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Citation: Rana S. Multiformity and economic importance of true brachyuran crabs (2018) Edelweiss Appli Sci Tech 2: 253-259

253

Review Article ISSN: 2576-8484

Multiformity and Economic Importance of True

Brachyuran Crabs Saroj Rana

*

Affiliation: Zoology Department, Amrit Science Campus, Tribhuvan University, Amrit Science Campus, Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal *Corresponding author: Saroj Rana, Zoology Department, Amrit Science Campus, Tribhuvan University, Amrit Science Campus,

Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel: +977-9851083971, E-mail: sarojranabista@gmail.com

Citation: Rana S. Multiformity and economic importance of true brachyuran crabs (2018) Edelweiss Appli Sci Tech 2: 253-259

Received: Sep 16, 2018

Accepted: Sep 20, 2018

Published: Sep 29, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 Saroj Rana. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract The brachyuran crabs are diversified and widely distributed habitant throughout the world, apart from Antarctica, they are reported from all the

niches of network. They are dominant in all over estuaries and found in unfathomable depths of the Ocean down to 6000m and in the high

mountains up to 3500 m above the sea level.Numerous species have evolved to lead terrestrial habitats. Mostly are in fresh water, and some of

these crabs have evolved to survive as phytotelms, inside empty shells of the snails, within corals "symbiotically" or "commensally" and reported

from alpine, caves and desert as well. Their sizes range from 2mm to 5.5mm; the weight ranges from few milligrams up to 19 kg. The fishery of

the spanner crab, (Ranina ranina) has been thriving since World War II. People use crabs to cure different diseases: stomachache; liver and lungs

diseases; healing wound; osteoporosis; and epilepsy and reproductive malfunction in women. This review aimed to find diversity and economic

importance of crabs, which resulted positive and negative approaches. The crabs are multi-useful with diversified habitats, sizes and utility.

Hence, it is suggested that the government should incorporate this in health care system into the existing one to ensure proper development and

binding ethno-medicine in Nepal.

Keywords: Diversity, Phytotelms, Protein, Herpes Zoster, Asthma.

Introduction

Beside vertebrates, aquatic resources are occupied by many macro and

micro-crustaceans. Among crustaceans, crabs are one of most

multifarious groups of the Phylum Arthropoda, included in the Infra-

order Brachyura of the Sub-class Malacostraca, Supper-order Eucarida,

and Sub-order Pleocyemata in the Section Eubrachyura. The crabs are

found in a wide variety of habitat (Hartnoll, 1988) of the world except

for Antarctica, (Ng, et al., 2008); and they are reported from almost all

the niches of bio-network. The crabs are found at abyssal depths of the

Ocean down to 6000 m (Ng, et al., 2008) are becoming dominant in all

most all estuaries where temperature and salinity fluctuate drastically

daily. Real aquatic or fully aquatic species are those which are

dependent completely on aquatic habitats to complete their life cycle

and cannot survive without water, traces of water present in air

(humidity in air) and rain dew.

This study has included both real aquatic species and semi-terrestrial or

terrestrial species that are generally found in and around traditional

freshwater environments as streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps or

marine water environments as river mouth, swamps, mangroves,

seashore, deep sea. Freshwater-dependent species, includes both as

completely aquatic as well as the more terrestrial species in which the

adults are not primarily found in and around or associated with

traditional freshwater environments, but are nevertheless dependent on

wet/humid terrestrial environments for survival e.g. tree-climbing

crabs, forest floor dwellers, dry cave dwellers and even desert dweller,

all of these include many so-called terrestrial crabs those have juvenile

stages that can occur in water or fringes of humidity of rain etc., (Ng et

al., 2008; Yeo, et al., 2008).

