2nd Silkroad Contents

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Conservation of Ancient Siteson the Silk Road


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Conservation of Ancient Siteson the Silk Road

G C I

L A

Proceedings o the Second InternationalCon erence on the Conservation o Grotto Sites,Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Peoples Republic oChina, June July ,

Edited by Neville Agnew


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Getty Conservation Institute

imothy P. Whalen, Director Jeanne Marie eutonico, Associate Director, Programs

Te Getty Conservation Institute works internationally to advance conservation and to enhance andencourage the preservation and understanding o the visual arts in all o their dimensionsobjects,collections, architecture, and sites. Te Institute serves the conservation community through scienticresearch; education and training; eld projects; and the dissemination o the results o both its work andthe work o others in the eld. In a ll its endeavors, the Institute is committed to addressing unansweredquestions and promoting the highest possible standards o conservation pract ice.

Getty Publications Getty Center Drive, Suite

Los Angeles, Cali ornia -www.getty.edu

J. Paul Getty rust

Gregory M. Britton, Publisher

evvy Ball, EditorSheila Berg,Copy EditorHespenheide Design, Designer Elizabeth Zozom, Production Coordinator

Printed in China at Everbest Printing Company through Four Colour Print Group

FRON COVER: Portrait o a donor, rom cave (corridor, south wall), Mogao Grottoes. Photo byLorinda Wong

Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Conservation o ancient sites on the Silk Road : proceedings o the secondinternational con erence on the conservation o grotto sites, Mogao Grottoes,Dunhuang, Peoples Republic o China, June July , / edited byNeville Agnew. p. cm. - - - - (pbk.). Mural painting and decoration, ChineseC onservat ion and restoration China

Dunhuang CavesCongresses. . Buddhist artConservation and restorationChinaDunhuang CavesCongresses. . Buddhist cave templesChinaDunhuang CavesConserv ation and restoration Congresses . . Dunhua ng Caves (China)Antiquitie sCongresses. . Cave paintingsConservation and restorationCongresses. . CulturalpropertyProtectionCongresses. I. Agnew, Neville, ND . A . ' dc


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Tim Whalen xi Foreword

Neville Agnew xii Pre ace

Neville Agnew xiv Acknowledgments

xvi Site Map o the Mogao Grottoes

xvii Map o the Silk Road

xviii China Dynasty able

Keynote Presentations

Fan Jinshi Master Plan or the Conservation and Managemento the Mogao Grottoes: Preparation and Achievements

Sharon Sullivan Managing Cultural Heritage Sites: SomeParameters or Success

Zhang Wenbin Chinas Policy in Relation to Internationa lExchange and Cooperation in Cultura l HeritageConservation in China

Sharon Cather Choices and Judgment: he Pro essional Conservatorat the Inter ace

Contents


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P A R T F O U R

Planning and Management

Ludmila Akmatova and Jumamedel Imankulov Conservation and Management o CulturalHeritage Sites on the Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan

Li Ping, Sharon Sullivan, Visitor Surveys at Mogao: Pioneering theKirsty Altenburg, and Peter Barker Process,

Kirsty Altenburg, Sharon Sullivan, he Chal lenge o Managing Visitors at theLi Ping, and Peter Barker Mogao Grottoes

Martha Demas, Shin Maekawa, Sustainable Visitation at the Mogao Grottoes: Jonathan Bell, and Neville Agnew A Methodology or Visitor Carrying Capacity

Rickard Mackay Social and Environmental Monitoring as a ool orManaging Visitor Impact at Jenolan Caves, Australia

P A R T F I V E

Scientific Research

Henri Van Damme, Mokhtar Zabat, Jean-Paul Nature and Distr ibution o Cohesion Forces inLaurent, Patrick Dudoignon, Anne Pantet, Earthen Building Materials

David Glard, and Hugo Houben

Chikaosa Tanimoto, Chunze Piao, Keigo Koizumi, Geology and Hydrogeology at the Mogao Grottoes,Shuichi Iwata, Tadashi Masuya, Li Zuixiong, Dunhuang

Wang Xudong, and Guo Qinglin

Huang Jizhong he In luence o Water on the Stone Carvings o the Yungang Grottoes

Catharina Blaensdorf and Ma Tao A Chinese-German Cooperative Project or thePreservation o the Cultural Heritage o ShaanxiProvince: Conservation o the Polychrome Clay Sculptuand Investigation o Painting Materials in the Great Hallo the Shuiluan Buddhist emple

