Chapter 4Chapter 4

Growth of a New NationGrowth of a New Nation

Land Acquisitions and Land Acquisitions and ExplorationsExplorations Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783) Land Ordinance of (1785)Land Ordinance of (1785) Northwest Ordinance (1787)Northwest Ordinance (1787) Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803) ReservationsReservations Lewis and Clark expedition (1804 – Lewis and Clark expedition (1804 –

1806)1806) SacajaweaSacajawea Alabama was declared a state in Alabama was declared a state in

18191819

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

In the treaty, Britain recognized In the treaty, Britain recognized independence of the U.S. and independence of the U.S. and the border of the new nationthe border of the new nation

The border extended to Canada The border extended to Canada in the north, to the Mississippi in the north, to the Mississippi River in the West ,and the River in the West ,and the northern border of Spanish northern border of Spanish Florida in the SouthFlorida in the South

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

This act was accomplished This act was accomplished under the Articles of under the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Stated that the land area from Stated that the land area from the Ohio River to the Mississippi the Ohio River to the Mississippi River would be made into new River would be made into new states, each with the same states, each with the same rights as the original 13 statesrights as the original 13 states

Northwest Ordinance (1787)Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Allowed for the creation of 3 to 5 Allowed for the creation of 3 to 5 states in the Northwest Territory states in the Northwest Territory which included all lands west of the which included all lands west of the Ohio River and east of the Ohio River and east of the MississippiMississippi

The law prohibited slavery in the The law prohibited slavery in the territory and guaranteed inhabitants territory and guaranteed inhabitants freedom of religion, trial by jury, and freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to free public educationaccess to free public education

Later, the states of Illinois, Ohio, Later, the states of Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this territorywere formed from this territory

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson sent representatives to France to Thomas Jefferson sent representatives to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. Initially, negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. Initially, Napoleon was not interested in selling New Orleans Napoleon was not interested in selling New Orleans because he hoped to revitalize the French colonial because he hoped to revitalize the French colonial empire in the western hemisphere, including the empire in the western hemisphere, including the island of Haiti.island of Haiti.

After Toussaint L’Ouverture led the people of Haiti After Toussaint L’Ouverture led the people of Haiti to resist French control and Britain resumed its war to resist French control and Britain resumed its war with France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by with France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by offering to sell not only New Orleans but the entire offering to sell not only New Orleans but the entire 900,000 square miles of the Louisiana region for the 900,000 square miles of the Louisiana region for the relatively small price of $15 million.relatively small price of $15 million.

The Louisiana Purchase was the U.S.’ largest land The Louisiana Purchase was the U.S.’ largest land purchase, nearly doubling the country’s sizepurchase, nearly doubling the country’s size

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

ReservationsReservations

Tiny parcels of Tiny parcels of land where land where Native Native Americans were Americans were forced to when forced to when the settlers the settlers wanted their wanted their landland

Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition

Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and William Clark was sent to lead was sent to lead an expedition to an expedition to find a water route find a water route to the Pacific to the Pacific Ocean Ocean

This exploration This exploration led to the rapid led to the rapid migration of migration of settlers to the settlers to the Pacific NorthwestPacific Northwest

SacajaweaSacajawea

Native Native American American Shoshone Shoshone woman who woman who became Lewis became Lewis and Clark’s and Clark’s translator and translator and guideguide

AlabamaAlabama

Alabama was Alabama was declared a state declared a state in 1819in 1819

President James MonroePresident James Monroe

James MonroeJames Monroe Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

James MonroeJames Monroe

Democratic-Democratic-Republican, Republican, who was the who was the fifth president of fifth president of the U.S.the U.S.

