4th Quarter ReviewChapters 1-2

Township – page 11 for example

1. GPS- Global Positioning System – US has 24 satellites

2. Land Ordinance of 17853. Square 6 miles on each

side, divided into 36 sections 1 mile by 1 mile

4. Each section is divided into quarter sections .5 mile by .5 mile or 160 acres

Place1. Location - place name, site, situation, and mathematical location.

a. Name- brand of geographical names in US – Jackpot, NV1. EX: St. Petersburg – Leningrad

b. Site- physical characteristics – climate, water, elevation, etc.c. Situation- location relating to other placesd. Mathematical Location: exact location using latitude and longitude – pg 18-19

1. Latitude: parallels, scientific2. Longitude: meridians, Greenwich, England.

2. Time: 360° - 15° for each time zone; moving eastward increases one hour.

Regions1. Carl Sauer (1889-1975), an area of earth defined by 100 or more distinctive

characteristics2. Cultural landscape – cultural, economic and physical features.3. People and their needs are the most important factor4. Three Types of Regions:

a. Formal – or uniform- everyone shares in 1 or more characteristics, languages, or economic activity

1. Montana – shared government, wheat belt2. 2000-2004 elections – page 21

b. Functional – nodal region; area organized around a focal point – Wal Martc. Vernacular Region – people believe exists as part of their identity.

5. Mental Map - internal representation of the earths surface e.g., the SouthSpatial Association1. Factors with similar distribution

a. Cancer rates with distribution of factoriesb. Can they afford medical care?

Formal and Functional Regions

Vernacular Region

Formal Region

Pages 30-41Globalization of Economy1. Scale: From local to global. Think and act both local and global, all scales are

important! 2. Globalization involves the entire world and makes something worldwide in scope.3. World is more uniform, integrated and interdependent.4. Transnational corporations – does all business in many countries – GM5. Globalization has led to more specialization at the local level based on resources6. Corporations identify the assets at each location, has heightened economic

differencesa. Ex: labor (cheap) is abundant in some locations

Global Culture1. Produce uniform global landscapes of material artifacts and cultural values.

a. McDonalds, Nike shoes and Starbucks2. Cultured traits are threatened with extinction – communications like TV actually

preserves some cultural diversity – satellite3. Intolerance of others beliefs may result

a. Afghanistan, Al Qaeda and the Taliban – veils and banning of TV

Connection1. Space time compression – reduction in the time it takes for something to

reach another place.a. Can be blocked by barriers like mountains and deserts

2. Spatial Interactions – when places are connected to each other through a network- e.g. computers.

3. Distance Decay – Contact diminishes with increasing distance; the farther away the groups are, the harder it is to interact.

4. Diffusion – Characteristics spread across space from 1 place to anothera. Hearth – place from which an innovation originates. b. Relocation diffusion – spread of an idea through physical movement.

5. Expansion Diffusion – spread of a feature in a snowballing process. In 3 ways:a. Hierarchical – spread of an idea from persons to persons of other places.b. Contagious – RAPID spread – EX: AIDS.c. Stimulus – spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristics itself fails to diffuse – Apple mouse

Diffusion of Culture and Economy1. Centered on 3 hearth regions – N. America, Western

Europe and Japan.

2. Command Centers – other jobs are economic sourced.

3. Uneven Development – gap between regions in the core, and periphery (outsourced)

4. Uneven Distribution of wealth because of hierarchical global business decisions and discriminations against women or minorities – countries that don’t educate women or allow them access to work.