Some of these crabs have become to live in momentary water sources;

and many of them have become completely freshwater dwellers,

(Cumberlidge and Vannini, 2004). Some of the brachyuran crabs

possess only six appendages. Huang, et al., (2008) described a new

genus and a new species of Hexapodidae crab Latohexapus granosus

that differed from Hexapus and Hexapinus with prominently

granulated and well-defined regions in carapace. The thoracic sternum

with a deep transverse groove between thoracic sternites 3 and 4, and

first male gonopods that extend beyond the male telson, reported from

10- 20 m deep sea. Highly poisonous Indo-West Pacific xanthid crabs

Lophozozymus spp. has been reported from the sea of Australia (Ng

and Chia, 1997).

Their sizes also vary from very small about 2mm to huge up to 5.5m

with extended appendages and 40cm across carapace width or carapace

length. Among arthropods, the biggest crustaceans are the brachyuran

crabs. The giant spider crab of Australia grows up to 3.6m with

extended chela with spindly legs and the carapace width/carapace

length across reaches about 43cm weighing 14kg in weight, which is

not uncommon known as Pseudocarcinus gigas, (Warner 1977).

Despite the disagreeable nature and strange looks, many researchers,

recreational, naturalist, commercial fishers and consumers hold crabs

as an important species. From scientific point of view, crabs act as bio-

accumulative creatures, (Cantelmo, et al., 1982) and can tolerate a

wide range of environmental variations, (Wolcott, 1988). The

ecological role through their important position in the food web in

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Citation: Rana S. Multiformity and economic importance of true brachyuran crabs (2018) Edelweiss Appli Sci Tech 2: 253-259

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more than one level cannot be ignored. They provide prey for many

invertebrates and vertebrates and in turn feed on a variety of plant

materials as a competitor to the other small herbivores, small fishes,

prawns and invertebrates (Gherardi, et al., 1989). Crabs have

recreational values, such as- fishing large and small crabs and keeping

colorful crabs in aquarium and using as bait. In most part of the world,

crab fishery is one of the most thriving industries, and it is in

continuous demand due to scrumptious food item. Crabs are not only

the enriched sources of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins and

minerals etc, their continued demand in the market has also enabled

their business to flourish as that of the luxury food items with the

thriving fishery dominating the scene all over the world. These

creatures are very much important ethnomedicinally as well.

Diversity

The crab fauna has a more diversified habitat and are very widely

distributed all over the world. With the exception of Antarctica, they

have been reported from almost all the niches of ecosystem. They have

been found at the plumb-less depths of the Ocean down to 6000 m (Ng

et al., 2008) and on the high mountains up to 3500 m above the sea

level (Brandis and Sharma, 2005); they are dominant in estuaries where

temperature and salinity fluctuate drastically daily.

Habitat and Size variation Damhougy et al., (2018) reported the coral gall crab, Hapalocarcinus

marsupialis Stimpson, 1859 (Crustacea: Cryptochiridae) from Gulf of

Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt with minimum size at maturity of female is

2mm up to 2.49mm. Takeda and Moosa, (1991) reported crabs of small

to very small size collected from 145-769 m deep from the sea. Marin

(2016) found pea crab of the genus Pinnixa is found symbiotically or

commensally within the mantle cavity of Mollusks, within the tubes of

polychaetes and in the burrows of echiuroids and hemichordates.

Similarly, Pinnixa tumida is reported from the intestine of the

burrowing holothurians Paracaudina chilensis, P. rathbuni, in burrows

of the echiuroid Urechisuni cinctus and P. banzu, in tubes of the

polychaete Chaetopterus cautus in Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of

Japan.

Canario et al., (2014) reported new species of Troglocarcinus

hirsutus a new sprcies symbiont crab found associated with colonies

of Mussismilia from Bahia State, northeastern region of Brazil.