Era of Good FeelingEra of Good Feeling

The national unity and optimistic The national unity and optimistic mood during Monroe’s mood during Monroe’s presidency presidency

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine Declared that the U.S. Declared that the U.S.

would not interfere in would not interfere in the internal affairs of the internal affairs of European countries or European countries or the independent the independent countries in the countries in the AmericasAmericas

It went on to say that It went on to say that the U.S. would oppose the U.S. would oppose any European any European intervention and view intervention and view any intervention as any intervention as unfriendlyunfriendly

Important InventionsImportant Inventions

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney Robert FultonRobert Fulton George George

StephensonStephenson

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin, Invented the cotton gin, a machine that a machine that separated the seeds separated the seeds from the cottonfrom the cotton

Also turned to the Also turned to the manufacture of manufacture of muskets. In this muskets. In this industry, he introduced industry, he introduced the idea of the idea of interchangeable parts, interchangeable parts, where each part of the where each part of the musket was produced musket was produced with such precision that with such precision that it could fit with all other it could fit with all other partsparts

Robert FultonRobert Fulton

Used a steam-Used a steam-powered boat, powered boat, the the ClermontClermont, to , to travel up the travel up the Hudson River Hudson River from New York from New York City to Albany in City to Albany in record time.record time.

George StephensonGeorge Stephenson

Won a competition Won a competition with his steam-with his steam-powered locomotive, powered locomotive, the the RocketRocket..

Although others had Although others had used steam engines to used steam engines to power locomotives, power locomotives, Stephenson’s Stephenson’s RocketRocket could pull both freight could pull both freight and passengers faster and passengers faster than any other than any other locomotive of its timelocomotive of its time

Henry Clay’s American Henry Clay’s American SystemSystem

Henry ClayHenry Clay American SystemAmerican System

Henry ClayHenry Clay

A prominent A prominent senator from senator from Kentucky, who Kentucky, who proposed the proposed the American American SystemSystem

American SystemAmerican System

A Protective Tariff – tax on imports to A Protective Tariff – tax on imports to keep American manufacturing keep American manufacturing growing. Tariff of 1816 – raised growing. Tariff of 1816 – raised tariffs on imports by 20 percenttariffs on imports by 20 percent

International Improvements – To International Improvements – To facilitate interstate commerce (better facilitate interstate commerce (better canals and roadways)canals and roadways)

A Strong National Bank – Clay A Strong National Bank – Clay encouraged Congress to charter the encouraged Congress to charter the Second Bank of the United States Second Bank of the United States (1816) in order to stabilize currency (1816) in order to stabilize currency and hold government fundsand hold government funds

Roads and CanalsRoads and Canals

National RoadNational Road Erie CanalErie Canal SteamboatsSteamboats

National RoadNational Road

Stretched westward from Stretched westward from Cumberland, Maryland, to Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia.Wheeling, Virginia.

Erie CanalErie Canal

Provided a new shipping route Provided a new shipping route from Buffalo, New York, to from Buffalo, New York, to Albany, New YorkAlbany, New York

Established New York City as Established New York City as the major commercial center of the major commercial center of the U.S.the U.S.

SteamboatsSteamboats

Became widely used to get Became widely used to get cargo down the Mississippi cargo down the Mississippi RiverRiver

President Andrew JacksonPresident Andrew Jackson

Jacksonian Jacksonian DemocracyDemocracy

Spoils SystemSpoils System Doctrine of Doctrine of

NullificationNullification

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

People elected Andrew Jackson People elected Andrew Jackson because they felt he because they felt he represented the common manrepresented the common man

His presidency became known His presidency became known as Jacksonian Democracy as Jacksonian Democracy because property qualifications because property qualifications for voting white males were for voting white males were dropped during his dropped during his administrationadministration

Spoils SystemSpoils System

When Jackson openly allowed When Jackson openly allowed his friends and supporters to his friends and supporters to have high positions in have high positions in government officegovernment office

Doctrine of NullificationDoctrine of Nullification

States: “If Congress passes a States: “If Congress passes a bill that is very harmful to a bill that is very harmful to a particular state, that state is not particular state, that state is not obligated to enforce the federal obligated to enforce the federal law. In addition, if ¾ of the law. In addition, if ¾ of the states believe such a law to be states believe such a law to be unconstitutional, the law will be unconstitutional, the law will be null and void.”null and void.”