Density of Baseball Teams

Pages 44-57Key Issue: Where is the World’s Population Distributed?1. Virtually all global population growth occurs least developed

countries (LDC’s)2. Geographers study population problems by first describing where

they are3. Not just overpopulation, but lack of resources4. Demographers believe overpopulation will exceed food, space, and

resources

Concentrations1. 2/3 of population is concentrated in 4 regions

a. East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Western Europe2. Most live near oceans or rivers, low-lying areas, w/ fertile soil and

temperature climate. a. 2/3 of the world lives within 300 miles of an oceanb. All of these regions are in the Northern Hemisphere (10° - 50°)

Population Cartogram

Sparsely Populated Areas1. Ecumene – permanent human settlement 2. ¾;’s of population on 5% of earth’s surface.Population Density1. Number of people occupying an area of land.2. Arithmetic Density – number of people divided by total land area.

a. U.S. = 80/ sq. mib. Bangladesh = 1,050c. Canada = 3d. Love County, TX = .03

3. Physiological Density – number of people supported with arable landa. US = 445/sq. mi.b. Egypt = 6,682

4. Relationship shows that high density means there is little arable land. 5. Agricultural Density – ratio of the number of farmers to the amount

of arable land. 6. MDC’s have lower agricultural density – technology

Arithmetic Density

Key Issue: Where has the World’s Population Increased?1. NIR – Subtract CDR from CBR after converting to percentages

Ex. CDR = 20/1,000=2.0%; CBR= 5/1,000 = .5; 2.0-.5= 1.5= NIR

2. Right now NIR is 1.2 or 80 million added per year3. Nearly 100% of NIR is in LDC’s; negative in Europe

Doubling Time1. Doubling time – # of years needed to double a population. 2. Rule of “70”- 70 divided NIR

Ex. 70÷1.25= 56 years to double our 6.3 billion population3. Most additional people live where they are least able to support them4. TFR – number of kids a woman will have during child-bearing

years. 5. IMR – number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000

a. 100/1,000 in Africa – 10% of babies die before 1-year old 6. MDC = lower NIR, CDR, TFR, IMR, higher LE

Pages 57-67Key Issue: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?Diverse local cultural and economic conditions produce different NIR, TFR, etc. The Demographic TransitionStage 1: Low growth1. Agriculture Revolution – 8000 BCE-1750 – 5 mil to 800 million people2. However, still stay in Stage 1 because of unpredictability of food supply

Stage 2: High Growth1. Every nation has moved to at least Stage 22. After 1750 – growth 10X faster. Growth 1750 .5 mil. to 1800 5 million3. Cause – CDR drops while CBR stays the same raising NIR4. Industrial revolution – wealth and more ford, better sanitation and medical care. 5. Medical Revolution – medical care spreads to LDC’s

England

Stage 3: Moderate Growth 1. CBR drops sharply – pop. still grows because CBR is higher

than CDR2. Most of Africa remains in Stage 2

Stage 4: Low Growth1. CBR declines until equal with CDR and NIR nears zero –

ZPG2. TFR of 2.1 produces ZPG – immigrants still create growth3. Europe and US have ZPG4. Women work instead of becoming homemakers; birth

control, change in lifestyle

Possible Stage 5Negative population growth- CBR less than CDREurope and North America are urging countries to reduce CBR

Population Pyramids

1. Shape determined by country CBR

2. 3 key age Groups – 0-14, 15-64, 65+

3. Dependency Ratio – too young or old to work

a. The larger this number the greater the burden on the country

4. Stage 2 =1/1; Stage 4 =1/2 ratio

Cape Verde Chile

Declining Birth Rates1. Malthus predictions didn’t happen – population growth has

sloweda. 1990 – declined from 1.8 to 1.3 – LDC’s and MDC’sb. CBR declined worldwide form 27 to 22

2. 2 strategies for success with out reducing in CBRa. Economic – educate more women – choose to work before having kidsb. Birth Control – family planning – lack of distribution – economics, religion, education

3. Best way to reduce births is both ways

AIDS

1. 95% of current patients and 99% of new cases occur in LDC’s

2. Sub-Saharan Africa: 10% of pop., 67% of HIV cases; 90% of world’s child cases

3. Botswana, Zimbabwe – 33% of adults have AIDS

4. LE has declined to the mid-30’s in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland

% with HIV/AIDS

Chapter 3-4 Review

Migration and Folk & Pop Culture

Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate?Reasons for migrating1. Push/pull factors2. Economic-most people migrate for jobs

a. Construction, restaurant workers move to areas of rapid growth

3. Cultural and environmental migrationa. Forced migration – slavery and political instabilityb. Ethnic – Bosnia, Rwanda refugees forced to migration and cannot go home.