Mohammed and Yassien (2013) reported assemblages of two gall crabs

within coral species Northern Red Sea, Egypt. Quadrella spp, Trapezia

spp and Tetralia spp were found as symbiotic in the corals and other

colonial anthozoans, from the Philippines, New Guinea and Vanuatus

(Castro, 2009). The crab of genus Aphanodactylus was found from the

Philippines and is known as commensal of tube-dwelling terebellid

polychaetes of the genus Loimia (Ng and Naruse, 2009) Whereas, Wei,

et al., (2006) also recorded new species of coral gall crabs (Decapoda,

Cryptochiridae) from Orchid Island, Taiwan, northwestern Pacific.

Yamauchi and Konishi, (2005) recorded the third rare commensal crab,

Pinnixa penultipedalis Stimpson, 1858, from Oki Island, Japan whose

range extended further northeast. Ho, et al., (2004) relayed that 604

species of the known brachyuran crabs in Taiwan have been reported to

date. They reported 31 species of crabs not previously recorded from

Taiwan and 13 new genera and two new families, the

Homolodromiidae and the Cymonomidae. Wolodarsky and Loya

(1980) described population dynamics of Trpezia crabs inhabiting the

coral Styllophora pistillata in the north Gulf of Aqaba.

Terrestrial crab, Geosesarma aedituens had been recorded from the

island of Bali, Indonesia (Naruse and Jaafar 2009). Similarly, the

terrestrial crab of genus Cymonomus was recorded from Philippines

(Ahyong and Ng 2009). Ahyong and Brown, (2003) identified two new

species of Cyomonomus A. Milne Edwards, C. kapala new species,

from New South Wales and C. soela new species, from Tasmania,

closely resembled C. curvirostirs Sakai, 1965 and C. bathamae Dell,

1971 from Japan and New Zealand. Both the species differed from

each other in having six abdominal somites. Yeo and Ng (1999)

reported a new species of terrestrial grapsid crab of the genus

Geosesarma albomita from Pulau Tioman Peninsular Malaysia. Some

crabs are also found along the fringes of deserts. These desert dweller

crabs have been nown to aestivate (summer sleep) within the burrows

plugged by clay for up to six years, waiting for the rain to come (Ng. et

al., 2008).

Kumar, et al., (2017) Described a new genus and new species of a

completely arboreal crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from

the Western Ghats in India, with notes on the ecology of arboreal

crabs. Ng, (2017) described the identities of the highland vampire

crabs, Geosesarma foxi (Kemp, 1918) and G. serenei Ng, 1986, with

description of a new phytotelmic species from Penang, Peninsular

Malaysia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Ng, Ng,

(2018) reported 7 species of the freshwater crabs from Danum Valley

Conservation Area in Sabah, East Malaysia, then confirmed that

Arachnothelphusa terrapes is to be a phytotelmic species and provided

key to all species.

Grinang, et al., (2015) reported a new species of tree-hole dwelling

freshwater crab of the genus Arachnothelphusa Ng, 1991 (Crustacea:

Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from northern Sarawak,

Malaysia, Borneo. Ng, et al., (2015) provided the taxonomy and

ecology of Labuanium politum (De Man, 1887) (Crustacea: Decapoda:

Sesarmidae), an obligate arboreal crab on the nipah palm, Nypa

fructicans (Arecales: Arecaceae). Cumberliddge (2007) recorded

Microthelphusa meansi from a remote isolated cloud forest on a

tabletop mountain in western Guyana, South America. Tree climbing

crabof genus Scandarma splendidum is recorded from the Sarawak,

Malaysia, Borneo (Naruse and Ng, 2007).

Similarly, Malagasyaan atongilensis and Labuanium gracilipes are

reported as tree climbing phytotelmic sesarmid crab in rainforest of

Masoala Penisula, Madagascar (Cumberlidge, et al., 2005).