The Indian Removal ActThe Indian Removal Act Indian Removal Indian Removal

ActAct Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act

Because he sympathized with white settlers in the Because he sympathized with white settlers in the Southeast who were hungry for land and gold, Southeast who were hungry for land and gold, Jackson, with the help of Congress, ordered the Jackson, with the help of Congress, ordered the forced removal of 5 Native American Nations: forced removal of 5 Native American Nations: Creeks – located in Alabama; Choctaws – located Creeks – located in Alabama; Choctaws – located in Mississippi; Chicasaws – located in Mississippi; in Mississippi; Chicasaws – located in Mississippi; Seminoles – located in Florida; and Cherokees – Seminoles – located in Florida; and Cherokees – located in Georgia. These peoples were forced located in Georgia. These peoples were forced onto reservations in present-day Oklohomaonto reservations in present-day Oklohoma

Native Americans appealed to the Supreme Court, Native Americans appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Native Americans could not be which ruled that the Native Americans could not be forcibly removed from their land. Jackson, forcibly removed from their land. Jackson, however, disregarded the ruling of the Supreme however, disregarded the ruling of the Supreme court, and sent troops to remove the Native court, and sent troops to remove the Native Americans from their land. Jackson was especially Americans from their land. Jackson was especially harsh toward the Cherokee nation who had helped harsh toward the Cherokee nation who had helped him defeat the Creeks of Alabama in the Battle of him defeat the Creeks of Alabama in the Battle of Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

Refers to the forced Refers to the forced removal of the 5 removal of the 5 Native American Native American Nations: Creeks, Nations: Creeks, Choctaws, Chicasaws, Choctaws, Chicasaws, Seminoles, and Seminoles, and CherokeesCherokees

These Native These Native American Nations American Nations were forced to march were forced to march 800 miles to the lands 800 miles to the lands of Oklahoma. Over ¼ of Oklahoma. Over ¼ of the people died on of the people died on this this trail of tearstrail of tears from from disease, starvation, disease, starvation, and exposure to bitter and exposure to bitter coldcold

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

The TrailsThe Trails

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail The California TrailThe California Trail The Santa Fe TrailThe Santa Fe Trail

Oregon TrialOregon Trial

Started by Nathaniel Wyeth, Started by Nathaniel Wyeth, who led an expedition to who led an expedition to colonize the coast of Oregon by colonize the coast of Oregon by the Columbia River.the Columbia River.

Provided new settlers with a Provided new settlers with a way to reach the Pacific Coastway to reach the Pacific Coast

The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail

Trial followed by the Mormons, who Trial followed by the Mormons, who belied in polygamy (marriage to belied in polygamy (marriage to more than one wife)more than one wife)

They moved from town to town in the They moved from town to town in the U.S.U.S.

Under the leadership of Brigham Under the leadership of Brigham Young, the Mormons left Navoo, Young, the Mormons left Navoo, Illinois, and traveled to the Salt Lake Illinois, and traveled to the Salt Lake area of present day Utah area of present day Utah

The California TrailThe California Trail

After gold was discovered at After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento, Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento, tens of thousands of people in tens of thousands of people in search of riches trekked to search of riches trekked to California. This migration of California. This migration of people was known as the Gold people was known as the Gold Rush of 1849. Rush of 1849.

The trail westward began in The trail westward began in Independence, MissouriIndependence, Missouri

The Santa Fe TrailThe Santa Fe Trail

Also began in Independence, Also began in Independence, MissouriMissouri

Was a wagon route that Was a wagon route that President Monroe ordered President Monroe ordered established to increase trading established to increase trading with Mexico in Santa Fewith Mexico in Santa Fe

The trail increased desire for The trail increased desire for later U.S. expansion in the later U.S. expansion in the SouthwestSouthwest

Texas IndependenceTexas Independence

Stephen AustinStephen Austin General Antonio Santa AnnaGeneral Antonio Santa Anna Sam HoustonSam Houston AlamoAlamo Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto

Stephen AustinStephen Austin

Brought a group of Brought a group of settlers to Texas, a part settlers to Texas, a part of Mexico that was of Mexico that was sparsely populated by sparsely populated by Spanish and native Spanish and native Mexicans. By 1830, Mexicans. By 1830, there were more than there were more than 20,000 settlers in Texas. 20,000 settlers in Texas. They began talking of They began talking of breaking away from breaking away from Mexico.Mexico.