Daniela Bathelt and Heinz Langhals wo Methods or the Conservation o the Polychromy

o the erracott a Army o Qin Shihuang: Electron Beam Polymerization o Methacr ylic Monomers

and Consolidation Using Polyethylene Glycol


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x

P A R T N I N E

Mogao Grottoes Cave 8 Project

Neville Agnew and Li Zuixiong Objectives o the Cave Project

Wang Jinyu he Signi icance o Cave

Xu Shuqing, Wang Xiaowei, Sun Hongcai, Conservation History and Condition SurveyLi Weitang, Francesca Piqu, Lorinda o Cave , Mogao Grottoes

Wong, Leslie Rainer, Li Yunhe, and Zheng Jun

Neville Agnew, Shin Maekawa, and Shuya Wei Causes and Mechanisms o Deteriorat ion andDamage in Cave

Francesca Piqu, Lorinda Wong, and Su Bomin Methodology or the Conservation o the WallPaintings in Cave

Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Francesca Piqu, he Role o In Situ Examination in the echnica land Lorinda Wong Investigat ion o the Cave Paintings

Michael R. Schilling, Joy Mazurek, David Carson, Analytical Research in Cave Su Bomin, Fan Yuquan, and Ma Zanfeng

Cecily M. Grzywacz, Jan Wouters, Su Bomin, Asian Organic Colorants: A Collaborativeand Fan Yuquan Research Project

James R. Druzik Evaluating the Light Sensitivity o Paints inSelected Wall Paintings at the Mogao Grottoes:Caves , , and

Shin Maekawa, Liu Gang, Xue Ping, Guo Qinglin, Origins o Moisture A ecting the Walland Hou Wenfang Paintings in Cave

Stephen Rickerby, Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Development and esting o the Grouting andTang Wei, Qiao Hai, Yang Jinjian, Soluble-Salts Reduction reatments o Cave

and Francesca Piqu Wall Paintings

Stephen Rickerby, Lisa Shekede, Fan Zaixuan, Implementation o Grouting and Salts-ReductionTang Wei, Qiao Hai, and Yang Jinjian reatments o Cave Wall Paintings

Chen Gangquan, Michael R. Schilling, Li Yanfei, A Rapid Means o Measuring Residual Salt a ter Joy Mazurek, Yu Zhongren, and Lisa Shekede Grouting and Poulticing Wall Paintings

Lorinda Wong, Francesca Piqu, Wang Xiaowei, he In ormat ion Management System or theand Xu Shuqing Cave Project

Contributors


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The Getty Conservation Institute and the DunhuangAcademy, with the endorsement o Chinas State

Administration o Cultural Heritage (SACH), havetraveled a long road together, one that began in January with a ormal agreement between the institutions concerned.Since that time, our collaborative activities have includedthe rst Silk Road con erence, Conservation o AncientSites on the Silk Road, held in ; development o ChinaICOMOSs Principles or the Conservation o Heritage Sitesin China; a multiyear wall painting conservation project atthe Mogao grottoes; a masters degree course in wall paintingconservation, collaboratively organized with the DunhuangAcademy, Lanzhou University, and the Courtauld Instituteo Art; and a visitor management and carrying-capacity plan

or the ragi le cave temples at Mogao.It there ore gives me great pleasure to write theoreword to this publication o the papers rom the sec-

ond Silk Road con erence, held at the Mogao grottoes in. here has been a rich and dynamic interchange o

expertise between SACH, the Dunhuang Academy, andthe GCI over the two decades o our collaboration. SACHand the Dunhuang Academy have also generously providedresources that have advanced our ability to work in China.Reciprocally, the GCI has hosted visiting sta rom bothorganizations, including participation in some o the GCIsother overseas activities, such as the Queens Valley project

in Egypt.Since the rst Si lk Road con erence was held, an impor-tant aspect o our collaborative work has centered on wallpainting conservation, with ocus on cave at the Mogao

Foreword

site, a splendid cave temple dating rom the late ang dynasTis work is summarized in these con erence proceeding

as a series o papers, intended to establish a methodologiyardstick or uture research and conservation treatment the extraordinarily beauti ulyet threatened and delicatepaintings and polychrome sculpture at Mogao and othsimilar Silk Road sites.