4. In 2005 there were 33 million refugees.a. External – 2 largest groups- Palestinians and Afghansb. Internal – 2 largest – Sudan and Angola

5. Pull of freedom – democracy – Berlin Wall

Distance of Migration1. Internal migration – permanent movement within a country

a. Interregional – one region to anotherb. Intraregional – within one region (eg. Cities to suburbs)

2. International migration – permanent movement from one country to anothera. Voluntary – chose to move for economic reasonsb. Forced – compelled to move by cultural factorsc. Migration transition – similar to demographic transition – due to economic/social changesd. Migration/international transition occurs in Stage 2 countries e. Internal in stages 3 and 4

Stage 1 – no need to moveStage 2 – people in rural areas move to cities; move internationally for

economic reasonsStage 3 & 4 – movement is intraregional because of the destination of stage 2

migrantsa. People from the cities to the suburbs

Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?Global Migration Patterns1. Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out

migrationa. Asia to Europe; N. America from Asia and Latin Americab. USA has 35 million people born somewhere else; 50% from Latin Americac. ¼ of Australians and 1/6 of Canadians are immigrants

2. LDC’s moving to MDC’s3. Middle East has the most immigrants – jobs – UAE

74%; Kuwait 68%

Net Migration

Impacts of Immigration1. Many of the problems around the world are due to Europeans

drawing poor boundaries2. Undocumented immigrants – without proper paperwork

a. 9-12 million totalb. 3.1 million are children who are US citizensc. 34% have been here more than 10 yearsd. 5% of the total labor force

3. Take jobs no one else wants – create a worker program?4. Employers can be fined or jailed for hiring undocumented

workers5. ¼ are in CA; ¼ in TX or FL6. Chain Migration – migration to places where others of the

same nationality are.7. South & West see the most – rapid growth and jobs

Brain Drain

1. Scientists, researchers, doctors, migrate to countries where they can earn a better living

2. Becomes a large-scale emigration of talented workers from LDC’s

3. 84% of college educated Haitians live abroad

a. 47% in Ghana, 45% in Mozambique, 30% in other LDC’s

Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Interregional Migration1. US westward expansion – most famous internal migration2. 1790 – pop. Center was Chesapeake Bay – settlement hindered by

Appalachian’s3. Large amount of land for cheap prices encouraged movement west

a. Transportation – Erie Canal, steamship – diffusion4. Pop. center moves 7 miles west per year after 18305. Slows to 3 miles per year 1880-1950

a. More people were settling between 98 meridian and Californiab. Diffusion – barbed wire, steel plow, windmills, well-drilling

6. 1950-1980 increases to 6 miles per year – pop center moves west of MS River

7. Since 1960, jobs have increased 5% in the South (3% elsewhere)a. Avg. incomes 20% lower in the South, however

8. Net migration is about zero between regions todaya. Jobs increasing/decreasing at same rates everywhere

Urban to Suburban1. Twice as many people move out of the cities compared to migrating in2. Pulled by a suburban lifestyle

a. House vs. apartmentb. Private yardc. Garaged. Modern, safer schools

3. Better transportation provides access to jobs, shops, and recreation4. Counterurbanization – net migration from urban to rural areas5. People are lured by:

a. Lifestyle – see aboveb. Better technology – shop online or by phonec. Children are grown and goned. Higher income – can afford to live in suburbse. Retirement

6. Found in late Stage 4 countries

U.S. Intraregional Migration in millions during the 1990s

Key Issue 1: Where Do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and Diffuse?