After an unsuccessful After an unsuccessful revolt by a small number revolt by a small number of Texans in 1826, the of Texans in 1826, the Mexican government Mexican government restricted further restricted further immigrationimmigration

General Santa AnnaGeneral Santa Anna In 1834, he assumed In 1834, he assumed

dictatorial power over dictatorial power over the Mexican the Mexican government, dispensed government, dispensed with the Mexican with the Mexican constitution, and constitution, and tightened his control tightened his control over U.S. settlers in over U.S. settlers in Texas. In response, Texas. In response, Sam Houston led Sam Houston led settlers to fight and take settlers to fight and take over cities. Santa Anna over cities. Santa Anna answered with military answered with military force, killing all of the force, killing all of the Texans in an old mission Texans in an old mission near San Antonio called near San Antonio called the Alamo (March 6, the Alamo (March 6, 1836)1836)

AlamoAlamo

Old mission near San Antonio, Old mission near San Antonio, where Santa Anna killed all of the where Santa Anna killed all of the Texans that were fighting with Sam Texans that were fighting with Sam Houston to take over citiesHouston to take over cities

Just 4 days earlier, a convention of Just 4 days earlier, a convention of 59 Anglo-American Texan delegates 59 Anglo-American Texan delegates had declared the Republic of Texas had declared the Republic of Texas independent from Mexicoindependent from Mexico

Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto

After a series of battles, the Texans After a series of battles, the Texans defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) and took San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) and took him hostagehim hostage

In exchange for his freedom, Santa In exchange for his freedom, Santa Anna promised to recognize the Anna promised to recognize the Republic of Texas, however, he still Republic of Texas, however, he still laid claim to the land north of the Rio laid claim to the land north of the Rio Grande to the Nueces RiverGrande to the Nueces River

The Mexican congress rejected The Mexican congress rejected Santa Anna’s agreement with the Santa Anna’s agreement with the Texans, and hoped to regain TexasTexans, and hoped to regain Texas

The Mexican – American WarThe Mexican – American War

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny New MexicoNew Mexico Mexican – American WarMexican – American War

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Belief that it was God’s will for Belief that it was God’s will for the U.S. to expand and the U.S. to expand and eventually posses the entire eventually posses the entire continentcontinent

New MexicoNew Mexico

In June 1845, President Polk sent John Slidell to In June 1845, President Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate the purchase of California and Mexico to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico (area between Texas and California). New Mexico (area between Texas and California). After the Mexican president refused to meet with After the Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to Slidell, Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to move his troops into the disputed territory between move his troops into the disputed territory between the Nueces River and Rio Grande Rivers (March 8, the Nueces River and Rio Grande Rivers (March 8, 1845). In response, the Mexican troops crossed 1845). In response, the Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Taylor’s forces. the Rio Grande and attacked Taylor’s forces. Immediately, Polk demanded that Congress declare Immediately, Polk demanded that Congress declare war on Mexico, which it did on May, 13, 1846. One war on Mexico, which it did on May, 13, 1846. One month later, settlers from California, unaware of the month later, settlers from California, unaware of the war, declared their independence from Mexico and war, declared their independence from Mexico and formed the Bear Flag Republic.formed the Bear Flag Republic.

Mexican – American War Mexican – American War (1846 – 1848)(1846 – 1848) U.S. forces overpowered Mexican U.S. forces overpowered Mexican

troops. When U.S. troops marched troops. When U.S. troops marched into Mexico City, the Mexicans into Mexico City, the Mexicans surrendered. In a peace treaty, surrendered. In a peace treaty, Mexico gave up half of its land, Mexico gave up half of its land, selling the territories of California selling the territories of California and New Mexico to the U.S. for the and New Mexico to the U.S. for the equivalent of $18 million. This equivalent of $18 million. This immense land purchase added immense land purchase added 1,200,000 square miles to the U.S., 1,200,000 square miles to the U.S., nearly fulfilling the country’s Manifest nearly fulfilling the country’s Manifest DestinyDestiny

Literature of the U.S.Literature of the U.S.