Lest anyone imagine otherwise, it is not always eworking and collaborating across barriers o language aculture. What is the glue that holds together a partnship such as the one that we have enjoyed with our partnin China? Succinctly stated, it is a combination o cledened roles and responsibilities, and common objectivFor his work on this volume and his decades-long leaders

o the GCIs work in China, I thank Neville Agnew, whextraordinary pro essionalism and dedication have becentral to our success ul partnerships in China. I am mograte ul to Fan Jinshi, director o the Dunhuang Academand Zhang Bai, deputy director o SACH, or their lastriendship and commitment to the conservation o China

remarkable heritage. Tey have been instrumental in making the GCI-China partnership the longest enduring colaboration o the Getty Conservation Institute. Now in tmidst o our seventh three-year agreement with SACH at Dunhuang Academy, we look orward to new challenges,new opportunities beckon in our uture work together.

P. WDir

Te Getty Conservation Institu


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xii

Since the rst Silk Road con erence was held at the MogaoGrottoes in , great changes have taken place

rst, new construction and better acilities or visitorsand personnel; and second, the pro essional development oDunhuang Academy conservation staff. Te site has becomemore accessible with expansion o the local airport, and visi-tor numbers have increased, at times beyond the capacity omanagement to cope. Mogao has continued to attract scholarswho study the iconography o the wall paintings and statuaryand the ancient documents rom the amed Library Cave; ithas developed expertise in site conservation, management,and presentation; and it has become recognized as a center oexcellence in China. Tis has not been without some cost tothe site, however, as greater burden has been placed on staff

through demands or the expert ise o the Dunhuang Academyto assist less-well-established organizations elsewhere inChina in conserving their sites. Per orce, the DunhuangAcademy has had to divert some o its own ully extendedpersonnel to undertake conservation projects elsewhere inChina and in other Asian countries as well while serving in anadvisory role to a number o national initiatives in conserva-tion. Balancing these requests with the many urgent needso the Mogao Grottoes and the two other sites, Yulin and theWestern Grottoes, under the Dunhuang Academys manage-ment and conservation jurisdiction has been no easy matter.Fortunately, Director Fan Jinshi, whose li e has been devoted

to the site, has kept an unclouded vision and maintained herpriorities or Mogao.Tis publication, an outcome o the Second International

Con erence on the Conservation o Grotto Sites, has appearedmore than a decade afer the rst. While the rst con erenceessentially ocused on managerial and technical conservation,

Preface

the scope o the second was expanded to include art historicaland related topics, though, as can be seen in the table o con-

tents, the emphasis has remained primarily conservation. Tepurpose o addressing a larger subject matter has been to seekgreater inclusivity and to build bridges between conservationand scholarly research on the history o the Mogao Grottoesand the Silk Road in its vast geographic reach. Moreover,because Mogao is a site in the top echelon o signicanceamong Chinas extensive list o World Heritage Sites and apivotal one along the ancient Silk Road trade routes, it wasthought important in the spirit o exchange between East andWest to seek participation rom other central Asian coun-tries. Tis was not entirely success ul, but the gesture wasmade; Kyrgyzstan delegates participated in the event, and

Uzbekistan contributors submitted their papers, which areincluded in this publication.As stated in the pre ace to the rst Silk Road con er-

ence proceedings, the collaboration between the DunhuangAcademy and the Getty Conservation Institute addressedbroad site-wide issues o conservation at Mogao. In the pres-ent volume the work undertaken since the rst con erenceis presented. Tese joint efforts reect, we believe, the argreater synergy that can be generated when partners worktogether in mutual trust and understanding on problemsand issues o common interest.

Looking back, both sides embarked together on ambi-

tious undertak ings that include, with the support o the StateAdministration o Cultural Heritage o China, participationin developing the Principles for the Conservation of HeritageSites in China in partnership with the Australian HeritageCommission; drafing a master plan or the site; research,testing, and conservation o cave ; and initiation o a


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masters degree course in the conservation o wall paintingsthrough a our-way partnership between Lanzhou University

(the degree-con erring inst itution), the Dunhuang Academy,the Courtauld Institute o Art in London, and the GettyConservation Institute.

Areas o acute need identied in the master plan werealso addressed, including a use plan, a visitor managementsubplan, and a visitor carrying capacity study or the cavetemples open to the public. Visitation to the site and increas-ing visitor numbers represent a dire threat. Unless a capon visitor numbers, backed by sound research, is imple-mented as a policy o the Dunhuang Academy, the site willbe degraded by overuse and commercial pressures.

ranslation between Chinese and English, as alwaproved a challenge: both languages, o course, have subtle

and nuances that tax the most expert o translators. Add these the specialized terminology o conservation, scientand technical terms, and geographic place-namesto metion but a ewand the problem is compounded.