Potamonautes raybouldi is a small phytotelmic crab reported from the

temporary bodies of water in the tree holes of East Usambara

Mountains, harbor (Cumberllidge and Vannini, 2004). The fresh

water crab of genus Socotra has been recorded from the semi-arid

highlands of Socotra Island, Yeman (Cumberlidge and Wranik,

2002).Gecarcinautes goodmanni and Gecarcinautes gouaoi have been

reported as tree climbing crabs from the Panadnus leaf axial in

Madagascar (Yeo et al., 1999). Freshwater crabs of the genus

Demanietta have been reported from waterfalls whereas, D. khirikhan,

was collected from comparatively slow-moving water and these

species generally found in fast-flowing to torrential mountains streams

and cascades (Yeo, et al., 1999).The freshwater crab Geothelphusa

haituan has been reported from 2000 m high alpine region of Taiwan

(Chen, et al., 2007).

The freshwater crab Barytelphusa lugubris has been reported from

very High Mountain up to 3500m (Brandis and Sharma, 2005).

Christensen, (2015) reported that Arachnothelphsua rhadamanthysi has

been reported by naturalists in the forested area outside Gomantong

caves where it was first found and suggested that this is only a

facultative cave dweller. McFarlane and Lundberg, (2012) reported the

status of the Niah cave crab, Adeleana chapmani from Sarawak,

Malaysia. Alox tormos was describes as cave dwellers in Balicasag

Island, Philippines (Galil and Ng, 2009) Semi-terrestrial crabs,

Sesarmoides kraussi, S. longipes and S. borneensis are recorded in

marine caves from Indo-West Pacific intertidal mangrove and Estuary

(Davie and Ng, 2007). The cave-dwelling crab Neoliomera cerasinus is

described from marine caves in Christmas Island and Ryukyuns (Ng,

2002). Takeda and Ng, (2001) diagnosed freshwater crab of the genus

Sundathelphusa hades from the cave of Mindanao in Philippines.

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Similarly, Ng, et al., (1994) described a new species of remarkable

sesarmine crab, Sesarmiodes ultrapes from caves in the Solomon

Islands with the longest-leg than any known terrestrial brachyuran cave

crabs yet reported.

Different size variations in crabs ranging from a few millimeters (2mm

to 5.5m) to many meters were also reported by many carcinologists.

The average CW (CW = carapace width, CL = carapace length) of

fresh water crab Macrophthalmus boscii (Audouin, 1826) at Inhaca

Island, Southern Mozambique was 2-12mm (Litulo, 2005). Cheryl, et

al., (1993) described very small and new species of camptandriine crab

Baruna sinensis from Taiwan; male (CL 2.7mm X CW 3.3 mm.) have

been described from the sandy seashore and estuary are slow moving

species.

Ahyong and Brown (2002) described two species of Cymonomus

curvirostris and C. bathamae New South Wales with average CL 3mm

and CW 3.2mm for ovigerous female. Naruse and Ng (2006) reported

Male of crab Alox uru having CL 4.4 mm CW 5.8 mm and Ovigerous

female crab of Ebalia stellaris having CL 2.4 mm, CW 3.6 mm from)

from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Alox was recorded from 2-6m in coral

reef and Ebalia from 16m depth of sea. The Japanese spider crab

(Pseudocarcinus gigas) has the longest leg span than of any other

arthropod, reaching up to 5.5 meters (18 ft.) from claw to claw and the

body may grow to a size of 40-43 cm (16- 20inches)

across carapace width/carapace length and the whole crab can be

weighed up to 19kg, (Burton and Burton, 2002; Warner, 1977).

Economic Importance of crabs From the historical perspective, crabs in general have been treated with

disdain and indignation and often dubbed as unpleasant and bellicose

animals. Similarly, the Latin word for crab is cancer, the world’s most

deadly disease, but it has more economic values with different aspects

in the world. Regardless of its distressing nature and weird and

wonderful looks, many naturalist, scientist, recreationalist, commercial

fishers and patrons hold crabs as an important species. Crabs can

tolerate a wide range of environmental variations and are considered as

plastic (Wolcott, 1988). Although, the South Indian edible freshwater

crab Oziotelphusa senex senex is an inhabitant of rice fields and

irrigation canals, originally limited to freshwater, can also survive in

100 % sea water, (Reddy and Reddy, 2006). Many physiologists,

biologists and researchers have been using crabs as a biological model

due to their ready availability and plastic in nature, (Reinecke, et al.,

2003; Burggern and McMahon, 1988; Gangotri, et al., 1978; Warner,

1977).