Origins1. Folk – anonymous hearths2. Popular – result of MDC’s – technology allows mass,

uniform reproduction – CD’s, etc. 3. Folk Music – tells a story about daily life – 2697 BCE?4. Pop Music – written by individual to be sold to many –

1900’sa. Music Hall – UKb. Vaudeville – USc. Japan, Russia, Poland – write songs in Englishd. Hip Hop – folk or pop music?

Diffusion of Folk/Pop Cultures1. Local issues diffused rapidly through music and internal diffusion2. Folk Culture diffuses more slowly from location to another, mostly by migration3. Amish – 1600s in Switzerland; early 1700s moved to Pennsylvania a. Isolation helped retain traditional valuesb. Every son is given a farm when an adult – forced to move to KY – cheaper4. Sports – hierarchical diffusion – folk custom then migrated – soccer/football

a. 11th Century England – “Kick the Dane’s Head”b. Transfers from folk to pop culture in 1800sc. Clubs form in churches and provide leisure activity for workersd. 1863 – pro leagues – assoc becomes “soccer”e. Further diffusion through British Empire f. World Cup is most watched event in the world

5. Lacrosse- Iroquois Confederation of Six Nations – 1636?a. Bump hips to lacrosse – bishop’s crosier or staff

Food Attractions & Taboos1. People may desire or avoid certain foods based on beneficial or

harmful traitsa. Abipone Indians in Paraguay – eat jaguars to make them strong, brave, swift

2. Refusal to eat certain plants or animals – negative forces or tabooa. Japan – avoid otters because they are forgetfulb. Chad – avoid chicken or goat – help escape pain during childbirth

3. Hebrews cannot eat animals who don’t chew or have cloven feet or fish lacking fins or scalesa. Pigs are used for sedentary farming and not nomadic – Kosher Lawsb. Pigs will compete with humans for water, can’t work, provide milk or wool

4. Social values determine diet – different income + similar climate = different fooda. Americans avoid insects despite nutritional value

Food1. Pop culture typified by larger quantities of alcoholic

beverages and snack foods a. High income and national advertisingb. Southerners prefer pork rinds? Northerners prefer popcorn & chips?c. Texans prefer tortilla chips?

2. Wine – needs special soil, climate to grow grapesa. Moderately cold, rainy winters; long, hot summersb. Hillsides to maximize sunlight and drainagec. Taste determined by boron, manganese, or zinc in soil

3. Hindus and Muslims don’t drink alcohola. Diffusion determined more on customs and less on environment

Key Issue 4: Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems?

Loss of Traditional Values 1. Diffusion of pop culture may threaten the survival of

folk culture & environment2. Diffusion of pop culture from MDC’s to LDC’s spreads

Western ideals3. LDC’s adopt/imitate foreign symbols of success4. Clothing – traditional vs. Western suits – symbol of

authority and leadership.a. Muslims strongly oppose Western values – especially women’s rights.

Women1. Subservience of women to men is a folk custom2. Taliban – women couldn’t attend school, work

outside the home, get health care, or drive a cara. Could leave home only if covered completely by clothing and escortedb. Beaten or shot if wearing nail polish, revealing her face, or walking alone

3. Increase in prostitution? Objects that money can buy

Modifying Nature1. Pop culture – modify the environment for leisure or sale of products

a. Golf courses2. Pop culture wants a uniform landscape – “product recognition”

a. Fast food – low costs to attract children b. People who move or travel – easy recognition

3. Japan – diffused electronics and cars where they look like all other products

4. Creates large demand large supply of natural resourcesa. Extinction of mink, lynx, kangaroo, whale?b. Demand is smaller in folk culturesc. 22 lbs of grain to produce 2.2 lbs of beef

5. Solid waste – more cans, paper, plastic, etc.6. Only getting worse with the spread of pop culture