Many colleagues have str iven greatly, as acknowledelsewhere, to bring this long-delayed publication to ruitiWe hope it may prove o value well beyond the connesthe Mogao Grottoes.

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xiv

Acknowledgments

The Second International Con erence on the Conser- vation o Grotto Sites was a collaborat ive undertak ing

o the Getty Conservation Institute and the DunhuangAcademy, with the approval o Chinas State Administrationo Cultural Heritage. Te director o the Dunhuang Academy,Fan Jinshi, was an enthusiastic proponent o the event romthe rst, as was ong Mingkang, deputy director o the StateAdministration. imothy P. Whalen, director o the GCI,likewise endorsed the suggestion o a second con erenceas a milestone in these institutions long-standing jointconservation and management planning efforts at the MogaoGrottoes.

It is appropriate to recognize the work o Su Bomin,at the Dunhuang Academy, who undertook arrangements

on the Chinese side, and Kathleen Louw, at the GCI, whoprovided e icient logistical and planning support. Prep-aration o the manuscript or publication o the proceedingshas been a collaborative e ort o many colleagues, thoughan onerous one. Special thanks are due to Elizabeth Maggio,who coedited many o the papers and whose exactingstandard has set the tone or the volume. Foremost amongthe many di iculties has been the challenge o translationrom the Chinese. It is not the editors purpose here to

recount the tribulations o attempting to wrestle with theo ten-inscrutable English in some o the translations thatwere submitted, or to comment, other than in passing, on

manuscripts with incomplete or missing re erences, butrather to grate ul ly express appreciation or the unst intinghelp o colleagues. Po-Ming Lin should be acknowledgedirst; it was he who spent countless hours on the telephoneand via email communicating with authors in an attempt to

clari y points o meaning. His was the patience o Job. PeterBarker likewise was generous with h is time and perseverance

in attempting to unravel the o ten highly technical languageand terminology. Po-Ming and Peter worked together, con-sulting with each other and requently seeking clari ica tionrom other Chinese speakers at the Getty Conservation

Institute, notably Ye Wa and Zhang Liangren, when theirexpertise was relevant to the subject matter. Jonathan Bellreviewed certain papers and clari ied Buddhist terminologyin cases where transliteration rom the Chinese resulted ininconsistency with commonly recognized English transla-tion (usually based on the Sanskrit term), Lorinda Wongassisted with a number o papers on wall painting conservation, and Martha Demas repeatedly provided use ul coun-, and Martha Demas repeatedly provided use ul coun-

sel on matters o content. In the inal throes o editing,Valerie Greathouse and Cameron rowbridge o the GCIsIn ormation Center reviewed bibliographic citations, com-pleting some, inding others; the institute is ortunate inhaving sta who, undaunted, tackle such t asks with humorand a sense o challenge. An immense debt o gratitude isdue to them.

Getty Publications has been orbearing in the long,ofen-stalled editorial process, and we are indebted also toevvy Ball, Sheila Berg, and Ann Lucke or their patience

and their meticulous standards in the handling and copy-editing o the manuscript. As always, the designers at Getty

Publications have produced an elegant volume appropriateto the art o the site.Beverly Weisblatt handled the manuscript ow and

tracked versions as they were transmitted back and orthbetween the editors and the authors; her help was essential


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throughout the process. Cynthia Godlewski managedefficiently, and with her characteristic tact, al l communication

and transmission o the nal manuscripts to Getty Pub-lications or copyediting, design, and production.o all o the above we are most grate u l.o those authors who submitted in a timely manner

and whose manuscripts were complete and intelligible, we

apologize or the delay in seeing the work in print; we hodespite the protracted process, that this volume will prove

have been worth the wait.

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xviii

China Dynasty Table

Xia ca. 21st century16th century . . .

Shang ca. 16th century11th century . . .

Western Zhou ca. 11th century770 . . .

Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period

Warring States Period

770476 . . .

475221 . . .

Qin 221207 . . .

Western Han 206 . . .24 . .

Eastern Han 25220

hree Kingdoms

Wei

Shu

Wu

220280

220265

221263

222280

Western Jin 265316

Eastern Jin 317420

Southern and Northern Dynast ies 420589

Sui 589618

ang 618907

Five Dynast ies and en Kingdoms 907979

Song

Northern Song

Southern Song

Liao Jin

9601279

9601127

11271279

916112511151234

Yuan 12711368

Ming 13681644

Qing 16441911

Republic o China 19121949

Peoples Republic o China 1949present

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2nd Silkroad Contents