The ecological role through their important position in the food web in

more than one level cannot be ignored. They provide prey for many

invertebrates and vertebrates and in turn feed on a variety of plant

materials as a competitor to the other small herbivores, small fishes,

prawns and invertebrates (Gherardi, et al., 1989). In Central and West

Africa crabs are predated by a diversity of organisms, chiefly otter but

also fish, young crocodiles, monitor lizards, mongooses, civets, drills

and birds such as storks and kingfishers (Rathbun 1921; Voelker &

Sachs 1977; Purves et al. 1994; Butler & Marshall 1996). There is a

difference in the size of crabs eaten by these species, trout feeding on

the smaller individuals while otters (and other predators such as eels)

catch larger individuals from the stream bed (Butler and Marshall

1996).

Crabs have recreational values, such as- fishing large and small crabs

and keeping colorful crabs in aquarium. More colorful Indo-Chinese

potamid crabs of the genus Demanietta are sold in the market for

aquariums, (Yeo, et al., 2008). Crabs are one the most diversified

crustaceans in the world. Excluding few poisonous crabs of the sea,

many of them are eaten by humans as well as other living beings and

also, they become food for many organisms. They play a significant

role in the fishery wealth of many nations and are an important protein

source. Crabs are consumed in many parts of the world. True

brachyuran crabs’ (Ranina ranina) fishery has been thriving

commercially since World War II (Brown, 1985). The most important

and valuable are the edible crabs of the British and European coasts

(Cancer pagurus) and, in North America, the blue crab (Callinectes

sapidus) of the Atlantic coast and the Dungeness crab (Cancer

magister) of the Pacific coast (Zannatul et al., 2010). In the local

periodical market of Terai of Nepal, freshwater crabs are sold in very

cheap price, but the marine crabs which are imported from the

neighboring countries are sold in the departmental stores and local

market at a high price i. e. about 8 to 10$/ kg (1$ = N. Rs 103 (Rana,

2016).

In India, the crab fishery is fast developing with a vast scope for the

meat due to its delicacy and nutritional richness. The commercially

important portunid crabs found along Parangipettai coast are Scylla

serrata, S. tranquebarica, Portunus sanguinolentus, P. pelagicus,

Podophthalamus vigil, Charbdis feriata, C. lucifera, C. natator, C.

granulata and C. truncata (John Samuel et al., 2004). All these species

are exploited in aquaculture. In some parts of the world, crabs are used

in the form of staple food (Warner, 1977). In South Indian region of

India, due to the speedy growth rate, high meat yield, and excellent

palatability and resistance to the pathogens has led to the development

of rapidly increasing aquaculture industry of different species of crabs

(Reddy and Reddy, 2006).

Freshwater crabs are an important protein source and are sold in many

parts of the world (Dalu et al., 2016). Grinang et al., (2017) found that

muscles of the freshwater crab contain a substantial amount of

nutrients in particular water content (male = 79.31 ± 2.30%, female =

77.63 ± 0.56%), protein (male = 77.47 ± 6.11%, female = 63.28 ±

3.62%), magnesium (male = 51.48 ± 16.10 mg/g, female = 39.73 ±

6.99 mg/g) and calcium (male = 25.50 ± 6.98 mg/g, female = 39.73 ±

6.99 mg/g). Similarly, Varadharajan and Soundarapandian (2014)

recorded protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture and ash and minerals of

calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, copper and zinc were

maximum in cephalothorax and minimum in swimming and walking

legs of fresh water crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma.