Noah WebsterNoah Webster Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne Washington IrvingWashington Irving Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper Emily DickensonEmily Dickenson Herman MelvilleHerman Melville Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow

Noah WebsterNoah Webster

Produced the Produced the American American Dictionary of the Dictionary of the English English LanguageLanguage

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Leader of the Leader of the transcendental transcendental movementmovement

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists believed truth could be believed truth could be found beyond the found beyond the physical world and that physical world and that all humans share in all humans share in the spiritual unity of the spiritual unity of creationcreation

They believed in They believed in individualism and self individualism and self reliance and had a reliance and had a reverence for naturereverence for nature

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

Writer, philosopher, Writer, philosopher, and naturalistand naturalist

Wrote about his Wrote about his motivation for living motivation for living apart from society, his apart from society, his simple life style, and simple life style, and his observance of his observance of naturenature

Most famous works Most famous works are Walden and “Civil are Walden and “Civil Disobedience” Disobedience”

Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman

Emphasized the great Emphasized the great worth of each worth of each individualindividual

Believed in a oneness Believed in a oneness of all humanity, and he of all humanity, and he captured the idealistic captured the idealistic spirit of his time in his spirit of his time in his

poetrypoetry

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne

Novelist who Novelist who wrote about sin, wrote about sin, punishment, punishment, and atonementand atonement

Most famous Most famous works include works include the Scarlet the Scarlet Letter and the Letter and the House of Seven House of Seven GablesGables

Washington IrvingWashington Irving

First American First American writer to gain writer to gain international international famefame

Most famous Most famous works include works include Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle and the Legend and the Legend of Sleepy of Sleepy HollowHollow

Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe

Poet and Poet and master of the master of the short storyshort story

Most famous Most famous works include works include The Tell – Tale The Tell – Tale Heart and The Heart and The RavenRaven

James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper

Novelists who Novelists who became known became known as the first great as the first great American writerAmerican writer

Most famous Most famous work was The work was The Last of the Last of the MohicansMohicans

Emily DickensonEmily Dickenson

Wrote more than 1800 Wrote more than 1800 poems while living in poems while living in seclusionseclusion

Wrote about love, Wrote about love, death, and immortalitydeath, and immortality

Today, she is Today, she is regarded as one of the regarded as one of the greatest and most greatest and most influential poets of the influential poets of the U.S.U.S.

Herman MelvilleHerman Melville

Based his Based his novels on his novels on his experiences in experiences in the U.S. Navythe U.S. Navy

Greatest work Greatest work was Moby Dickwas Moby Dick

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow

Popular poet of Popular poet of the 1800sthe 1800s

Wrote Paul Wrote Paul Rever’s RideRever’s Ride

UtopiaUtopia

Communities Communities that would be that would be harmonious and harmonious and provide the best provide the best example of how example of how to liveto live

Amish, the Mennonites, the Amish, the Mennonites, the Shakers, and the QuakersShakers, and the Quakers Both the Amish and the Mennonites established Both the Amish and the Mennonites established

themselves in parts of Pennsylvania, the Midwest, themselves in parts of Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Canada. Their objective was to keep religious and Canada. Their objective was to keep religious purity by living a life of simplicity and hard workpurity by living a life of simplicity and hard work

Shakers followed the spiritual leadership of Ann Shakers followed the spiritual leadership of Ann Lee. All shakers believed in renouncing marriage in Lee. All shakers believed in renouncing marriage in favor of celibacy (single life without sex). This favor of celibacy (single life without sex). This movement produced a simple furniture style called movement produced a simple furniture style called “Shaker Style,” which is well known for its plainness “Shaker Style,” which is well known for its plainness and high qualityand high quality

Founded by George Fox, the Quakers started as a Founded by George Fox, the Quakers started as a group of individuals who believed that each person group of individuals who believed that each person was gifted with “inner light.” This group is noted for was gifted with “inner light.” This group is noted for their belief in personal divine revelation, usually their belief in personal divine revelation, usually accompanied by a worshiper shaking or “quaking,” accompanied by a worshiper shaking or “quaking,” as well as their objection to war, slavery, and as well as their objection to war, slavery, and mistreatment of Native Americansmistreatment of Native Americans

