Sh isdn historySh ip network translaiton

Documents

41896121 CCNA Presentation