Soundarapandian and Ravichandran (2013) recorded maximum protein

content in females (23.47%) when compared to males (21.53%) and

berried females (20.93%); the carbohydrate content was significantly

higher in berried females (2.76%) and lesser in males (2.09 %) and

females (2.06%). The lipid contents were significantly higher in

females (1.09%) and berried females (1.05%) than males (0.32%).

The protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents were found to be higher in

hard shell than that of soft-shell crabs of Portunus sanguinolentus

(Sudhakar et al., 2009) and reported 10 essential amino acids in

Portunus sanguinolentus among which, 8 individual essential amino

acids are were from hard the shell crabs and 7 amino acids in soft shell

crabs. (Adeyeye, 2002) recorded cheliped muscle recorded the highest

value for protein and the lowest value for the total ash in both sexes of

west African fresh water crab (Sudananautes africanus africanus). Du

Preez and McLachlan (1983) found mean values for protein (35.0%),

lipid (2.9%), carbohydrate (11.53%) and ash (49.55%) in the three-spot

swimming crab Ovalipes punctatus. But, Radhakrishnan and Nataraian

(1979) found the higher value of carbohydrate and fat in the bigger size

group, while protein and moisture contents decreased slightly in crab

Podophthalmus vigil. Crabs are consumed not only to fulfill the

nutrient requirements but also to cure diseases.

Ethno-medicine Crabs are also ethno-zoologically as well as medicinally important

creatures. Kashyap, (2017) believed that the meat of Crab

Paratalphusa spp. is a promoter of strength and is a good remedy for

the disease of the blood. Bagde and Jain (2016) Cancer pagurus

commonly called Kekda Soup is considered for cough and cold and dry

animal ground, boiled with water is used for joint pain. Padghane et al.,

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(2016) reported that crab curry is used to treat typhoid and cold. In

Nepal, Pahari ethnic groups use roasted freshwater crabs

(Himalapotamon atkinsonianum) to stop bed-wetting in children,

whereas Danuar uses cooked crabs as reconstitutes and neutraceuticals

for asthma and wound healing (Lohani, 2016 and 2012). Das (2015)

reported that patient suffering from Asthma consume whole body flesh

food of Carcinous spp for about three months. Rai and Singh (2015)

reported that Rai community from Bhojpur of eastern Nepal use

freshwater crabs in the treatment of people suffering from Herpes

Zoster and measles viral diseases causing skin infection.

Pushpangadan, (2014) the flesh of dead or killed crab Cancer pagurus

and Scylla serrata crabs are used both as food and medicine. The crabs

are mostly used for curing diseases like whooping cough, bronchitis,

pneumonia, asthma, osteoporosis, wounds, boils, womb disorders,

tuberculosis, earache, burns and epilepsy, (Roy, 2014). Betlu (2013)

described that whole or dried or fresh parts of freshwater crab

Paratelphusa sp. (Alcok, 1919) are used singly or in combination with

others for the treatment of Jaundice i.e., crabs (especially small ones)

are crushed to pulp when fresh and dried. The juice extracted is mixed

with a little water and boiled till it becomes half of the quantity and

then taken. It is often cooked along with banana flower. There are no

side effects reported and Fidelity level (%) and no dosage for the

treatment, (Betlu 2013).

Tribal people from Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh use crab Scylla

serrata to cure diabetes in old age people and in curing skin disease,

(Chinlampianga, et al., 2013). Lohani, (2011; 2010) reported that

Himalayapotamon atkinsonianum Woodmason, 1871 the freshwater

crabs are used in several ways. These are administered orally to small

children to stop bed-wetting (enuresis). Cooked or roasted crabs are

eaten to sharpen memory and to treat gastritis with immense food

value: Crab serves as good source of protein. Medicinal use: Whole

body is crushed into fine powder and mixed with water to get a smooth

paste. The mixture is taken orally to cure dysentery. Crushed crab

powder is also applied at the bleeding wound and Asthma patients eat

roasted crab for relief. Similarly, the Magar and tamang tribes of Nepal

uses crab Barytelphusa lugubris and Himalayapotamon atkinsonianum

to increase the memory (Lohani, 2011; 2010).