Social Reform MovementsSocial Reform Movements

Horace MannHorace Mann Dorothea DixDorothea Dix Temperance MovementTemperance Movement Abolition Movement Abolition Movement

1. Harriet Tubman1. Harriet Tubman2. Frederick Douglas2. Frederick Douglas3. Harriet Beecher Stowe3. Harriet Beecher Stowe4. Sojourner Truth4. Sojourner Truth5. William Lloyd Garrison5. William Lloyd Garrison

Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton2. Susan B. Anthony2. Susan B. Anthony

Horace MannHorace Mann Influential American Influential American

educator who advocated educator who advocated the education of both the education of both men and women through men and women through public fundingpublic funding

He opposed corporal He opposed corporal punishment in schools, punishment in schools, and helped to create the and helped to create the state board of education state board of education in Massachusettes, the in Massachusettes, the first in the U.S.first in the U.S.

Also helped establish Also helped establish state hospitals for the state hospitals for the insane and spoke insane and spoke against the sale of against the sale of alcoholic beverages and alcoholic beverages and lottery tickets lottery tickets

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix

Impacted Impacted society by society by promoting promoting legislation to legislation to improve mental improve mental institutions and institutions and prisonsprisons

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

Members of this movement Members of this movement wanted to moderate the use of wanted to moderate the use of alcohol. Later, they advocated alcohol. Later, they advocated total abstinence from alcoholtotal abstinence from alcohol

In the 1850s, they supported the In the 1850s, they supported the Maine Laws which regulated or Maine Laws which regulated or prohibited the sale of alcoholprohibited the sale of alcohol

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement

Abolitionists believed slavery Abolitionists believed slavery was wrong, and they advocated was wrong, and they advocated laws to abolish it (put an end to laws to abolish it (put an end to it)it)

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

Escaped slavery by Escaped slavery by running away to the running away to the NorthNorth

Later, she returned to Later, she returned to the South secretly 19 the South secretly 19 times to lead other times to lead other slave to freedom using slave to freedom using the Underground the Underground RailroadRailroad

The underground The underground railroad was not railroad was not actually a railroad but actually a railroad but a network of people a network of people who helped slaves who helped slaves escape to the northern escape to the northern U.S. or CanadaU.S. or Canada

Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas

After escaping to After escaping to Maryland, he Maryland, he educated himself educated himself and became the and became the most prominent most prominent African African American American speaker for the speaker for the abolition of abolition of slaveryslavery

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe

Furthered the Furthered the abolitionist cause abolitionist cause through her novel through her novel Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

Though she was Though she was white, and was never white, and was never a slave, her fictional a slave, her fictional account of the horrible account of the horrible experiences of a slave experiences of a slave family motivated many family motivated many people to support the people to support the abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth

Born into slavery, but Born into slavery, but was freed when New was freed when New York emancipated York emancipated slaves in 1828slaves in 1828

She supported the She supported the equality of people of equality of people of all colorsall colors

Also supported the Also supported the equality of men and equality of men and women by speaking women by speaking for women’s rightsfor women’s rights

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

Founded the Founded the influential, anti-influential, anti-slavery slavery newspaper newspaper called the called the Liberator and Liberator and helped establish helped establish the American the American Anti-Slavery Anti-Slavery SocietySociety

Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement

Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton

Organized the first Organized the first women’s rights women’s rights convention known as convention known as the Seneca Falls the Seneca Falls Convention.Convention.

She believed men and She believed men and women were created women were created equal and fought for equal and fought for women’s right to vote. women’s right to vote. Also advocated the Also advocated the abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony

Supported the Supported the temperance movement to temperance movement to ban alcohol, the abolition ban alcohol, the abolition movement to free slaves, movement to free slaves, and the women’s rights and the women’s rights movement. Best known movement. Best known for joining with Elizabeth for joining with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to fight for Cady Stanton to fight for women’s rights and, in women’s rights and, in particular, women’s right particular, women’s right to vote. to vote.

Women who supported Women who supported the right to vote were the right to vote were known as suffragettesknown as suffragettes

It was their efforts that It was their efforts that changed the constitution changed the constitution with the 19with the 19thth amendment amendment in 1920in 1920