Seralaphrul and Price, (2007) reported that the most important wild

animal foods for the children are the freshwater paddy field

crab, Puuna (Somannianthelphusa spp.) in the rural village of

Northeast Thailand. Padmanabhan and Sujana (2008) fund boiled flesh

of Cancer pagurus to relieve cough in the Attappady hills of Western

Ghats, India. . Padmanabhan, (2007) described that boiled flesh of crab

Cancer pagurus is eaten to relieve cough, fat is used burns and placed

in decaying teeth, flesh and eggs are used to increase lactation in breast

feeding women. Fried crab is used to treat whooping cough, whereas,

Mahawar and Jaroli (2007) said that the whole body of the same

species of crab is commonly used to treat cough, asthma and also T. B.

Even ash of crab is used in lung diseases as cough, asthma, T. B. etc.

Jamir and Lal (2005) delivered that whole body of freshwater crab is

used for the treatment Jaundice and other liver disorders by tribes of

Nagaland. According to the traditional belief in Bangkok, medicinal

liquor prepared by baking the shell of the freshwater crab Ranguna

(Ranguna) phuluangensis enriches the calcium supply and reduces

cholesterol and triglyceride level in the blood of human body

(Sriphuthorn, 2000).

In Bangkok, the tonic derived by pounding the whole body of

freshwater crab Ranguna (Ranguna) phuluangensis in a mortar is used

to detoxify the blood (Sriphuthorn, 2000). Crab curry is used to treat

cold, asthma and typhoid and is also given as tonic to convalescing

patients (Agarwal, 1987).

One of the most interesting is the role of Potamonautes raybouldi, the

tree hole freshwater crab of the East Usambara Mountains in Tanzania

and the Shimba Hills in Kenya, prevents the problem of frequent

miscarriage in women for which both the crab and alkaline water of

tree hole is to be administered (Dobson 2010). In Egypt, Obe (1931)

reported that the whole crabs are eaten by childless women in the belief

of becoming pregnant.

Negative impacts Every coin has pros and cons i.e., there is always dark and bright or

positive and negative sides of all the things. In the same way, the crabs

also possess some negative impacts. Such as a few crabs carry parasites

of various diseases within their body, as a secondary host and those

parasites do not affect the crabs. The freshwater crab is considered a

human health concern as it causes Paragonimiasis and Oncocerciasis

(Cumberlidge, 1999). Human infection by the lung fluke Paragonimus

westermani is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and South America.

Transmission of the parasite to humans primarily occurs through the

consumption of raw or undercooked crabs. Clinical features of recently

diagnosed pulmonary Paragonimiasis showed that patients present

were diagnosed with a variety of clinical and radiological findings,

which frequently mimics tuberculosis and lung cancer, (Sunanda, et al.,

2016).

Infection may be asymptomatic or include fever, cough, haemoptysis

and dyspnoea. Sudden death owing to bilateral pneumothorax has also

been reported. Ectopic infections may produce subcutaneous nodule

formation, lymphadenopathy, lymphadenitis and cellulitis. Similarly,

Magalhaes and Rodriguez (2002) described Potamocarcinus

reflexofrons and P. fittkaui as vectors of paragonimiasis in the amazon

and Atlantic Guianas River basins. Cumberlidge, (1994) described

Sudanautis aubryia freshwater crab from West Africa which serves as

a second intermediate host of the human lung fluke (Paragonimus) in

Nigeria and Central Africa. Sachs and Cumberlidge, (1991; 1990)

reported first record of the spiny river crab and the dwarf river crab

Liberonautes chaperi (A. Milne Edwards, 1887) Liberonautes

latidactylus nanoides Cumberlidge and Sachs, 1989 as new second

intermediate hosts of Paragonimus uterobilateralis in Liberia. Patients

showed no relief who were erroneously treated with anti-tubercular

drugs, but those treated with praziquantel given at dose of 25 mg/kg

given orally 3 times daily for 3 consecutive days resulted excellent

clinical responses, (Sunanda, et al., 2016).

Public Health England, (2017) reported that Onchocerciasis

(commonly known as river blindness disease) is zoonotic helminthes

disease which is transmitted from animals to humans that affect the

human eye. It is caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus.

This parasite is transmitted specially by black flies, but freshwater

crabs are also considered as secondary host of this parasite

cumberlidge, (1999). It causes an itchy dermatitis, subcutaneous

nodules, keratitis and chorioretinitis in the anterior chamber of eye a

human patient, affecting more than 17.7 million people inducing visual

impairment and blindness elicited by microfilariae that migrate to the

eyes after being released by female adult worms in the subcutaneous

tissues in America, Europe and Asia. Onchocerciasis and is increasing

in number profoundly, (Otranto Domenico and Eberhard Mark 2011).

Till now five species have been associated with the eye; involved the

conjunctiva and involved the cornea.

The species causing infections of the eye have tentatively been

attributed to Onchocerca gutturosa or Onchocerca cervicalis,

Onchocerca reticulata, Onchocerca spp, and, Onchocerca lupi is of

particular interest because it affects dogs and it induces acute or

chronic ocular disease characterized by conjunctivitis, photophobia,

lacrimation, ocular discharge and exophthalmia. Keeping dog as pet is

increasing in the world enthusiastically. So, case reports of canine

ocular onchocerciasis by O. lupi have also increased in Europe,

including in Greece, Portugal, Germany, Hungary, and Switzerland.

The dogs serve as reservoir of the parasite deserves to be investigated

further to establish both the primary definitive hosts as well as the

Rana S. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 2018 PDF: 151, 2:1

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257

vectors that serve to transmit infection naturally and to humans.

Trottier and Jeffs (2015) found pea crab, Nepinnotheres

novaezelandiae parasitized into New Zealand green-lipped

mussels Perna canaliculus and confirmed the significant impact on the

growth of the mussels. Similarly, Tan et al., (1984) documented

omnivorous Mitten crab being carnivores when they get matured; it

was suspected that such a large population of mitten crabs could

change the assembly of the food web. They disturb the abundance and

growth rates of various species through competition and predation

(Veldhuizen and Stanish, 1999) as well.

In China and Korea, the crab was reported to damage rice crops by feeding on

young rice shoots, (Ng, 1988). Similarly, the new seedling of different fruits and

vegetables were sniffed off by crabs, (Ali, 1955). Burrowing Impacts of crab is

one the major problem associated with the crab, which results bank lurching and

erosion (Rudnick et al., 2005 Ali, 1955). There is also alarm that mitten crabs

may bio accumulate toxins (Veldhuizen and Stanish, 1999). Crabs accumulate

toxic substances such as heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides and detergents

present in aquatic habitats through their food, (Ayaki, et al., 2005; Reinecke, et

al., 2003). Andersen et al., (2005) also reported Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium,

Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Selenium and Zinc from the gut content analysis of

different crab species showing bioaccumulation through Food web Pathways.

Conclusion

Besides having few negative impacts, crabs are multi-useful and diverse

decapods. On the one hand, people form developed countries eat crabs as

delicacies; on the other hand, the people living below poverty level are

consuming crab for maintaining good health, advance precaution for cardiac

heart disease, healing many diseases and a good supplementary balanced diet.

The social and religious constraint on eating of crabs (in Nepal) is also conveyed

as a problem that hampers the business and prevents obtaining accurate prices in

the domestic market of freshwater crabs. It is suggested that the government

should integrate this health care system into the existing one to ensure proper

development and harnessing ethno-medicine in Nepal.

Acknowledgements

The author is highly thankful to Mr. Jay Raj Pinadi for his immense

help and assistance during manuscript preparation and to Ms. Neesha

Rana, who provided support in many ways.

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